1 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 4 DEMAR RAHYMES BARNES, Case No.: 2:14-cv-01946-RFB-NJK
5 Petitioner ORDER
6 v.
7 JERRY HOWELL, et al.,
8 Respondents.
10 This case is a for writ of habeas corpus, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, by Demar Rahymes 11 Barnes. This case petition is before the Court for adjudication of the merits of Barnes’ petition. 12 The Court denies Barnes’ petition, denies him a certificate of appealability, and directs the Clerk 13 of the Court to enter judgment accordingly. 14 I. BACKGROUND 15 Barnes’ conviction is the result of events that occurred in Clark County, Nevada on or 16 between April 16, 2012, and May 2, 2012. ECF No. 8-1 at 2. According to Barnes’ arrest report, 17 Barnes was caring for his stepson, who was approximately two-and-a-half years old at the time, 18 while his wife was out of town. ECF No. 22-21 at 3. Barnes told the victim’s mother that on April 19 28, 2012, he started a bath for his stepson, and then “left the room to do other things.” Id. When 20 Barnes heard a noise, he returned to the bathroom, observed that the shower curtain had fallen, 21 fixed the shower curtain, and then returned the victim to the bathtub, which he discovered had 22 scalding water. Id. Several days later, the victim’s mother returned home, and upon seeing her 23 son’s condition, called 911. Id. at 4. 1 Doctors at the University Medical Center Hospital indicated that the victim “had sustained 2 second and third degree burns to the lower legs and the top of both feet,” “second degree burns . . 3 . on the genitals, penis, and buttocks area,” and “complete sparing . . . on the bottom of both feet.” 4 Id. at 3. The victim “required surgical debridement due to the thickness of the burns” and the
5 insertion of a “foley catheter . . . as the penis was burned and subsequently swollen, which ha[d] 6 not allowed for proper urination.” Id. The victim was also found to have a “moderately displaced 7 right midclavicular fracture.” Id. The victim’s mother reported that the victim’s clavicle injury 8 may have occurred prior to her departure when the victim “fell out of [a shopping] cart landing 9 face first on the asphalt” while in her care. Id. 10 On May 7, 2012, Barnes was charged with three counts of child abuse and neglect with 11 substantial bodily harm. ECF No. 22-3. On May 31, 2012, the District Attorney filed an amended 12 complaint charging Barnes with two counts of child abuse with substantial bodily harm and one 13 count of child neglect resulting in substantial bodily harm. ECF No. 22-4. Barnes waived his right 14 to a preliminary hearing and informed the court that he would enter a guilty plea to one count of
15 child abuse resulting in substantial bodily harm. ECF No. 22-5. Pursuant to the plea agreement, 16 the State filed an information charging Barnes with one count of child abuse with substantial bodily 17 harm on June 25, 2012. ECF No. 8-1. Barnes signed the guilty plea agreement and pleaded guilty 18 on June 28, 2012. ECF Nos. 8-2, 8-3. On September 25, 2012, the district court sentenced Barnes 19 to a maximum prison term of 240 months with a minimum parole eligibility requirement of 96 20 months. ECF No. 22-7 at 9. The court credited Barnes with 51 days for time served and assessed 21 $25 administrative and $150 DNA fees. Id. The court memorialized Barnes’ sentence in the 22 October 2, 2012 Judgment of Conviction. ECF No. 8-4. 23 1 Barnes filed a Notice of Appeal on October 10, 2012. ECF No. 22-9. Barnes also filed a 2 Fast Track Statement on February 7, 2013. ECF No. 8-5. The Nevada Supreme Court affirmed 3 Barnes’ conviction on June 13, 2013. ECF No. 22-12. Remittitur issued on July 11, 2013. ECF 4 No. 22-13.
5 Barnes filed a state habeas corpus petition on September 26, 2013. ECF No. 8-6. The state 6 court denied the petition on January 14, 2014. ECF No. 22-15. Barnes appealed, and the Nevada 7 Supreme Court affirmed on June 11, 2014. ECF No. 22-18. Remittitur issued on July 8, 2014. ECF 8 No. 22-19. 9 Barnes’ federal habeas corpus petition was dispatched on November 17, 2014 and was filed 10 on June 29, 2015. ECF No. 6. Respondents moved to dismiss Barnes’ Petition on August 6, 2015. 11 ECF No. 7. This court granted counsel for Barnes and denied Respondents’ motion to dismiss 12 without prejudice. ECF No. 11. Barnes filed a counseled, first amended petition on September 29, 13 2016. ECF No. 21. Respondents again moved for dismissal, which this court denied. ECF Nos. 14 25, 34. Respondents answered Barnes’ petition on May 4, 2018. ECF No. 36. Barnes replied on
15 November 2, 2018. ECF No. 44. 16 Barnes alleges that his plea was not entered into knowingly and voluntarily, in violation of 17 his federal constitutional rights, because: 18 1. He did not understand his right to a jury trial. 2. He possessed an incomplete understanding of the plea agreement. 19 3. His trial counsel misled him about the count to which he pleaded guilty and the probable sentencing consequence of his plea. 20 4. His trial counsel advised him to waive his preliminary hearing and plead guilty without conducting an investigation of the case or 21 acquiring all discovery.
22 ECF No. 21 at 7. 23 1 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 2 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) sets forth the standard of review generally applicable in habeas 3 corpus cases under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”): 4 An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that 5 was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim – 6 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application 7 of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 8 (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts 9 in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
10 A state court decision is contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent, within the 11 meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2254, “if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law 12 set forth in [the Supreme Court’s] cases” or “if the state court confronts a set of facts that are 13 materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 14 U.S. 63, 73 (2003) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000), and citing Bell v. 15 Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002)). A state court decision is an unreasonable application of clearly 16 established Supreme Court precedent within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) “if the state 17 court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but 18 unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 75 (quoting 19 Williams, 529 U.S. at 413). “The ‘unreasonable application’ clause requires the state court 20 decision to be more than incorrect or erroneous. The state court’s application of clearly 21 established law must be objectively unreasonable.” Id. (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 409-10) 22 (internal citation omitted). 23 1 The Supreme Court has instructed that “[a] state court’s determination that a claim lacks 2 merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the 3 correctness of the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (citing 4 Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The Supreme Court has stated “that even a
5 strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. 6 at 102 (citing Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 75); see also Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) 7 (describing the standard as a “difficult to meet” and “highly deferential standard for evaluating 8 state-court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt” 9 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). 10 III. DISCUSSION 11 Barnes alleges one ground for relief: his guilty plea was not entered into knowingly and 12 voluntarily. ECF No. 21 at 7. Barnes’ sole ground for relief contains four subparts, each of which 13 will be addressed in turn. Id. First, however, Respondents argue that this ground is unexhausted 14 because Barnes’ state habeas petition raised nine grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel but
15 did not present a claim that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary. ECF No. 36 at 14-16. 16 It is noted that Respondents failed to raise this exhaustion issue in their motion to dismiss. See 17 ECF No. 25 at 5 (only arguing that three of Barnes’ claims were time barred). 18 This court is unpersuaded that Barnes’ ground for relief is unexhausted. To be sure, Barnes’ 19 state habeas petition included only claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. See ECF No. 8-6 at 20 11-19. However, while there are differences between Barnes’ state habeas claims and his federal 21 habeas claim, it can be concluded that Barnes state habeas claims are the “substantial equivalent” 22 of his federal claim. Cf. Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 278 (1971) (concluding that a claim 23 seeking federal habeas corpus relief based on a theory “that an indictment is invalid is not the 1 substantial equivalent of a claim that it results in an unconstitutional discrimination” because “the 2 substance of [the] federal habeas corpus claim [was not] first . . . presented to the state courts”). 3 That is, comparing the relevant portions of Barnes’ state habeas claims with Barnes’ federal claim 4 demonstrates that the factual allegations are essentially the same. Compare ECF No. 8-6, with ECF
5 No. 21. Further, this Court previously “acknowledge[d] that Barnes[’ amended federal petition] 6 brings . . . claims under the Fifth and Sixth Amendment . . . although [only] the Sixth Amendment 7 was raised in state post-conviction proceedings.” ECF No. 34 at 6-7. However, this Court did not 8 take issue with this discrepancy. Id.; see Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365-66 (1995) (“If state 9 courts are to be given the opportunity to correct alleged violations of prisoners’ federal rights, they 10 must surely be alerted to the fact that the prisoners are asserting claims under the United States 11 Constitution.”). Accordingly, because Barnes’ state claims that his trial counsel was ineffective 12 due to his actions surrounding the plea encompasses his federal claim that his plea was not entered 13 knowingly and voluntarily, the substance of Barnes’ federal claim was presented to the state courts, 14 such that Respondents’ contention that Barnes’ petition is unexhausted lacks merit. See Lopez v.
15 Schriro, 491 F.3d 1029, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007) (concluding that the district court erred in 16 determining that the petitioner’s federal claim was unexhausted because the petitioner’s state claim 17 made the same general allegations as his federal claim and his federal claim “sufficiently alleged 18 the deprivation of a constitutional right”). 19 A. Legal Standard 20 The federal constitutional guarantee of due process of law requires that a guilty plea be 21 knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970); Boykin 22 v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242 (1969); United States v. Delgado-Ramos, 635 F.3d 1237, 1239 (9th 23 Cir. 2011). “The voluntariness of [a petitioner’s] plea can be determined only by considering all 1 of the relevant circumstances surrounding it.” Brady, 397 U.S. at 749. Addressing the “standard 2 as to the voluntariness of guilty pleas,” the Supreme Court has stated: 3 (A) plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the direct consequences, including the actual value of any commitments made to him by the court, prosecutor, or his 4 own counsel, must stand unless induced by threats (or promises to discontinue improper harassment), misrepresentation (including unfulfilled or unfulfillable 5 promises), or perhaps by promises that are by their nature improper as having no proper relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g. bribes). 6 7 Id. at 755 (quoting Shelton v. United States, 246 F.2d 571, 572 n.2 (5th Cir. 1957), rev’d on other 8 grounds, 356 U.S. 26 (1958)); see also North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970) (noting 9 that the longstanding “test for determining the validity of guilty pleas” is “whether the plea 10 represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the 11 defendant”); United States v. Doe, 155 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 1998) (“A waiver is voluntary 12 if, under the totality of the circumstances, [it] was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather 13 than coercion or improper inducement.”). A guilty plea is not rendered invalid when it has been 14 “motivated by the defendant’s desire to accept the certainty or probability of a lesser penalty rather 15 than face a wider range of possibilities extending from acquittal to conviction and a higher penalty 16 authorized by law for the crime charged.” Brady, 397 U.S. at 750. 17 In Blackledge v. Allison, the Supreme Court addressed the evidentiary weight of the record 18 of a plea proceeding when the plea is subsequently subject to a collateral challenge. 431 U.S. 63 19 (1977). While noting that “the barrier of the plea . . . proceeding record . . . is not invariably 20 insurmountable” when challenging the voluntariness of his plea, the Court stated that, nonetheless, 21 the defendant’s representations, “as well as any findings made by the judge accepting the plea, 22 constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceedings” and that “[s]olemn 23 declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity.” Id. at 74; see also Muth v. 1 Fondren, 676 F.3d 815, 821 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Petitioner’s statements at the plea colloquy carry a 2 strong presumption of truth.”); Little v. Crawford, 449 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2006). 3 B. Subpart A 4 In Subpart A, Barnes alleges that his guilty plea was not entered into knowingly and
5 voluntarily because he is a foreign national and did not understand the United States’ legal system 6 including his right to a jury trial. ECF No. 21 at 7. Barnes explains that he is a Jamaican citizen, 7 was only twenty-one years old at the time of his plea, had a limited education, and did not 8 understand American English well. Id. at 18. In Barnes’ state habeas appeal, the Nevada Supreme 9 Court held: 10 Appellant failed to demonstrate that he could not understand the proceedings. Appellant is a native of Jamaica and his language is English. During the plea 11 canvass and sentencing, appellant answered all of the questions asked of him appropriately. Further, the district court specifically asked appellant if he read, 12 wrote, and understood the English language, which appellant answered in the affirmative. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying this claim. 13 14 ECF No. 22-18 at 3-4. This ruling was reasonable. 15 In addition to asserting that his plea was not entered into knowingly and voluntarily, the 16 facts of Subpart A also appear to allege that Barnes did not competently enter his plea due to his 17 alleged language barrier and limited education. A criminal defendant may not plead guilty unless 18 he does so competently. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 396 (1993). In order to meet these 19 standards to plead guilty, it must be determined “whether the defendant has ‘sufficient present 20 ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding’ and a 21 ‘rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.’” Id. (quoting Dusky v. 22 United States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960)). The record supports a finding that Barnes met these 23 standards along with the standards assessing whether his plea was knowing and voluntary. 1 Accordingly, the Nevada Supreme Court’s finding that Barnes failed to demonstrate that he could 2 not understand the proceedings was reasonable. 3 During the plea canvass, Barnes explained that he was twenty years old, went through 4 Eleventh grade in school, and understood the English language. ECF No. 8-3 at 3; see also ECF
5 No. 22-6 at 3 (psychological evaluation by Greg Harder, Psy.D., which provided that Barnes “is a 6 high school graduate. He denied any significant behavior problems or academic problems while 7 he was in school. He denied having any learning problems or being in special education”). Barnes 8 also stated that he understood that “by pleading guilty [he was] giving up the Constitutional rights 9 listed in th[e plea] agreement.” ECF No. 8-3 at 5; see also ECF No. 8-2 at 5 (Barnes’ plea 10 agreement, which provided that he “underst[oo]d that [he was] waiving and forever giving up the 11 following rights and privileges: . . . [t]he constitutional right to a speedy and public trial by an 12 impartial jury”). Due to these representations made by Barnes, as well as the state district court’s 13 “accept[ance of his] plea as being freely and voluntarily entered into,” (ECF No. 8-3 at 6), Barnes 14 fails to demonstrate that he lacked a “rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings
15 against him,” Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402, or that his guilty plea was not entered into knowingly and 16 voluntarily, Brady, 397 U.S. at 748. Indeed, contrary to Barnes’ assertions, his representations 17 during the canvass clearly demonstrated that he understood the rights he was giving up, including 18 the right to a jury trial. See Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74 (a defendant’s representations “constitute 19 a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceeding[ ]”). 20 Thus, because the Nevada Supreme Court reasonably denied Barnes’ state habeas appeal, 21 which included the substantial equivalent of this subpart of his federal petition, Barnes is denied 22 federal habeas relief for Ground One, Subpart A. 23 1 C. Subpart B and C 2 In Subpart B, Barnes alleges that his guilty plea was not entered into knowingly and 3 voluntarily because he possessed an incomplete understanding of the contents and nature of the 4 plea agreement. ECF No. 21 at 7. Similarly, in Subpart C, Barnes alleges that his guilty plea was
5 not entered into knowingly and voluntarily because he was misled about the count to which he was 6 pleading guilty and the probable sentencing consequence of his plea. Id. Barnes elaborates that his 7 trial counsel informed him that he would receive probation under the terms of his plea agreement 8 and improperly informed him that he was pleading to the gross misdemeanor offense. Id. at 19. In 9 Barnes’ state habeas appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court held: 10 First, appellant was informed in the guilty plea agreement and by the district court during the plea canvass that sentencing was up to the district court. Further, 11 appellant stated to the district court during the plea canvass that he was not promised a specific sentence. Second, appellant was informed of the waiver of the 12 right to trial by jury in the guilty plea agreement, which appellant indicated that he had read and understood, and by the district court during the plea canvass. 13 Therefore, the district court did not err in denying this claim.
14 . . . Appellant was informed numerous times that he was pleading guilty to a category B felony. When he waived his preliminary hearing, the negotiations placed 15 on the record at that hearing informed appellant that he was pleading to the felony. Further, appellant’s plea agreement informed him he was agreeing to plead guilty 16 to a category B felony. The district court specifically asked him if he understood he was pleading guilty to a category B felony, and appellant answered in the 17 affirmative. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying this claim.
18 ECF No. 22-18 at 4-5. These rulings were reasonable. 19 The Supreme Court has held that a guilty plea “would be invalid if [the defendant] had not 20 been aware of the nature of the charges against him, including the elements of the . . . charge to 21 which he pleaded guilty.” Bradshaw v. Stumpf, 545 U.S. 175, 182-83 (2005); see also Henderson 22 v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645 (1976) (explaining that a “plea could not be voluntary in the sense 23 that it constituted an intelligent admission that [the defendant] committed the offense unless the 1 defendant received ‘real notice of the true nature of the charge against him’” (quoting Smith v. 2 O’Grady, 312 U.S. 329, 334 (1941)); McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 466 (1969) 3 (“[B]ecause a guilty plea is an admission of all the elements of a formal criminal charge, it cannot 4 be truly voluntary unless the defendant possesses an understanding of the law in relation to the
5 facts.”); Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243–44 (“What is at stake for an accused facing death or 6 imprisonment demands the utmost solicitude of which courts are capable in canvassing the matter 7 with the accused to make sure he has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its 8 consequence.”). “[T]he constitutional prerequisite of a valid plea may be satisfied where the record 9 accurately reflects that the nature of the charge and the elements of the crime were explained to 10 the defendant by his own, competent counsel.” Bradshaw, 545 U.S. at 183. 11 During the plea canvass, Barnes explained that he read the plea agreement, understood the 12 plea agreement, and was able to ask his trial counsel any questions he had about the plea 13 agreement. ECF No. 8-3 at 4-5. Specifically, Barnes explained that he understood he was “being 14 charged with child abuse with substantial bodily harm, a category B felony”; he understood that
15 “as a consequence of [his] plea the Court must sentence [him] to the Nevada Department of 16 Corrections for a term not less than two years and not more than twenty years”; he understood that 17 he was “not eligible for probation unless an evaluation certifie[d] that [he] d[id] not represent a 18 high risk to re-offend”; and he understood that “sentencing is strictly up to the Court so nobody 19 c[ould] promise [him] probation, leniency, or special treatment.” Id. at 3-4. Finally, Barnes stated 20 that he was “pleading guilty because . . . [he] willfully, unlawfully, feloniously, and knowingly did 21 neglect, cause, or permit a child . . . to suffer unjustifiable physical pain.” Id. at 5-6. 22 Similarly, the plea agreement signed by Barnes provides that he “underst[ood] that as a 23 consequence of [his] plea of guilty the Court must sentence [him] to imprisonment in the Nevada 1 Department of Corrections for a minimum term of not less than two (2) years and a maximum of 2 not more than twenty (20) years”; he “underst[oo]d that [he was] not eligible for probation unless 3 a psychologist licensed to practice in Nevada or a psychiatrist licensed to practice medicine in 4 Nevada certifie[d] that [he did] not represent a high risk to reoffend”; he was not “promised or
5 guaranteed any particular sentence by anyone”; he “discussed the elements of all of the original 6 charge(s) against [him] with [his] attorney and [he] underst[oo]d the nature of the charge(s) against 7 [him]”; and his “attorney . . . answered all [his] questions regarding th[e] guilty plea agreement 8 and its consequences.” ECF No. 8-2 at 3-6. Likewise, Barnes’ trial counsel certified that he “ha[d] 9 advised [Barnes] of the penalties for each charge” and that “[t]o the best of [his] knowledge and 10 belief, [Barnes was] competent and underst[ood] the charges and the consequences of pleading 11 guilty.” Id. at 7. 12 These facts demonstrate that the Nevada Supreme Court reasonably concluded that Barnes 13 understood the plea agreement, the count remaining in the criminal information, and his possible 14 sentence. Indeed, Barnes specifically represented that he understood the plea agreement, that he
15 was being charged with a felony, and that he faced a possible sentence of two to twenty years in 16 prison. ECF No. 8-3 at 4-5; ECF No. 8-2 at 3-6. Therefore, because the state district court carefully 17 canvassed Barnes to make sure he had a full understanding of the charges, consequences, and plea 18 itself, Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243-44, Barnes fails to demonstrate that his plea was not knowing or 19 voluntary. Brady, 397 U.S. at 748; see also Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74. Thus, because the Nevada 20 Supreme Court reasonably denied Barnes’ state habeas appeal, which included the substantial 21 equivalent of this subpart of his federal petition, Barnes is denied federal habeas relief for Ground 22 One, Subpart B and C. 23 1 D. Subpart D 2 In Subpart D, Barnes alleges that his guilty plea was not entered into knowingly and 3 voluntarily because his counsel advised him to waive his preliminary hearing and plead guilty 4 without investigating the case or acquiring all discovery. ECF No. 21 at 7. Barnes alleges that his
5 trial counsel should have interviewed his wife, who advised Barnes against seeking medical 6 treatment and who proved that he did not break the victim’s clavicle. Id. at 16. Additionally, Barnes 7 alleges that his trial counsel should have consulted with a medical expert to determine whether it 8 is possible that the victim’s injuries could have been caused by negligent care and not direct 9 intentional inflection, interviewed the doctor who treated the victim, and examined the medical 10 reports and photographs that Barnes took of the victim after the incident. Id. at 17. In Barnes’ state 11 habeas appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court held: 12 First, appellant agreed to plead guilty before the preliminary hearing which negated counsel’s duty to investigate further. Second, the child victim was severely burned 13 while in the sole care and custody of appellant. Appellant also failed to get the victim necessary medical treatment and appellant’s treatment of the victim made 14 the injury much worse. Therefore, appellant failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going 15 to trial had counsel further investigated, and the district court did not err in denying this claim. 16
17 ECF No. 22-18 at 3. This ruling was reasonable. 18 During a pretrial hearing, Barnes’ trial counsel explained that Barnes was waiving his right 19 to a preliminary hearing because “he’ll be entering a plea of guilty to one count Child Abuse 20 Resulting in Substantial Bodily Harm.” ECF No. 22-5 at 3. Barnes acknowledged acceptance of 21 this agreement, and the state district court sent Barnes’ case “to District Court where [he would] 22 enter [his] plea.” Id. at 3-4. Because Barnes pleaded guilty to one count of child abuse resulting in 23 substantial bodily harm, the other count of child abuse resulting in substantial bodily harm and 1 count of child neglect resulting in substantial bodily harm were dismissed. Compare ECF No. 22- 2 4 with ECF No. 8-1. Even if the preliminary hearing was not held and discovery and investigations 3 were not complete, the arrest report and voluntary statements of Barnes, the victim’s mother, and 4 a neighbor were damaging for Barnes and were sufficient for Barnes and his trial counsel to have
5 been able to assess his risk of being convicted of three felonies if he went to trial. See ECF No. 6 22-21, 22-22, 22-23, 22-24; cf. Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 124 (2011) (“The opportunities [of 7 an early plea] include pleading to a lesser charge and obtaining a lesser sentence, as compared with 8 what might be the outcome not only at trial but also from a later plea if the case grows stronger 9 and prosecutors find stiffened resolve.”). Thus, the Nevada Supreme Court reasonably concluded 10 that the facts of the case failed to show that further investigation would have altered Barnes’ 11 decision to plead guilty. Accordingly, after “considering all of the relevant circumstances 12 surrounding” Barnes’ plea, Barnes has failed to demonstrate that his guilty plea was not knowing 13 or voluntary simply because it was made prior to the investigation of further evidence. Brady, 397 14 U.S. at 749.
15 Therefore, because the Nevada Supreme Court reasonably denied Barnes’ state habeas 16 appeal, which included the substantial equivalent of this subpart of his federal petition, Barnes is 17 denied federal habeas relief for Ground One, Subpart D.1 18 19 1Barnes requests that this Court hold an evidentiary hearing “at which proof may be offered 20 concerning the allegations” in his petition. ECF No. 21 at 21. In support of his request, Barnes notes that there was little factual development at the state level. ECF No. 44 at 10-11. This Court 21 acknowledges that the state district court did not hold an evidentiary hearing on Barnes’ state habeas petition. However, beyond Barnes’ testimony, which should mirror the statements in his 22 petition, and his trial counsel’s testimony, which should mirror his certification contained in the plea agreement, it is unclear what further evidence would be presented. Moreover, this Court has 23 already determined that Barnes is not entitled to relief based primarily on his representations during the plea canvass and in the plea agreement, and neither further factual development nor any evidence that may be proffered at an evidentiary hearing would alter these representations nor 1 IV. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 2 This is a final order adverse to Barnes. As such, Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 3 2254 Cases requires this Court to issue or deny a certificate of appealability (COA). Therefore, 4 this Court has sua sponte evaluated the claims within the petition for suitability for the issuance of
5 a COA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Turner v. Calderon, 281 F.3d 851, 864-65 (9th Cir. 2002). 6 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a COA may issue only when the petitioner “has made a 7 substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” With respect to claims rejected on the 8 merits, a petitioner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s 9 assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 10 484 (2000) (internal citation omitted). For procedural rulings, a COA will issue only if reasonable 11 jurists could debate (1) whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional 12 right and (2) whether the court’s procedural ruling was correct. Id. Applying these standards, this 13 Court finds that a certificate of appealability is unwarranted. 14 V. CONCLUSION
15 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the First Amended Petition for a Writ of Habeas 16 Corpus Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (ECF No. 21) is DENIED. 17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Petitioner is denied a certificate of appealability. 18 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), 19 the Clerk of Court is directed to substitute Jerry Howell for D.W. Neven as the Respondent warden 20 on the docket for his case. 21 / / / 22
23 affect this Court’s reasons for denying Barnes’ petition. Accordingly, Barnes’ request for an evidentiary hearing is denied. 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly. 3 Dated: July 13, 2020. amine 4 RICHARBE. BOUL WARE, II 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23