Barrett v. Adirondack Bottled Gas Corp.

487 A.2d 1074, 145 Vt. 287, 1984 Vt. LEXIS 592
CourtSupreme Court of Vermont
DecidedDecember 21, 1984
Docket83-178
StatusPublished
Cited by4 cases

This text of 487 A.2d 1074 (Barrett v. Adirondack Bottled Gas Corp.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of Vermont primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Barrett v. Adirondack Bottled Gas Corp., 487 A.2d 1074, 145 Vt. 287, 1984 Vt. LEXIS 592 (Vt. 1984).

Opinions

Gibson, J.

Seeking damages for breach of contract, plaintiffs James and Susan Barrett brought suit against defendant Adirondack Bottled Gas Corp. of Vermont following defend[289]*289ant’s conversion of apartment units in Montpelier from an underground gas distribution system to on-premises propane-tank storage. The jury found for the defendant and also awarded defendant $1809 on its counterclaim for the price of the tank and for propane delivered. Plaintiff James Barrett appeals,1 claiming (1) that a question by defendant’s attorney concerning a prior conviction of plaintiff was so prejudicial as to require a mistrial, and (2) juror misconduct. Defendant cross-appeals, claiming that the trial court erred in presenting the issue of a breach of warranty to the jury. We agree that a mistrial should have been ordered and, therefore, reverse.

I.

On the second day of the six-day trial, while cross-examining Mr. Barrett, defendant’s counsel propounded without notice to the court or plaintiff the following question:

Q. Mr. Barrett, I’d like you to refer to page 6 of your deposition, at line 5, do you recall my asking you the following question, “Mr. Barrett, have you ever been convicted of a crime ?”

The judge immediately called a recess and, in chambers, twice termed the issue of criminal conviction “unduly prejudicial.” He offered, and ultimately delivered, a limiting instruction. The plaintiff did not then request a mistrial, seeking a new trial only after the adverse verdict.2

Cross-examination concerning prior convictions in order to discredit a witness is limited to convictions of crimes involving moral turpitude within fifteen years, 12 V.S.A. § 1608,3 and is subject to the discretion of the trial court. State v. Gardner, 139 Vt. 456, 460, 433 A.2d 249, 251 (1981). In [290]*290exercising its discretion, the court may consider a number of factors in balancing the prejudicial effects of the evidence against its probative value. Id. at 460-61, 433 A.2d at 251-52. See Qwazzo v. Quazzo, 136 Vt. 107, 110, 386 A.2d 638, 640 (1978) (“Although relevant, evidence may be excluded on the ground that its probative value is overwhelmed by its probable improper prejudicial effect”); State v. Batchelor, 135 Vt. 366, 369, 376 A.2d 737, 740 (1977) (admission of prior convictions not involving moral turpitude for purpose of affecting credibility of criminal defendant is reversible error).

Defendant’s counsel has never contended that plaintiff’s prior misdemeanor assault conviction itself reflected moral turpitude. Rather, counsel contends that the question was designed to show that plaintiff had made a false statement under oath on a previous occasion and that his credibility as a witness was thus suspect. Although the credibility of a witness is always open to attack and wide latitude should be allowed on cross-examination for this purpose, the scope of this latitude is not unlimited, particularly on collateral issues. State v. Berard, 132 Vt. 138, 147, 315 A.2d 501, 507-08 (1974). The question about plaintiff’s prior conviction was collateral to the issues of this case. It forced a suppressive objection from the plaintiff and significantly prejudiced plaintiff in a way that the jury could not have ignored despite any curative instruction.4

[291]*291In Niebyski v. Welcome, 93 Vt. 418, 108 A. 341 (1919), a “manifestly improper” question by an experienced lawyer about defendant’s purported out-of-court confession and bribery of witnesses in an unrelated criminal proceeding, wherein he had been acquitted, was held to be so prejudicial as to require a new trial. Although the trial court gave no rebuke or cautionary instruction, id. at 422, 108 A. at 343, this Court held that the mere “asking of the question was reversible error.” Id. at 423, 108 A. at 343. Similarly, in Paul v. Drown, 108 Vt. 458, 462, 189 A. 144, 146 (1937), counsel’s offer to show defendant had not been arrested in an unrelated criminal proceeding “could have been made only with the intent” of presenting inadmissible and prejudicial facts; this was “improper, and such an offense against orderly procedure and good practice that it constitutes reversible error.” Id. See also Ronan v. J. G. Turnbull Co., 99 Vt. 280, 291, 131 A. 788, 793 (1926) (question propounded by counsel regarding defendant’s alleged negligent driving on an unrelated occasion so “irreparably prejudiced” defendant’s case that any attempt thereafter by the trial court “to charge it out of the case was futile”; “[t]he effective control here was for the examining attorney and not for the court, and the nature and character of the offense against orderly procedure and good practice was such as to constitute in the circumstances reversible error”). Under the circumstances here, an appropriate preliminary step would have been to bring the matter to the attention of the trial court outside the presence of the jury. See V.R.E. 103(c).

Defendant argues that, because plaintiff failed to move for a mistrial at the time the incident occurred, he acquiesced in the court’s handling of the matter and waived any further relief. Plaintiff points to McBrine v. Fraser, 128 Vt. 514, 516, 266 A.2d 809, 810-11 (1970), in support of his contention that his failure to move for a mistrial or otherwise object to the trial court’s actions until after the unfavorable verdict does not bar a subsequent motion for new trial. In McBrine, the plaintiff, a passenger in an automobile, sued for injuries caused in a collision with the defendant’s car. Defendant’s counsel questioned the plaintiff’s drinking habits and DWI convictions. While plaintiff’s counsel did not except, this Court ruled that the issue was preserved by motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial. In accord with Ronan v. J. G. Turnbull [292]*292Co., supra, the McBrine Court observed that irreparable prejudice may occur before the court or opposing counsel can intervene:

[T]he prejudice inhered in the questions themselves. . . .
The court did not charge the jury to disregard the evidence in question and, even if it had done so, it would only have emphasized the evidence and not have corrected the error since the harm, once done, is not necessarily erased from the minds of the jury. State v. Garceau, 122 Vt. 303, 307, 170 A.2d 623.

McBrine, supra, 128 Vt. at 517, 266 A.2d at 811; accord Paul v. Drown, supra, 108 Vt. at 462, 189 A. at 146 (“the prejudice inhered in the offer itself”).

Defendant contends that McBrine was overruled by Rollo v. State, 139 Vt. 26, 421 A.2d 1298 (1980). We disagree. In Rollo,

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Barrett v. Adirondack Bottled Gas Corp.
487 A.2d 1074 (Supreme Court of Vermont, 1984)

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Bluebook (online)
487 A.2d 1074, 145 Vt. 287, 1984 Vt. LEXIS 592, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/barrett-v-adirondack-bottled-gas-corp-vt-1984.