F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PUBLISH March 29, 2007 UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
ENRIQ UE COLIN BALLESTEROS, Petitioner, No. 04-9528 v. (B.I.A. No. A90-622-008) ALBERTO R. GONZA LES, 1 Respondent.
OR D ER ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
Before H E N RY, M cK AY, and TYM KOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner requests panel rehearing or rehearing en banc. W e previously
held, inter alia, that the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) properly applied
Tenth Circuit law to determine that Petitioner was removable as an aggravated
felon because of a state felony drug possession conviction. Ballesteros v.
Ashcroft, 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. 2006). W e subsequently granted Petitioner’s
motion to stay the mandate pending the Supreme Court’s decision in Lopez v.
Gonzalez, 127 S. Ct. 625 (2006). In Lopez, the Court overturned our line of cases
holding that state felony drug offenses qualify as aggravated felonies even if not
1 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales is automatically substituted for former Attorney General John Ashcroft as the respondent in this case. punishable as felonies under federal law. See Gonzalez-Gonzalez v. Weber, 472
F.3d 1198, 1202 (10th Cir. 2006).
W e agree with the parties that this case must be remanded to the BIA for
reconsideration and to allow Petitioner an opportunity to seek relief from
removal. W e accordingly R EM AND for further proceedings in light of Lopez,
G RA NTIN G the petition for rehearing in this respect. 2 However, our previous
disposition in this appeal remains fully effective except to the extent that it is
inconsistent with Lopez or this order.
Entered for the Court
M onroe G. M cKay Circuit Judge
2 The suggestion for rehearing en banc w as circulated to the panel members and the active judges of the court. No member of the panel nor judge in active service on the court having requested a poll, the suggestion for rehearing en banc is denied.
-2- F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PU BL ISH June 14, 2006 UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
ENRIQ UE COLIN BALLESTEROS, Petitioner, v. No. 04-9528 JOHN ASHCROFT, Respondent.
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Im migration Appeals (No. A90-622-008)
Jeff Joseph, Denver, Colorado, for Petitioner.
Blair T. O’Connor, Senior Litigation Counsel (Emily Anne Radford, Assistant Director, with him on the brief), United States D epartment of Justice, Civil Division, Office of Immigration Litigation, W ashington, D.C., for Respondent.
M cK A Y, Circuit Judge.
In 1999, M r. Ballesteros, a lawful permanent resident of the United States,
pleaded guilty to one count of felony possession of a controlled substance. Under the terms of the plea agreement, the Idaho court withheld judgment, and
M r. Ballesteros was placed on three years’ probation, which M r. Ballesteros
completed without incident.
Subsequent to M r. Ballesteros’ completion of his probation, the Department
of Homeland Security (“DHS”) reorganized its detention boundaries and
formalized its already-existing policy of detaining in Colorado aliens arrested in
M ontana and Idaho. In 2003, agents from the U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (“ICE”) arrested M r. Ballesteros in Idaho for immigration violations
and transferred him to an immigration detention facility in Aurora, Colorado.
To the immigration judge in Colorado M r. Ballesteros argued that his
previous drug conviction was neither a conviction of a controlled substance
offense nor an aggravated felony offense that would qualify him for removal
without relief. He argued that, under Ninth Circuit law, a first-time convicted
alien who qualified for drug treatment under the Federal First Offender Act
(“FFO A”) did not have a conviction for immigration purposes. M r. Ballesteros
also filed a motion for change of venue because, he argued, all the important
aspects of the case occurred in Idaho and it would be more convenient for
potential witnesses to travel to Seattle rather than Colorado.
The immigration judge rejected M r. Ballesteros’ arguments and held that
his conviction constituted a conviction of a controlled substance offense and an
aggravated felony offense under Tenth Circuit law. Such a conviction would
-2- make M r. Ballesteros ineligible for any relief from removal and render any
change in venue meaningless since there would be “no real point in having any
witnesses and so the convenience to w itnesses [w as] not [of] substantial concern
. . . .” The immigration judge treated M r. Ballesteros’ motion for change of
venue as an improper attempt to secure the benefit of Ninth Circuit law and
ordered that M r. Ballesteros be removed.
M r. Ballesteros timely filed an appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals
(“BIA”) challenging the denial of his change of venue request and the application
of Tenth Circuit law to his case. He also argued that the immigration judge
improperly applied a previous BIA opinion that defined what constituted an
aggravated felony because the BIA opinion post-dated his plea and conviction.
The BIA upheld the immigration judge’s denial of the change of venue motion as
an appropriate exercise of discretion and held that Tenth Circuit law applied in
the case. The BIA noted that the Tenth Circuit has often applied its own law to
determine whether a conviction from another circuit constituted an aggravated
felony.
In response to the allegation that the immigration judge impermissibly
applied a BIA case retroactively, the BIA explained that its “prior interpretation
of [the aggravated felony statute] was not an administrative ‘rule’ in any
meaningful sense” and that moving to a policy of following circuit court authority
did not implicate retroactivity concerns. The BIA further held that, even if its
-3- previous interpretation were a rule, the Supreme Court has “acknowledged the
power of administrative agencies to announce ‘new rules’ through adjudication
rather than formal rulemaking and placed the burden of proving detrimental
reliance on the opponents of the new rule.” Because M r. Ballesteros did not
provide any evidence of detrimental reliance, the BIA held that he had not met his
burden, and BIA affirmed the immigration judge’s order of removal. M r.
Ballesteros now appeals the BIA’s order of removal to this court. 1
M r. Ballesteros argues to this court that (1) Ninth Circuit law should be
applied in this case; (2) the change in definition of conviction for immigration
purposes violated his settled expectations regarding his plea agreement; (3) the
DHS detention boundary reorganization violated his due process rights because
the change was not pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act’s (“APA ”)
notice and comment requirements; (4) the BIA’s decision denying the motion to
change venue constituted an abuse of discretion; and (5) ICE arrested him without
a valid warrant, rendering the deportation proceedings unfair.
1 M r. Ballesteros has also petitioned the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado for a writ of habeas corpus. In his habeas petition, M r. Ballesteros raised all the same arguments that he raises before this court. The Colorado district court granted M r. Ballesteros’ subsequent motion for change of venue, transferring the case to the U .S. District Court for the D istrict of Idaho, and also ordered that the government transfer M r. Ballesteros to the jurisdiction of the Idaho district court. ICE has since placed M r. Ballesteros in a supervised release program. The Idaho district court is staying the habeas proceedings pending the resolution of this appeal.
-4- I. Jurisdiction
Our review of immigration decisions is limited by statute. Congress has
eliminated judicial review of both the BIA ’s discretionary decisions, 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(B), and of any “final order of removal against an alien who is
removable by reason of having committed” certain offenses, among them
aggravated felonies and controlled substance offenses, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C).
But these jurisdictional restrictions are subject to two exceptions. First, we retain
jurisdiction to examine certain aspects of an alien’s removal, even when removal
is for an aggravated felony or controlled substance offense. W e have explained
that, in reviewing final orders of removal for aggravated felonies, “[c]ourts of
appeals have jurisdiction . . . ‘to determine whether the jurisdictional bar applies.
[Courts] may therefore decide whether the petitioner is (i) an alien (ii) deportable
(iii) by reason of a criminal offense listed in the statute.’” Latu v. Ashcroft, 375
F.3d 1012, 1017 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Tapia Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d 1216,
1220 (10th Cir. 2001)). W e therefore have jurisdiction to review any of M r.
Ballesteros’ claims that challenge the BIA’s order of removal by arguing that his
plea and conviction do not constitute an offense that warranted removal without
relief.
The second exception comes from the recently enacted R EAL ID Act. In
Calcano-M artinez v. INS, 533 U.S. 348, 350 n.2 (2001), the Supreme Court
recognized a narrow exception to § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s broad jurisdiction-stripping
-5- provision and noted that courts of appeals retained “jurisdiction to review
‘substantial constitutional challenges’ raised by aliens who come w ithin the
strictures of § 1252(a)(2)(C).” See also M orales Ventura v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d
1259, 1262 (10th Cir. 2003). W ith the REAL ID Act, Congress expanded this
exception to § 1252’s jurisdiction-stripping provision. Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119
Stat. 231, 310 (2005). The new subparagraph of § 1252 states that “[n]othing in
[1252(a)(2)(B) or (C)], or in any other provision of this chapter (other than this
section) which limits or eliminates judicial review, shall be construed as
precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a
petition for review . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D ); see Perales-Cumpean v.
Gonzales, 429 F.3d 977, 982 n.4 (10th Cir. 2005). Congress expressly intended
this new provision to apply retroactively to all final deportation orders. REAL ID
Act § 106(b) (noting that the law applies “to cases in which the final
administrative order of removal, deportation, or exclusion was issued before, on,
or after the date of enactment [M ay 11, 2005].”). Consequently, unless another
subparagraph of § 1252 precludes our review of M r. Ballesteros’ claims that raise
either constitutional or legal questions, we also have jurisdiction to review those
claims. 2
2 The parties in this case submitted their briefs before the REAL ID Act was enacted. Because the government relied on jurisdictional arguments that the REAL ID Act eliminated, it filed a motion to withdraw its blanket argument that this court lacks the jurisdiction to hear M r. Ballesteros’ constitutional and non- (continued...)
-6- II. M r. Ballesteros’ Arguments that H e Does Not Q ualify for Removal W ithout Relief
M r. Ballesteros presents two arguments that his past offenses should not
qualify for removal without relief. He admits both that he is an alien and that he
has a prior conviction, but he disputes the government’s position that his prior
conviction should subject him to removal without relief. First, he argues that
Ninth Circuit law should apply to this case. Second, he argues that a change in
the definition of conviction for immigration purposes violated his settled
expectations regarding his plea agreement. If M r. Ballesteros is correct that Ninth
Circuit law should apply, then he is entitled to relief from his removal order.
The BIA correctly dismissed M r. Ballesteros’ argument that the BIA should
apply Ninth Circuit law to his case. Before the BIA and in his brief to this court,
M r. Ballesteros did not dispute that under Tenth Circuit law his conviction for
drug possession constitutes an aggravated felony for immigration purposes.
Instead, he argued that Ninth Circuit law controlled the facts of his case. But the
choice of law in an immigration decision is not governed by the same kind of
choice of law analysis applied in a diversity action. As the BIA noted in its
opinion, “an immigration judge should analyze removability and relief issues
2 (...continued) jurisdictional claims. W e grant the government’s motion. Accordingly, we do not address that issue.
-7- using only the decisions of the circuit in which he or she sits . . . since it is to that
circuit that any appeal from a final order of removal must be taken.” Further, an
alien has “no legal right to have removal proceedings commenced against him in a
particular place,” Latu, 375 F.3d at 1019, and “no litigant has a right to have the
interpretation of one federal court rather than that of another determine his case,”
M enowitz v. Brown, 991 F.2d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 1993).
W e routinely apply Tenth Circuit law to determine whether a conviction
from another jurisdiction constitutes an aggravated felony or controlled substance
offense. See United States v. Castro-Rocha, 323 F.3d 846, 851-52 (10th Cir.
2003); Tapia-Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d 1216, 1221-23 (10th Cir. 2001); United
States v. Cabrera-Sosa, 81 F.3d 998, 1000-01 (10th Cir. 1996). W e held in Elkins
v. Com fort, 392 F.3d 1159, 1163-64 (10th Cir. 2004), that a foreign drug
conviction, even if it would have qualified for FFO A, remained a conviction for
immigration purposes. Accord United States v. Zamudio, 314 F.3d 517, 521-22
(10th Cir. 2002) (“[A] plea in abeyance [in another jurisdiction] satisfies the
definition of conviction laid out in [the immigration statute].”). There is no
meaningful distinction between M r. Ballesteros’ conviction and the foreign
conviction in Com fort. As the BIA recognized in another case, “except in the
Ninth Circuit, a first-time simple drug possession offense expunged under a state
rehabilitative statute is a conviction under section 101(a)(48)(A) of the
[immigration act].” In re Salazar-Regino, 23 I. & N. Dec. 223, 235 (BIA 2002).
-8- The BIA properly applied Tenth Circuit law and held that M r. Ballesteros’ prior
conviction qualifies him for removal without relief.
M r. Ballesteros also argues that the BIA should apply Ninth Circuit law so
as not to retroactively disturb his settled expectation that his plea agreement
would not affect his immigration status. But to prevail on this claim, M r.
Ballesteros must show that he relied on Ninth Circuit law when entering into his
plea agreement. Hindering this argument is the fact that the Ninth Circuit
decision on which M r. Ballesteros claims to have relied was issued nearly eight
months after his plea agreement. Lujan-Armendariz v. INS, 222 F.3d 728 (9th
Cir. 2000). Reliance is particularly difficult for M r. Ballesteros to prove because,
at the time of his plea agreement, the controlling BIA decision on the issue of
drug possession held that first-time drug offenders remained convicted for
immigration purposes notwithstanding the operation of various state rehabilitative
statutes under the immigration law’s then-new definition of “conviction.” In re
Roldan, 22 I. & N. Dec. 512, 528 (BIA 1999). Even if M r. Ballesteros could
make out a legal argument for reliance on Ninth Circuit law, he has not provided
any record evidence to support this claim–for example, evidence that M r.
Ballesteros’ acceptance of the plea was conditioned on the plea’s inability to
affect his immigration status. The record contains only allegations by counsel of
such reliance, but these allegations are not evidence. See Carrillo-Gonzalez v.
INS, 353 F.3d 1077, 1079 (9th Cir. 2003).
-9- III. M r. Ballesteros’ Claims and the REAL ID Act
Next, M r. Ballesteros raises an argument that falls within the REAL ID
Act’s expansion of this court’s jurisdiction to review constitutional claims or
questions of law. He argues that DHS violated the APA and, therefore, his due
process rights when it reorganized the detention boundaries without notice and
comm ent. Before the REAL ID Act, this claim would have been precluded by
either § 1252(a)(2)(B)–which precludes review of the BIA’s denial of
discretionary relief–or § 1252(a)(2)(C)–w hich precludes review of removal orders
for criminal aliens–but it now falls within our jurisdiction. 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(D).
The DHS reorganization did not, however, require the notice and comm ent
process. If a challenged agency action creates a “legislative rule,” then full
compliance with the APA’s notice and comment processes is required. M ission
Group Kansas, Inc. v. Riley, 146 F.3d 775, 781 (10th Cir. 1998). Legislative
rules “affect[] individual rights and obligations.” M orton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199,
232 (1974). But “interpretive rules, general statements of policy or rules of
agency organization, procedure or practice” can be implemented without notice
and comment. 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A). Interpretive rules must “‘be derivable from
the statute that it implements by a process fairly to be described as interpretive;
that is, there must be a path that runs from the statute to the rule, rather than
merely consistency between statute and rule.’” M ission, 146 F.3d at 783 n.8
-10- (quoting Richard A. Posner, The Rise and Fall of Administrative Law, 72 Chi.-
Kent L. Rev. 953, 962 (1997)).
M r. Ballesteros relies on the unpublished opinion of United States v.
Seward, Nos. 79-1711 et seq., 1981 U.S. App. LEXIS 21300 (10th Cir. Jan. 5,
1981), for support that the DHS reorganization was a substantive rule. In Seward,
the Department of Energy expanded the trespass buffer zone around a nuclear
facility without notice and comment. Id. at *8. Sixteen days later, Seward and
others protested on the property and were arrested for trespass. Id. The change in
the buffer zone “brought the area in question within the scope of the trespass
regulations for the first time, thereby creating a criminal offense where there had
been none.” Id. at *10 (emphasis added). In this case, however, the DHS
reorganization did not create a new offense or affect a legal obligation. As
discussed earlier, aliens have no legal right to have the removal proceedings in a
particular location. Latu, 375 F.3d at 1019. And there is no evidence that the
change upset any settled legal expectations. That the reorganization had a
substantive effect on the M r. Ballesteros’ removal proceedings does not mean that
the change was a legislative rule. See Air Transport Ass’n of Am. v. Dep’t of
Transp., 900 F.2d 369, 383 (D .C . Cir. 1990) (Silberman, J., dissenting) (“Of
course, procedure impacts on outcomes and thus can virtually always be described
as affecting substance, but to pursue that line of analysis results in the
obliteration of the distinction [between legislative and interpretive rules] that
-11- Congress demanded.”).
The DHS reorganization was an interpretation of the statute that gives the
DHS the authority to conduct removal proceedings. The implementing statute
gives DHS the authority to “arrange for appropriate places of detention for aliens
detained pending . . . a decision on removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(g)(1). The DHS
reorganization merely interpreted the grant of statutory authority, and that
interpretation did not create or alter a legal obligation. In this case, the pertinent
right is M r. Ballesteros’ right to choose the location of removal hearing, and that
right was not affected by the DHS reorganization–he did not have the right
before, and he does not have the right after. Because the DHS reorganization was
an interpretive rule, it was exempt from the A PA’s notice and comment process
and is therefore valid.
Even after the REAL ID Act, M r. Ballesteros’ remaining arguments–that
the BIA abused its discretion in denying his motion to change venue and that he
was arrested without a warrant–still fall outside of our jurisdiction. The
regulation governing change of venue in removal proceedings states that “[t]he
[i]mmigration [j]udge, for good cause, may change venue only upon motion by
one of the parties [and] only after the other party has been given notice and an
opportunity to respond to the motion to change venue.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.20(b)
(emphasis added). This regulation gives the immigration judge complete
discretion, even to the extent that the immigration judge may still deny the a
-12- change of venue motion when good cause is present. See, e.g., Chow v. INS, 12
F.3d 34, 39 (5th Cir. 1993) (“The decision of whether to grant a change of venue
is committed to the [agency’s] sound discretion . . . .”). Because the BIA’s
discretionary decisions are precluded from our review by 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), the venue argument must raise either constitutional question or
raise a question of law .
M r. Ballesteros’ venue claim raises neither and is, therefore, beyond our
review. W hile in the criminal context at least, “venue is a right of constitutional
dimension,” United States v. M iller, 111 F.3d 747, 749 (10th Cir. 1997), an alien
has “no legal right to have removal proceedings commenced against him in a
particular place,” Latu, 375 F.3d at 1019, and M r. Ballesteros’ venue arguments
focus on matters of convenience and not constitutional violations. Neither does
his venue claim present a question of law. In civil cases, the question of whether
a litigant has brought an action in the proper court is a question of law, while the
question of whether to dismiss or transfer an action filed in an improper venue is
“within the district court’s sound discretion” and reviewed for abuse of discretion
only. First of M ichigan Corp. v. Bramlet, 141 F.3d 260, 262 (6th Cir. 1998)
(citing Pierce v. Shorty Small’s of Branson, Inc., 137 F.3d 1190 (10th Cir. 1998)).
M r. Ballesteros’ argument is not that venue was improper in Colorado but that
venue w as more convenient in the Ninth Circuit. His argument attacks the BIA’s
discretion to, “for good cause,” transfer a removal proceeding to another venue.
-13- This does not present a question of law. See Bautista-Contreras v. INS, No. 90-
9589, 1991 W L 164276, at *1 (10th Cir. Aug. 21, 1991) (applying an abuse of
discretion standard of review to the BIA’s denial of a motion for change of venue
before the statutory prohibition on our review of the BIA’s discretionary
decisions); accord Slingluff v. Occupational Safety & H ealth Review Comm’n,
425 F.3d 861, 866 (10th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e review an agency’s decision under the
arbitrary, capricious or abuse of discretion standard, [and] we must uphold the
agency’s action if it has articulated a rational basis for the decision and has
considered relevant factors. However, these limitations do not apply to questions
of law.”). Because M r. Ballesteros’ venue claim presents neither a question of
law nor a constitutional question, our review of it is precluded by 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(B)(ii).
Last, we hold that M r. Ballesteros’ constitutional claims, chief among them
that he was arrested without warrant, are outside our jurisdiction. Our review of
this type of constitutional claim is precluded by a subsection of § 1252 for which
the REAL ID Act’s “constitutional claim” exception does not apply. In addition
to the already discussed specific limitations on review, § 1252 also contains a
general jurisdictional limitation–it limits our review to “final order[s] of
removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). M r. Ballesteros analogizes his situation to that
of a criminal defendant and seeks to use alleged constitutional violations to
overturn his removal, while he hopes that any future removal proceedings w ould
-14- be conducted in the Ninth Circuit. But removal is a civil, not criminal,
proceeding, and the “various protections that apply in the context of a criminal
trial do not apply in a deportation hearing.” INS v. Lopez-M endoza, 468 U.S.
1032, 1039 (1984). As the Supreme Court noted, “[t]he Court of Appeals have
held, for example[,] that the absence of M iranda warnings does not render an
otherwise voluntary statement by the respondent inadmissible in a deportation
case.” Id. at 1039. No remedy for the alleged constitutional violations w ould
affect the BIA’s final order of removal. Any remedy available to M r. Ballesteros
would lie in a Bivens action. He is not, therefore, in the same position as a
criminal defendant and is not, even if his allegations prove true, entitled to a
reversal of his removal based on a “fruit of the poisonous tree” theory. Because
the alleged constitutional deficiencies are beyond the scope of the BIA’s final
order of removal, they are also beyond our review.
W e A FFIR M the BIA’s final order of removal.
-15-