IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Marriage of No. 85559-0-I DAVID GENE PAULEY, DIVISION ONE Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION and
AUBREY KATE PAULEY,
Appellant.
HAZELRIGG, A.C.J. — Aubrey Pauley appeals the valuation of certain real
property, the division of David Pauley’s retirement accounts, and the amount and
duration of spousal support awarded to her by the trial court upon its dissolution of
their marriage. She contends that the court failed to consider relevant factors in
reaching all of these decisions and abused their discretion. We disagree and
affirm.
FACTS
On April 4, 2023, after unsuccessful attempts at mediation, Aubrey and
David Pauley1 both appeared pro se before the Snohomish County Superior Court
to dissolve their marriage. The two had been married for approximately 17 years.
Throughout the course of the three-day trial, both Aubrey and David testified to
their respective beliefs regarding the value of the real property to be divided.
1 For clarity, because they share the same last name, we refer to Aubrey and David by
their first names. No disrespect is intended. No. 85559-0-I/2
Relevant to this appeal, testimony was given regarding the value of a property in
Lake Stevens, the balance of retirement accounts, and spousal support for Aubrey.
The court issued an oral decision at the conclusion of trial on May 26, 2023
that set the value of the Lake Stevens house at issue here, divided the retirement
accounts, and established the amount and duration of spousal support David was
to pay Aubrey. The court valued the Lake Stevens property at $446,100. It
allocated the retirement accounts and awarded David some of his own accounts,
totaling $143,774, and Aubrey a combination of her own accounts and one of
David’s, totaling $185,285. Finally, the court awarded Aubrey spousal support until
January 2026.
Aubrey timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
Aubrey asserts three errors in this case: the trial court’s valuation of the
Lake Stevens property, division of the retirement accounts, and award of spousal
support. Trial courts have broad discretion to distribute property and liabilities in
dissolution proceedings. In re Marriage of Kaseburg, 126 Wn. App. 546, 556, 108
P.3d 1278 (2005). When making a property disposition, the court must consider
all relevant factors including, but not limited to:
(1) The nature and extent of the community property;
(2) The nature and extent of the separate property;
(3) The duration of the marriage or domestic partnership; and
(4) The economic circumstances of each spouse or domestic partner at the time the division of property is to become effective, including the desirability of awarding the family home or the right to
-2- No. 85559-0-I/3
live therein for reasonable periods to a spouse or domestic partner with whom the children may reside the majority of the time.
RCW 26.09.080. The court is not required to divide community property equally.
In re Marriage of Kaplan, 4 Wn. App. 2d 466, 480-481, 421 P.3d 1046 (2018). The
court’s discretion is limited by the requirement that any division must “‘appear just
and equitable after considering all relevant factors.’” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting In re Marriage of White, 105 Wn. App. 545, 549, 20 P.3d 481
(2001)). “A property division made during the dissolution of a marriage will be
reversed on appeal only if there is a manifest abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage
of Muhammad, 153 Wn.2d 795, 803, 108 P.3d 779 (2005). “The spouse who
challenges such decisions bears the heavy burden of showing a manifest abuse
of discretion on the part of the trial court.” In re Marriage of Landry, 103 Wn.2d
807, 809, 699 P.2d 214 (1985). In other words, unless no reasonable judge would
reach the same conclusion as the trial court, this court must affirm.
I. Property Valuation
Aubrey avers that the court erred in assigning a value to the Lake Stevens
property, $446,100, that was outside of the range presented by the parties at the
trial. Aubrey and David both had a chance to testify about their beliefs regarding
the value of the house and each submitted a comparative market analysis (CMA)
to the court with proposed values for the property. According to Aubrey’s CMA,
the house was worth around $900,000, while David’s CMA valued the property at
approximately $675,000. Neither of the CMAs was entered into evidence. Rene
Breen, the real estate agent who prepared the CMA for David, testified as to her
-3- No. 85559-0-I/4
experience and qualifications with compiling CMAs and explained, to the best of
her recollection, how she determined the value of the Lake Stevens property.
However, Breen was only able to testify generally about the property as she called
into the trial without access to her report.
The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence. In re
Marriage of Eklund, 143 Wn. App. 207, 212, 177 P.3d 189 (2008). This court will
not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court on issues of fact. Kaplan, 4
Wn. App. 2d at 479. Instead, we affirm the decision of the trial court if there is
sufficient evidence to persuade a rational fair-minded person that the premise is
true. In re Marriage of Fahey, 164 Wn. App. 42, 55, 262 P.3d 128 (2011).
When differing valuations of a property are in evidence, a trial court does
not abuse its discretion as long as the assigned value is within the range of
evidence. In re Marriage of Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. 235, 250, 170 P.3d 572
(2007). However, if the amounts are not formally admitted as evidence and are
merely figures advocated by the parties, the weight to be given to these values is
left up to discretion of the trial judge as the trier of fact. Worthington v. Worthington,
73 Wn.2d 759, 763, 440 P.2d 478 (1968). In fact, even with expert witness
testimony, “a court is not required to accept the opinion testimony of experts solely
because of their special knowledge; rather, the court decides an issue upon its
own fair judgment, assisted by the testimony of experts.” In re Marriage of Pilant,
42 Wn. App. 173, 178, 709 P.2d 1241 (1985).
Although the trial court did not assign a value for the house within the figures
set out in David and Aubrey’s respective testimony, there was no abuse of
-4- No. 85559-0-I/5
discretion when it set the value of the property outside of the range provided by
the parties. The trial court had access to a wide range of financial information from
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Marriage of No. 85559-0-I DAVID GENE PAULEY, DIVISION ONE Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION and
AUBREY KATE PAULEY,
Appellant.
HAZELRIGG, A.C.J. — Aubrey Pauley appeals the valuation of certain real
property, the division of David Pauley’s retirement accounts, and the amount and
duration of spousal support awarded to her by the trial court upon its dissolution of
their marriage. She contends that the court failed to consider relevant factors in
reaching all of these decisions and abused their discretion. We disagree and
affirm.
FACTS
On April 4, 2023, after unsuccessful attempts at mediation, Aubrey and
David Pauley1 both appeared pro se before the Snohomish County Superior Court
to dissolve their marriage. The two had been married for approximately 17 years.
Throughout the course of the three-day trial, both Aubrey and David testified to
their respective beliefs regarding the value of the real property to be divided.
1 For clarity, because they share the same last name, we refer to Aubrey and David by
their first names. No disrespect is intended. No. 85559-0-I/2
Relevant to this appeal, testimony was given regarding the value of a property in
Lake Stevens, the balance of retirement accounts, and spousal support for Aubrey.
The court issued an oral decision at the conclusion of trial on May 26, 2023
that set the value of the Lake Stevens house at issue here, divided the retirement
accounts, and established the amount and duration of spousal support David was
to pay Aubrey. The court valued the Lake Stevens property at $446,100. It
allocated the retirement accounts and awarded David some of his own accounts,
totaling $143,774, and Aubrey a combination of her own accounts and one of
David’s, totaling $185,285. Finally, the court awarded Aubrey spousal support until
January 2026.
Aubrey timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
Aubrey asserts three errors in this case: the trial court’s valuation of the
Lake Stevens property, division of the retirement accounts, and award of spousal
support. Trial courts have broad discretion to distribute property and liabilities in
dissolution proceedings. In re Marriage of Kaseburg, 126 Wn. App. 546, 556, 108
P.3d 1278 (2005). When making a property disposition, the court must consider
all relevant factors including, but not limited to:
(1) The nature and extent of the community property;
(2) The nature and extent of the separate property;
(3) The duration of the marriage or domestic partnership; and
(4) The economic circumstances of each spouse or domestic partner at the time the division of property is to become effective, including the desirability of awarding the family home or the right to
-2- No. 85559-0-I/3
live therein for reasonable periods to a spouse or domestic partner with whom the children may reside the majority of the time.
RCW 26.09.080. The court is not required to divide community property equally.
In re Marriage of Kaplan, 4 Wn. App. 2d 466, 480-481, 421 P.3d 1046 (2018). The
court’s discretion is limited by the requirement that any division must “‘appear just
and equitable after considering all relevant factors.’” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting In re Marriage of White, 105 Wn. App. 545, 549, 20 P.3d 481
(2001)). “A property division made during the dissolution of a marriage will be
reversed on appeal only if there is a manifest abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage
of Muhammad, 153 Wn.2d 795, 803, 108 P.3d 779 (2005). “The spouse who
challenges such decisions bears the heavy burden of showing a manifest abuse
of discretion on the part of the trial court.” In re Marriage of Landry, 103 Wn.2d
807, 809, 699 P.2d 214 (1985). In other words, unless no reasonable judge would
reach the same conclusion as the trial court, this court must affirm.
I. Property Valuation
Aubrey avers that the court erred in assigning a value to the Lake Stevens
property, $446,100, that was outside of the range presented by the parties at the
trial. Aubrey and David both had a chance to testify about their beliefs regarding
the value of the house and each submitted a comparative market analysis (CMA)
to the court with proposed values for the property. According to Aubrey’s CMA,
the house was worth around $900,000, while David’s CMA valued the property at
approximately $675,000. Neither of the CMAs was entered into evidence. Rene
Breen, the real estate agent who prepared the CMA for David, testified as to her
-3- No. 85559-0-I/4
experience and qualifications with compiling CMAs and explained, to the best of
her recollection, how she determined the value of the Lake Stevens property.
However, Breen was only able to testify generally about the property as she called
into the trial without access to her report.
The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence. In re
Marriage of Eklund, 143 Wn. App. 207, 212, 177 P.3d 189 (2008). This court will
not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court on issues of fact. Kaplan, 4
Wn. App. 2d at 479. Instead, we affirm the decision of the trial court if there is
sufficient evidence to persuade a rational fair-minded person that the premise is
true. In re Marriage of Fahey, 164 Wn. App. 42, 55, 262 P.3d 128 (2011).
When differing valuations of a property are in evidence, a trial court does
not abuse its discretion as long as the assigned value is within the range of
evidence. In re Marriage of Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. 235, 250, 170 P.3d 572
(2007). However, if the amounts are not formally admitted as evidence and are
merely figures advocated by the parties, the weight to be given to these values is
left up to discretion of the trial judge as the trier of fact. Worthington v. Worthington,
73 Wn.2d 759, 763, 440 P.2d 478 (1968). In fact, even with expert witness
testimony, “a court is not required to accept the opinion testimony of experts solely
because of their special knowledge; rather, the court decides an issue upon its
own fair judgment, assisted by the testimony of experts.” In re Marriage of Pilant,
42 Wn. App. 173, 178, 709 P.2d 1241 (1985).
Although the trial court did not assign a value for the house within the figures
set out in David and Aubrey’s respective testimony, there was no abuse of
-4- No. 85559-0-I/5
discretion when it set the value of the property outside of the range provided by
the parties. The trial court had access to a wide range of financial information from
the Pauleys to determine the valuation of the property. Most critically, neither of
the CMAs supporting the different amounts were admitted into evidence.
Therefore, the court had discretion to set the valuation of the property and give as
little or as much weight as it saw fit to the amounts advocated by each party.
Aubrey has not met her burden on appeal to show that the trial court abused its
discretion here.
II. Retirement Accounts
Aubrey next argues that the trial court failed to address all retirement
accounts, resulting in a distribution that favors David. However, the record clearly
establishes that Aubrey was awarded over $40,000 more in retirement funds than
David, retaining all of her own retirement accounts and receiving one of David’s.
Each of the parties had an opportunity to testify about their retirement funds at the
hearing. Specifically, as to David’s account under Public Employees’ Retirement
System Plan 2 (PERS 2), the court admitted recent documentation regarding the
account into evidence. Although the exact amount in the PERS 2 account was not
mentioned at trial, David indicated that it was a “low amount.”2 Additionally, David
explained that contributions were made into the PERS 2 account in lieu of social
security withholdings and attributed this to his position as a lineman with the
Snohomish County Public Utility District.
2 The trial exhibits were not transmitted to this court as part of the record on appeal, so the
details of this account are not before us.
-5- No. 85559-0-I/6
There is no requirement that assets be divided equally; the trial court has
broad discretion that is limited only by the requirement that any division must be
“‘just and equitable after considering all relevant factors.’” In re Marriage of
Condie, 15 Wn. App. 2d 449, 465, 475 P.3d 993 (2020) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Muhammad, 153 Wn.2d at 803). Further, “[t]he law does not
permit the court to value and distribute social security benefits.” Rockwell, 141
Wn. App. at 244.
Aubrey fails to meet her burden on appeal as to this challenge. First, with
regard to the total amount awarded to each party, Aubrey was awarded more than
half of the value of the known retirement accounts. Although Aubrey argues that
she should be awarded a portion of the PERS 2 account, the court listed the value
of that account as unknown. Dividing an account with an unknown balance risks
an arbitrary distribution of assets and conflicts with the notion of substantial
evidence. Most critically, testimony at trial indicates that the PERS 2 account is
akin to a social security account, something the court is not permitted to value and
distribute. Aubrey has not demonstrated that awarding the PERS 2 account to
David in full was an abuse of the trial court’s broad discretion.
III. Spousal Support
Finally, Aubrey asserts that the court failed to consider all relevant factors
when it calculated the award of spousal support. At trial, Aubrey requested
spousal support in the amount of $5,500 per month. She submitted a financial
declaration and testified regarding the contents of her declaration. At the
conclusion of trial, the court awarded Aubrey spousal support in the amount of
-6- No. 85559-0-I/7
$3,500 per month from June 1, 2023 to May 30, 2024, to be reduced to $2,500 per
month from June 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024, and $1,500 per month from
January 1, 2025 until January 31, 2026.
This court reviews a trial court’s maintenance award for an abuse of
discretion. In re Marriage of Anthony, 9 Wn. App. 2d 555, 563, 446 P.3d 635
(2019). Maintenance orders are governed by RCW 26.09.090. According to the
statute, the trial court is required to consider certain factors to determine a
maintenance award, such as:
(a) The financial resources of the party seeking maintenance, including separate or community property apportioned to [them], and [their] ability to meet [their] needs independently . . . ; (b) The time necessary to acquire sufficient education or training to enable the party seeking maintenance to find employment appropriate to [their] skill, interests, style of life, and other attendant circumstances; (c) The standard of living established during the marriage or domestic partnership; (d) The duration of the marriage or domestic partnership; (e) The age, physical and emotional condition, and financial obligations of the spouse or domestic partner seeking maintenance; and (f) The ability of the spouse or domestic partner from whom maintenance is sought to meet [their] needs and financial obligations while meeting those of the spouse or domestic partner seeking maintenance.
RCW 26.09.090(1).
The court, while required to consider each factor in the statute, is not
obligated to make any specific factual findings on all of those factors. In re
Marriage of Mansour, 126 Wn. App. 1, 16, 106 P.3d 768 (2004). Maintenance
awards that are not based on a fair consideration of the statutory factors constitute
-7- No. 85559-0-I/8
an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Crosetto, 82 Wn. App. 545, 558, 918 P.2d
954 (1996).
Aubrey asserts that In re Marriage of Morrow supports her position. 53 Wn.
App. 579, 770 P.2d 197 (1989). In that case, this court affirmed an award of
lifetime maintenance of $2,200 per month to the wife, who was college-educated,
employed, and had an irreversible medical condition that rendered her legally blind
on occasion. Id. at 580-81, 591. Her illness “require[d] her to rely on others for
transportation and limit[ed] her ability to function independently at work.” Id. There
are material facts that distinguish this case from that of the Morrows. For example,
throughout the course of the Morrows’ marriage, the wife received $1,700 monthly
from the husband. Id. at 581. She also submitted affidavits listing her monthly
expenses that the trial court found credible after she testified to them at trial. Id.
at 583-84.
In the instant case, Aubrey testified she received “gambling money or
allowance money every month, usually $400,” an amount considerably lower than
the Morrows’ $1,700 spousal allowance in the 1980s. Like the spouse who was
awarded maintenance in Morrow, Aubrey has some educational credentials.
However, unlike Morrow, there is no evidence that Aubrey has used her real estate
education to obtain work. Most critically, unlike Morrow, the court in this case found
Aubrey’s testimony about her expenses to be unreliable. It expressly noted, “Ms.
Pauley, the [c]ourt does not find your testimony credible. Period. . . . [I]t is not
credible testimony in this day and age. The numbers you provided me for
household expenses are not credible.” Aubrey does not engage with this credibility
-8- No. 85559-0-I/9
determination in her briefing or offer any authority that would permit this court to
disregard this critical finding. Although there are not findings of fact pertaining to
each of the statutory factors, each factor was addressed through the testimony
elicited throughout the three-day trial. Therefore, Aubrey has not established an
abuse of discretion by the trial court as to the award of spousal maintenance.
Affirmed. 3
WE CONCUR:
3 David submitted a one-page response to Aubrey’s opening brief, asking this court to
“dismiss this filing” based in part on a claim that the appeal was not filed within the time established by the Rules of Appellate Procedure. RAP 5.2(e) establishes the relevant timeframe to appeal as within 30 days of the entry of the order on a motion for reconsideration. Aubrey filed her notice of appeal on July 18, 2023 and designated therein both the May 26, 2023 dissolution decree and the June 23, 2023 denial of her motion for reconsideration. David also asserts the appeal was not “properly filed with the court,” but fails to elaborate as to any specific procedural defects. Finally, he asserts the opening brief “includes many perjured statements.” Because the appeal was timely filed and David has failed to provide argument as to his alternate bases for dismissal, the motion to dismiss is denied.
-9-