Mr. Justice Hunt
delivered the opinion of the court.
No part of the answer in our'judgment requires consideration, except that- which raises the point of the legality of the resignation of the parties named. If they had ceased to be officers of the town when the
mandamus
was issued, there may be difficulty in maintaining the order awarding' a peremptory
mandamus
against them. If they were then- such".officers, the case presents no difficulty.. .
. The alleged resignations of the supervisor and town-ciferk were accepted by the justices of the town ;■ but their successors.. had not been qualified, nor, indeed, had they- been chosen when the petition was filed.. Does a supervisor,-to wnrclerk, or justice of the peace of the State of Illinois cease to be an officer when his resignation's tendered to’ and accepted by a justice of the ■peace, or does he continue in office until his successor is chosen and qualified?
By the common law, as well as by the statutes of the United States, and the laws of most of the States, When the term of office to which one is -elected or appointed expires, his power to perform its duties.ceases.
People
v.
Tilman,
8 Abb. Pr. 359; 30 Barb. 193. This is the general rule.
The term .of office of a district attorney- of the United States is fixed by statute at four years— When this four years comes round, his'right or-power to.perform the duties of the office is át an end, as completely as if he had never held the office. Rev. Stat. sect. 7-69. A judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, or a justice of the Supreme Court, is elected for a term of fourteen years, and takes -his' seat on the first day of January following his election. When the 14th of January thereafter is reached, he ceases to be a judicial officer, and can perform no one duty pertaining to the office. Whether a successor has been elected, or whether he has qualified, does not 'enter into the question." As to certain town officers, the rule is different. 1 Rev. Stat. (N. Y.) 340, sect. 30.
The system of the State of Illinois seems to be organized upon a different principle. Thus, the Supreme Court consists of seven judges,- who are required to possess certain qualifications of age and of residence, and who are elected for the term of nine years (Code of Illinois, 1874, pp. 69, 70), at which time it is provided that the “ term.of office Shall expire.”
Circuit judges in like mannér are elected for a term of six years. Id. p. 701. County judges and county clerks, probate judges and State’s attorneys, are elected for .the term of four years. Id. pp. 71, 72.
As to all of these officers, including judges, it is provided in the constitution of Illinois that “ they shall hold their offices until their successors shall be qualified.” Id. p. 73, sect. 32. They may thus hold their offices much longer than the term for which they are elected.
The provisions as to town officers are of the same character. It is enacted (art. 7, sect. 61, p. 1075) that, at the town meeting in April of each year, there shall be elected in each town one supervisor and one town-clerk, who shall hold their offices for one year, and until their successors are elected and qualified, and such justices of the peace as are provided by law.
Of justices of the peace, it is enacted that there shall be elected in each town not less than two nor more than five (depending upon the population of the town), who shall hold their offices “for four years, or until their successors are elected and qualified.” p. 637, sect. 1.
The qualifying so often spoken' of is defined as to town officers by art. 9, sect. 85: —
“ Qualifying. Every person elected or appointed to the office of supervisor, town-clerk, &c., before he enters upon the duties of his office, and within ten days after he shall be notified of his election or appointment, shall take and subscribe, before some justice of the peace or town-clerk, the oath -or affirmation of office prescribed by the constitution, which shall, within eight days thereafter, be filed in the office of the town-clerk.”
Thus far it would seem plain that the office of a supervisor or town-clerk c.ould not be terminated until his. successor subscribed and filed his oath of office, and that when the 'super
visor and town-clerk before us supposed that tbeir offices were at an end by tbeir resignations, they were in error.
There are two other provisions, which, it is supposed, have some bearing upon the point we are considering. Sect. 97 (p.,1079) provides that whenever a vacancy occurs in a town office by death, resignation, removal from the town, or other cause, the justices may make an appointment which shall continue during the unexpired term, and until others are elected or appointed in their places. By sect. 100, the justices of the town may, for sufficient cause shown to them, accept the resignation of any town officer, and notice thereof shall immediately be given to the town-clerk.
A similar provision as to the elective officers of a' higher grade is found in the statutes. By c. 46, sect. 124
et seq.
(p. 466), it is provided that resignations-of elective offices may be made to the officer authorized to fill the vacancy or to order an election to fill it, and the various events which may cause a vacancy are' defined. . Governors, judges,-clerks of courts, &c., are specifically referred to.
The provision as to these officers and as to - the town offices are parts of the same system. The resignations may be made to and accepted by the officers named; but, to become perfect, they depend upon and must be followed by an additional fact; to wit, the appointment of a successor, and his qualification.. When it is said in the statute that the resignation may be thus accepted, it is like to the expiration of the term of office.. In' form the office is thereby ended, but to make it effectual it must be followed by the qualification of a successor.
Sect. 92 (p. 1078) is also referred- to: “ Town officers, except as otherwise provided, shall hold their offices for one year, and until others are elected or appointed in their places and are qualified.” The term “ otherwise provided ” has reference to the original term fixed by law, and not tó resignations or vacancies. Thus, justices hold for four years, supervisors and constables for one year; and should’ there be created or found to exist a town officer, and no provision be made, as to the duration of his office, this section is intended to meet the case by fixing one year as such term. It has nothing to do with the case before us, further than it reiterates the rule
everywhere found in the statutes of Illinois, that such person shall serve not only for one year, but until his successor shall qualify.
People ex rel. Williamson
v. McHenry, 52 N. Y. 374, was the case of a
quo warranto
to test the title to the office of collector of the town of Flatbush, Kings County, N. Y. The defendant was elected such collector on the fifth day of April, 1870.
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Mr. Justice Hunt
delivered the opinion of the court.
No part of the answer in our'judgment requires consideration, except that- which raises the point of the legality of the resignation of the parties named. If they had ceased to be officers of the town when the
mandamus
was issued, there may be difficulty in maintaining the order awarding' a peremptory
mandamus
against them. If they were then- such".officers, the case presents no difficulty.. .
. The alleged resignations of the supervisor and town-ciferk were accepted by the justices of the town ;■ but their successors.. had not been qualified, nor, indeed, had they- been chosen when the petition was filed.. Does a supervisor,-to wnrclerk, or justice of the peace of the State of Illinois cease to be an officer when his resignation's tendered to’ and accepted by a justice of the ■peace, or does he continue in office until his successor is chosen and qualified?
By the common law, as well as by the statutes of the United States, and the laws of most of the States, When the term of office to which one is -elected or appointed expires, his power to perform its duties.ceases.
People
v.
Tilman,
8 Abb. Pr. 359; 30 Barb. 193. This is the general rule.
The term .of office of a district attorney- of the United States is fixed by statute at four years— When this four years comes round, his'right or-power to.perform the duties of the office is át an end, as completely as if he had never held the office. Rev. Stat. sect. 7-69. A judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, or a justice of the Supreme Court, is elected for a term of fourteen years, and takes -his' seat on the first day of January following his election. When the 14th of January thereafter is reached, he ceases to be a judicial officer, and can perform no one duty pertaining to the office. Whether a successor has been elected, or whether he has qualified, does not 'enter into the question." As to certain town officers, the rule is different. 1 Rev. Stat. (N. Y.) 340, sect. 30.
The system of the State of Illinois seems to be organized upon a different principle. Thus, the Supreme Court consists of seven judges,- who are required to possess certain qualifications of age and of residence, and who are elected for the term of nine years (Code of Illinois, 1874, pp. 69, 70), at which time it is provided that the “ term.of office Shall expire.”
Circuit judges in like mannér are elected for a term of six years. Id. p. 701. County judges and county clerks, probate judges and State’s attorneys, are elected for .the term of four years. Id. pp. 71, 72.
As to all of these officers, including judges, it is provided in the constitution of Illinois that “ they shall hold their offices until their successors shall be qualified.” Id. p. 73, sect. 32. They may thus hold their offices much longer than the term for which they are elected.
The provisions as to town officers are of the same character. It is enacted (art. 7, sect. 61, p. 1075) that, at the town meeting in April of each year, there shall be elected in each town one supervisor and one town-clerk, who shall hold their offices for one year, and until their successors are elected and qualified, and such justices of the peace as are provided by law.
Of justices of the peace, it is enacted that there shall be elected in each town not less than two nor more than five (depending upon the population of the town), who shall hold their offices “for four years, or until their successors are elected and qualified.” p. 637, sect. 1.
The qualifying so often spoken' of is defined as to town officers by art. 9, sect. 85: —
“ Qualifying. Every person elected or appointed to the office of supervisor, town-clerk, &c., before he enters upon the duties of his office, and within ten days after he shall be notified of his election or appointment, shall take and subscribe, before some justice of the peace or town-clerk, the oath -or affirmation of office prescribed by the constitution, which shall, within eight days thereafter, be filed in the office of the town-clerk.”
Thus far it would seem plain that the office of a supervisor or town-clerk c.ould not be terminated until his. successor subscribed and filed his oath of office, and that when the 'super
visor and town-clerk before us supposed that tbeir offices were at an end by tbeir resignations, they were in error.
There are two other provisions, which, it is supposed, have some bearing upon the point we are considering. Sect. 97 (p.,1079) provides that whenever a vacancy occurs in a town office by death, resignation, removal from the town, or other cause, the justices may make an appointment which shall continue during the unexpired term, and until others are elected or appointed in their places. By sect. 100, the justices of the town may, for sufficient cause shown to them, accept the resignation of any town officer, and notice thereof shall immediately be given to the town-clerk.
A similar provision as to the elective officers of a' higher grade is found in the statutes. By c. 46, sect. 124
et seq.
(p. 466), it is provided that resignations-of elective offices may be made to the officer authorized to fill the vacancy or to order an election to fill it, and the various events which may cause a vacancy are' defined. . Governors, judges,-clerks of courts, &c., are specifically referred to.
The provision as to these officers and as to - the town offices are parts of the same system. The resignations may be made to and accepted by the officers named; but, to become perfect, they depend upon and must be followed by an additional fact; to wit, the appointment of a successor, and his qualification.. When it is said in the statute that the resignation may be thus accepted, it is like to the expiration of the term of office.. In' form the office is thereby ended, but to make it effectual it must be followed by the qualification of a successor.
Sect. 92 (p. 1078) is also referred- to: “ Town officers, except as otherwise provided, shall hold their offices for one year, and until others are elected or appointed in their places and are qualified.” The term “ otherwise provided ” has reference to the original term fixed by law, and not tó resignations or vacancies. Thus, justices hold for four years, supervisors and constables for one year; and should’ there be created or found to exist a town officer, and no provision be made, as to the duration of his office, this section is intended to meet the case by fixing one year as such term. It has nothing to do with the case before us, further than it reiterates the rule
everywhere found in the statutes of Illinois, that such person shall serve not only for one year, but until his successor shall qualify.
People ex rel. Williamson
v. McHenry, 52 N. Y. 374, was the case of a
quo warranto
to test the title to the office of collector of the town of Flatbush, Kings County, N. Y. The defendant was elected such collector on the fifth day of April, 1870. On the fourth day of April, 1871, the relator was elected collector of the same town, but did hot take or file an oath of office or execute the bond to the supervisors of the town. The. board of supervisors recognized the defendant as the legal collector, and delivered to him the warrant for the collection of the taxes of 1871. To settle the dispute, the relator brought the suit referred to. The attempt of the defendant to sustain himself under an act of the legislature, extending the term of office of the collector of Kings County to three years, failed. The court held the act to be unconstitutional as to existing collectors. The defendant, however, succeeded in retaining the . office, and had judgment that he was the.legal collector; for the reason, that, although .the relator was. legally elected, he had failed to take the oath of office. The statute óf New York as to town officers was in substance the same as that of the State of Illinois. It was as follows: “ Town officers shall hold.their offices for one year, and until- others are chosen or appointed in their places, and have qualified.”
In 6 Bissell, 308, is found the opinion of Judge Blodgett in the case we have before us. He holds that a resignation • does not relieve a supervisor or town-clerk from the responsibilities of his office until a successor is appointed. We think such is the law.
In
People
v. Hopson, 1 Den. 574, and in
People
v.
Nostrand,
46 N. Y. 382, it was said, that when-a person sets up.a title to property by virtue of an office, and comes into court to recover it, he must show an unquestionable right. It is not enough that he is an officer
defacto,
that he merely acts in the office; but he must be an officer
de jure,
and have a right to act. So, we think, where a person being in an office seeks to prevent the performance of its duties to a creditor of the town, by a hasty resignation, he must see that he resigns not only
de facto,
but
de jure ;
that he resigns his office not only, but that a-successor is appointed. An attempt to create a vacancy at a time when such action is fatal to the creditor will not be helped out by the aid of the courts.
Judgment affirmed.