STONE, C. J.
This litigation, in some of its forms, has beén many times before this court. The land, which has been the subject of the various suits, is a tract of about seven hundred acres, lying in Lawrence county south of the Memphis & Charleston railroad. The descriptive numbers of the land are shown in the transcript. For the purposes of this suit we need go no farther back than to the time when the title was in Thomas II. Ash-ford, husband of Caroline Ashford, appellant in this cause. Some time between 1855 and 1860 Thomas Id. Ashford sold and conveyed these lands to Richard Prewitt, Caroline, his wife, joining in the conveyance. They conveyed by warranty deed, and Prewitt went into immediate possession under his purchase. Some question was raised in some of the stages of the litigation whether Prewitt paid to Ashford the purchase money of this land; but we think the proof satisfactorily shows its payment long before any question was raised as to the rightfulness of his title. We will show further on that although the title was taken and held in the name of Thomas H. Ashford, the husband of Caroline, she claims that it was paid for with her money, part of the corpus of her statutory separate estate, invested by her-husband and trustee in the land, and the title improperly taken in his name. Against this claim and attempt of Mrs. Ashford to trace her money into the land, and to fasten an equity upon it’ both Richard and Josephine Prewitt separately plead and set up that they are bona fide successive purchasers of the land from the said Thomas H., without notice of the equitable claim of .said Caroline. This plea is in form sufficient, its averments are proved, and we think there is a failure of proof to trace notice to either of them. WA have made these statements for the purpose of slabbing off these inquiries, as not presented by the present record. — Prewitt v. Wilson, 103 U. S. 22.
.In 1871 Mrs. Caroline Ashford, then the widow of Thomas EL Ashford, instituted a suit in chancery against tyhe administrator of her deceased husband, against Richard Prewitt, Josephine Prewitt, and certain creditors [270]*270of Richard Prewitt, the purpose of which was to have it declared and decreed that the lands in controversy, together with other lands, the title to which had been taken in the name of Thomas PI. Ashford, had been purchased by him with moneys which were of the corpus of her statutory separate estate, and were rightfully her property. Richard Prewitt’s defense was that he had bought and paid for the lands and received a conveyance from Ashford and wife, without notice that her money had been used in the purchase. Josephine, who had title from Richard Prewitt, supplemented his defense with the averment and plea, that while she was single, in consideration that she would marry the said Richard, he in 1866 conveyed said lands to her by warranty deed, and that thereupon, ■ and in consideration thereof, she did marry the said Richard and became his wife ; and that not until long afterwards had she any knowledge or notice that the moneys of said Caroline had purchased the lands.
The administrator of one Liles, a creditor of said Richard Prewitt, had instituted proceedings to subject the lands in controversy to the payment of a debt of said Richard. The ground of his contention was, that the deed from Richard to Josephine Prewitt was fraudulenc. A decree had been rendered, dismissing the bill, and the case was pending on appeal in this court. In this condition of things, an agreement, in the nature of a compromise of the conflicting claims to the lands involved in this suit, was entered into between Mrs. Ashford and the Prewitts. That agreement, however, in no way affected the suit by Liles to subject the land to the payment of his claim. The agreement was entered into in November, 1875, and consisted of the following : Mrs. Ashford signed a quit-claim deed to Richard Prewitt, duly attested, which contains this clause : “In consideration of said alleged payment, (payment of the purchase money by Richard Prewitt to Thomas H. Ashford), and other considerations me thereunto moving, I have, and do by these-presents convey all the right, title and interest I have in said above described lands south of said line of, railroad [the lands here sued for] to said Richard Prewitt.” This deed was not delivered to Richard Prewitt, and was not intended to be delivered to him except on a future contingency. It was delivered to J. B. [271]*271Moore in escrow, accompanied by tlxe written power and authority of Mrs. Ashford, which was also signed by her, and properly witnessed. Its terms were, and are here copied': “I have this day executed a quit-claim deed to certain lands in Lawrence county, Alabama — 705 acres lying South of the Mem. & Oh. R. R. — to Richard Prewitt. Said lands are described in said deed. I have delivered said deed to J. B. Moore as an escrow, to be delivered to said Prewitt upon the happening of the following contingency : If a certaiü suit now pending in the Supreme Court of Ala. — Lile’s Admr. v. said Prewitt et al. — is affirmed (decided in favor of Prewitt) said Moore is to deliver said deed to said Prewitt. Otherwise, he is to hold subject to my order.”
One of the terms of the agreement was that the Prewitts were to desist from all further defense to the said suit of Mrs. Ashford for the recovery of other lands, in which' she was seeking to fasten the same equity she asserted in the lands involved in this case. There is a contention that Prewitt, as one of the terms of the compromise, agreed and promised to furnish certain imporport'ant testimony for Mrs. Ashford, in aid of her claim to the other lands sued for, and that he failed to do so.
This is denied. We do not think the proof in regard to the last alleged promise and its breach renders it necessary that we should comment upon it.
The result of said agreement of compromise was that the Prewitts, husband and wife, and their solicitors ceased to give attention to the cause, ceased to look after it, and prepared and offered no proof on its' final hearing. They strictly observed .and kept their agreement to make no farther defense to the said suit of Mrs. Ash-ford. ,
In October, 1877, Mrs. Ashford’s suit to enforce a trust'in the lands was brought to a final hearing. She had 'a recovery as to the other lands sued for, and the Prewitts not being represented and offering no proof, it was decreed that she was entitled to the lands south of the railroad — the lands which áre the subject of this suit. The decree of the chancellor declared that the legal title was vested in her, but no deed was made, or ordered to be made. Some steps were afterwards taken to get rid of this decree; but nothing was accomplished by them.On an appeal from it to this court, it was af[272]*272firmed on certificate, no transcript having been filed.
The case of Pile’s Admr. v. Prewitts was not finally disposed of in this court until October, 1881, when it was affirmed ; the court holding that Josephine Prewitt’s title under her deed from Richard Prewitt was paramount to the claim of the creditors of the latter. Richard Prewitt died in 1882, and in the year 1887 J. B. Moore delivered to his heirs the deed which Mrs. Ashford had placed in his hands as an escrow in 1875.
In 1887-8 the decree which Mrs. Ashford had recovered against the Prewitts in 1877 was executed, and she was putin possession of the lands, which are the subject of this suit, thus evicting Mrs. Prewitt and her sub-vendees.
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STONE, C. J.
This litigation, in some of its forms, has beén many times before this court. The land, which has been the subject of the various suits, is a tract of about seven hundred acres, lying in Lawrence county south of the Memphis & Charleston railroad. The descriptive numbers of the land are shown in the transcript. For the purposes of this suit we need go no farther back than to the time when the title was in Thomas II. Ash-ford, husband of Caroline Ashford, appellant in this cause. Some time between 1855 and 1860 Thomas Id. Ashford sold and conveyed these lands to Richard Prewitt, Caroline, his wife, joining in the conveyance. They conveyed by warranty deed, and Prewitt went into immediate possession under his purchase. Some question was raised in some of the stages of the litigation whether Prewitt paid to Ashford the purchase money of this land; but we think the proof satisfactorily shows its payment long before any question was raised as to the rightfulness of his title. We will show further on that although the title was taken and held in the name of Thomas H. Ashford, the husband of Caroline, she claims that it was paid for with her money, part of the corpus of her statutory separate estate, invested by her-husband and trustee in the land, and the title improperly taken in his name. Against this claim and attempt of Mrs. Ashford to trace her money into the land, and to fasten an equity upon it’ both Richard and Josephine Prewitt separately plead and set up that they are bona fide successive purchasers of the land from the said Thomas H., without notice of the equitable claim of .said Caroline. This plea is in form sufficient, its averments are proved, and we think there is a failure of proof to trace notice to either of them. WA have made these statements for the purpose of slabbing off these inquiries, as not presented by the present record. — Prewitt v. Wilson, 103 U. S. 22.
.In 1871 Mrs. Caroline Ashford, then the widow of Thomas EL Ashford, instituted a suit in chancery against tyhe administrator of her deceased husband, against Richard Prewitt, Josephine Prewitt, and certain creditors [270]*270of Richard Prewitt, the purpose of which was to have it declared and decreed that the lands in controversy, together with other lands, the title to which had been taken in the name of Thomas PI. Ashford, had been purchased by him with moneys which were of the corpus of her statutory separate estate, and were rightfully her property. Richard Prewitt’s defense was that he had bought and paid for the lands and received a conveyance from Ashford and wife, without notice that her money had been used in the purchase. Josephine, who had title from Richard Prewitt, supplemented his defense with the averment and plea, that while she was single, in consideration that she would marry the said Richard, he in 1866 conveyed said lands to her by warranty deed, and that thereupon, ■ and in consideration thereof, she did marry the said Richard and became his wife ; and that not until long afterwards had she any knowledge or notice that the moneys of said Caroline had purchased the lands.
The administrator of one Liles, a creditor of said Richard Prewitt, had instituted proceedings to subject the lands in controversy to the payment of a debt of said Richard. The ground of his contention was, that the deed from Richard to Josephine Prewitt was fraudulenc. A decree had been rendered, dismissing the bill, and the case was pending on appeal in this court. In this condition of things, an agreement, in the nature of a compromise of the conflicting claims to the lands involved in this suit, was entered into between Mrs. Ashford and the Prewitts. That agreement, however, in no way affected the suit by Liles to subject the land to the payment of his claim. The agreement was entered into in November, 1875, and consisted of the following : Mrs. Ashford signed a quit-claim deed to Richard Prewitt, duly attested, which contains this clause : “In consideration of said alleged payment, (payment of the purchase money by Richard Prewitt to Thomas H. Ashford), and other considerations me thereunto moving, I have, and do by these-presents convey all the right, title and interest I have in said above described lands south of said line of, railroad [the lands here sued for] to said Richard Prewitt.” This deed was not delivered to Richard Prewitt, and was not intended to be delivered to him except on a future contingency. It was delivered to J. B. [271]*271Moore in escrow, accompanied by tlxe written power and authority of Mrs. Ashford, which was also signed by her, and properly witnessed. Its terms were, and are here copied': “I have this day executed a quit-claim deed to certain lands in Lawrence county, Alabama — 705 acres lying South of the Mem. & Oh. R. R. — to Richard Prewitt. Said lands are described in said deed. I have delivered said deed to J. B. Moore as an escrow, to be delivered to said Prewitt upon the happening of the following contingency : If a certaiü suit now pending in the Supreme Court of Ala. — Lile’s Admr. v. said Prewitt et al. — is affirmed (decided in favor of Prewitt) said Moore is to deliver said deed to said Prewitt. Otherwise, he is to hold subject to my order.”
One of the terms of the agreement was that the Prewitts were to desist from all further defense to the said suit of Mrs. Ashford for the recovery of other lands, in which' she was seeking to fasten the same equity she asserted in the lands involved in this case. There is a contention that Prewitt, as one of the terms of the compromise, agreed and promised to furnish certain imporport'ant testimony for Mrs. Ashford, in aid of her claim to the other lands sued for, and that he failed to do so.
This is denied. We do not think the proof in regard to the last alleged promise and its breach renders it necessary that we should comment upon it.
The result of said agreement of compromise was that the Prewitts, husband and wife, and their solicitors ceased to give attention to the cause, ceased to look after it, and prepared and offered no proof on its' final hearing. They strictly observed .and kept their agreement to make no farther defense to the said suit of Mrs. Ash-ford. ,
In October, 1877, Mrs. Ashford’s suit to enforce a trust'in the lands was brought to a final hearing. She had 'a recovery as to the other lands sued for, and the Prewitts not being represented and offering no proof, it was decreed that she was entitled to the lands south of the railroad — the lands which áre the subject of this suit. The decree of the chancellor declared that the legal title was vested in her, but no deed was made, or ordered to be made. Some steps were afterwards taken to get rid of this decree; but nothing was accomplished by them.On an appeal from it to this court, it was af[272]*272firmed on certificate, no transcript having been filed.
The case of Pile’s Admr. v. Prewitts was not finally disposed of in this court until October, 1881, when it was affirmed ; the court holding that Josephine Prewitt’s title under her deed from Richard Prewitt was paramount to the claim of the creditors of the latter. Richard Prewitt died in 1882, and in the year 1887 J. B. Moore delivered to his heirs the deed which Mrs. Ashford had placed in his hands as an escrow in 1875.
In 1887-8 the decree which Mrs. Ashford had recovered against the Prewitts in 1877 was executed, and she was putin possession of the lands, which are the subject of this suit, thus evicting Mrs. Prewitt and her sub-vendees. Thereupon, the persons thus evicted brought their several statutory real actions against Mrs. Ashford for the purpose of regaining the possession. Those suits were decided by the circuit court in favor of Mrs. Ashford ; but on appeal to this court, the judgments of the circuit court were reversed, this court holding that the legal title to the land was not in Mrs. Ashford, but was in Mrs. Prewitt and those holding under her, by virtue of Mrs. Ashford’s quit-claim deed. — PrewiU v. Ashford, 90 Ala. 294. One principle declared by this court was, that the facts of the case did not bring it within the influence of section 3595 of the Code of 1886, and not being governed by that statute, the ‘ ‘ decree rendered by the chancery court, purporting to divest the legal title to land out of one person and vest it in another, does not, proprio vigore confer á legal title which can avail any thing in an action at law.” This court further declared that “the plaintiff, on the facts proved, would have been entitled to the general affirmative charge in his favor.”
The object of the present bill by Mrs. Ashford was and is to enjoin those statutory real actions for the recovery of the possession of the lands, and to obtain a decree declaring that, by virtue of the decree in her favor rendered in 1877, she became clothed with a paramount equity, which dominates the title of Mrs. Prewitt, and those claiming under her. The case was tried on pleadings and proof, and the chancellor denied her all relief, and dismissed her bill. From that decree the present appeal was prosecuted.
In Jones v. Woodstock Iron Co., 95 Ala. 551, [273]*273the case of Prewitt v. Ashford was overruled as to the principle noted above. Under the later ruling, if held applicable to this case, we would feel forced to hold that the decree of the chancellor rendered in the former suit in 1877 vested the legal title in Mrs. Ash-ford, so far as the court was then capable of so vesting it. But to obviate any wrong or injustice that might grow out of the change, we added this clause to that opinion : “That no injustice may be done to litigants who, under the influence of the decision made in the case of Prewitt v. Ashford, 90 Ala. 294, supra, have instituted proceedings to procure the legal title, we declare and hold that as to such cases the case of Prewitt v. Ashford operates as a rule of property.” The effect of this declaration, which we have no intention of departing from, is to hold that the decree of 1877 did not clothe Mrs. Ashford with a legal title to the property sued for, but left it to be governed by Prewitt v. Ashford, 90 Ala. 294.
It is contended for appellant that the effect of the decree in Ashford v. Prewitt et al. in 1877 was to bar and cut off all claim to the property involved in that suit, as •against all parties to it; and inasmuch as Mrs. Prewitt was a party, she is concluded by the decree, and will not be heard to assert any rights in opposition to it. We regard this as the question of merit on this appeal.
In the original suit of Mrs. Ashford against the Prewitts et al. — the suit of 1871 — J. B. Moore was solicitor for the Prewitts. The deed in escrow was placed in his hands to be delivered to Richard Prewitt, in the event the case of Lile's Admr. v. Prewitt was decided in favor of the latter.. It is contended for appellant that inasmuch as said Moore was the attorney of Prewitt in that litigation, he could not be made the agent to receive and hold the deed in escrow, with authority .to deliver to his own client on a contingency. The logic of this argument, if sound, would lead to this result: The delivery to Moore would be a delivery to Prewitt, his client, making it a completely executed conveyance — an operative title from that time. If that be the true doctrine as applied to the facts of this case, the legal title to the lands was vested in Richard Prewitt, and through him in his wife, in 1875. Having the title, they could and should have defended the suit of 1871; and failing to do [274]*274so, the decree of 1877 in favor of Mrs. Ashford is a bar to the assertion of any title the Prewitts then held. Shelby v. Tardy, 84 Ala. 327, is relied on in support of this contention. It employed this language : "The general rule is, that a delivery of a deed to a grantee, or to his attorney, can not be a delivery in escrow.” The case of Duncan v. Pope, 47 Ga. 445, 451, had said : “If delivered to the grantee, or his agent, the delivery is complete, and the paper is not an escrow.” What is said in Shelby v. Tardy is certainly the general rule. As a general rule, the attorney or other agent simply represents — stands in the shoes of — the client, or principal, and a delivery to him as such attorney, or agent, is a delivery for the benefit of the principal, and is equivalent to a delivery to the principal. The controlling reason why a delivery to the principal, or to his agent as such, can not be shown to be .a delivery in escrow is, that when a deed is found in the possession of the grantee, the law presumes it is rightfully there, and that it has been delivered in consummation of the contract of sale. To allow parol proof that it was not a delivery in absolute right, but to take effect conditionally, would let in all the mischiefs intended to be guarded against by the statute of frauds. — Miller v. Fletcher, 27 Gratt. 403, 21 Amer. Rep. 356.
In Cin. W. & Z. R. R Co. v. Iliff, 13 Ohio St. 235, it was decided,'that “the mere delivery of manual possession of the deed is not necessarily a delivery of the deed; and in cases where the acceptance of an agency from both involves no violation of duty to either, it is competent for the releasor to make the agent of the releasee his own agent for the purpose of holding the deed as an escrow, and returning it to him, the releasor, in case of non-performance of a stipulated condition. There is no such personal identity between the releasee and his agent as to preclude the latter from becoming the depositor of an escrow.” In Watkins v. Nash, L. Rep. 20. Eq. Cas. 262, the court ruled, that “The delivery to the solicitor of the grantee of an instrument executed by the grantor will not convert the instrument from an escrow into a deed, provided the delivery is of a character negativing its being a delivery to the grantee.” In Tiedeman on Real Property, § 815, (Enlarged Edition), is this language : "It is always necessary in delivering a deed as an [275]*275escrow to be explicit as to the intent with which the dellivery was made, and it would be much more prudent if the delivery is accompanied by a memorandum in writing, explaining the character of the delivery to the bailee, and the terms of the condition upon which the delivery to the grantee depends. * * * In an escrow no title vests in the grantee until the second delivery.” See also 1 Devlin on Deeds, § 316, and note 4; So. Life Ins. & Tr. Co. v. Cole, 4 Fla. Rep. 359; 5 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 450, n. 1.
In this case, as we have shown above, we are not left in doubt, nor required to rely on the dangers and uncertainties attending oral testimony, in arriving at Mrs. Ashford’s intention in delivering the paper to Mr. Moore. Her selection of him to be her agent, and the authority she conferred upon him, are all expressed in writing, signed by her, attested by her solicitor, and delivered to Moore contemporaneously with the paper with which he was intrusted, and. which he . was to deliver on the happening of an event, at that time contingent. We hold that the delivery in escrow was legal and valid, and that the paper did not take effect as a deed delivered, at the time it was placed in his hands.
It is contended for Mrs. Ashford that the affirmance of the decree and judgment in the case of Lile’s Admr. v. Prewitt was not the sole contingency, nor-the sole consideration on which the quit-claim deed was to be delivered. We confess that we are not satisfied by the testimony, either that an additional agreement was made, such as is claimed, or that if made, it has been violated. We will not discuss that proposition farther, but decline to consider it as exerting any influence in reaching a proper conclusion in this case.
It will be remembered that the event upon which the quit-claim deed was to be delivered did not transpire until 1881. Till then there was no authority to deliver the paper ; and if it had been delivered it would have vested no title, legal or equitable, in the grantee. It was not delivered until after the affirmance of Lile v. Prewitt. What effect does the decree of 1877, rendered in the original suit of Ashford v. Prewitt et al., have on the right of Mrs. Prewitt, and those holding under her to defend this suit? She was a purchaser for value from Richard Prewitt, and held his deed with full covenants [276]*276of warranty. Whatever title he acquired after executing that deed, no matter how acquired, passed eo instanti to Mrs. Prewitt, his grantee, by virtue of-the covenants in his deed to her. — Chapman v. Abrahams, 61 Ala. 108, and authorities cited.
In Frost v. Beckman, 1 Johns. Ch. 288, Chancellor Kent said : “Every deed takes effect from the delivery ; and the reasonable inference from the transaction is to consider the deed as operating from the time of the performance of the condition and the actual delivery to the grantee.” In Tiedeman on Real Property, § 815,' the author says : “The importance of distinguishing escrows from other deeds like those above described lies in this fact: escrows can operate only from the time that the condition is performed. A delivery before the performance of the condition will not have the effect of passing the title to the grantee, not even against innocent purchasers for value of the grantee.” — Black v. Shreeve, 13 N. J. Eq. 455.
In 5 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 450, the principle is thus expressed : “If the deed is handed to a stranger, with instructions that the delivery of the deed shall depend upon the happening of an uncertain event, it is an escrow. * * * Escrows can only operate from the time when the condition is performed. A delivery before the performance of the condition will not have the effect of passing the title to the grantee. In an escrow no title passes until the second delivery.” To the same effect see 6 Id. 867.
In 3 Washburn on Real Property, Marg. page 585, it is said : “Whether putting a deed into a third person’s hands is a present delivery or an escrow, depends upon the intent of the parties. If the delivery depends upon the performance of a condition, it is an escrow ; otherwise ic is a present grant. * * * But if it be expressly delivered as an escrow, to be delivered at a future time, it is not a present conveyance. * * * When a deed has been delivered as an escrow, it has no effect as a deed until rhe condition has been performed, and no estate passes until the second delivery has been made ; though when such second delivery has been made, it relates back to the first for many purposes, and is considered as a consummation of an inchoate act then begun.” Same author on p. 586 : “Until the performance of the condition, it (the deed) must remain a mere scroll in writing, [277]*277of no more efficacy than any other written scroll; but when, upon the performance of the condition, it is' delivered to the grantee or his agent, it then becomes a deed to all intents and purposes, and the title passes from the date of the delivery.” Continuing on pp. 586-7, the same author says : “If, at the time of the first delivery, the lessor be a feme sole, and before the second delivery she take a husband ; or, if before the second delivery she dieth ; in this case if the second delivery shall not have relation to this intent to make it the deed of the lessor ab initio, but only from the second delivery, the deed in both cases should be void ; and, therefore, in such case, for necessity, and nt res magis valeat quam per eat, to this intent by fiction of law, it shall be a deed ab initio ; and yet, in truth, it was not his deed until the second delivery.” See Hinman v. Booth, 21 Wend. 267; Hathaway v. Payne, 34 N. Y. 92; Coleman v. Lansing, 65 Barb. 54; Flagg v. Mann, 2 Sumner Rep. 486.
We have now stated the rule which declares when an escrow deed takes effect, and we have stated the exceptions, the reason and necessity they rest on, and the extent of their operation. None of the exceptions affect this case, for Mrs. Ashford is not shown to have married ^ordied after placing the writing in J. B. Moore’s hands as an escrow. It had no effect, as a conveyance of property, or any interest therein, until the happening of the event on‘which it was to be a second time delivered. Till then it could not be made the ground of an action or defense, either at law or in equity. — Malloney v. Horan, 47 N. Y. 111, 10 Amer. Rep. 335.
We hold that the decree of 1877, rendered in the suit of 1871, is no bar to the defense set up in this case, and that the quit-claim deed of 1875, under the testimony shown in this record, is a complete defense to this suit.
The decree of the chancellor is affirmed.