FILED BY CLERK IN THE COURT OF APPEALS JUN 30 2005 STATE OF ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION TWO DIVISION TWO
ANDREW MULLIN, a married man in ) his separate capacity, ) ) 2 CA-CV 2003-0189 Plaintiff/Appellee, ) DEPARTMENT B ) v. ) OPINION ) BRADFORD T. BROWN, ARTHUR A. ) CHAPA, RICHARD S. FIELDS, and ) EDWARD A. LINDEN, ) ) Defendants/Appellants. ) )
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. C-330235
Honorable Kenneth L. Fields, Judge
AFFIRMED
Law Office of Ethan Steele, P.C. By Ethan Steele Tucson Attorney for Plaintiff/Appellee
Chandler & Udall, LLP By Edwin M. Gaines, Jr., and Kurt Kroese Tucson Attorneys for Defendants/Appellants
F L Ó R E Z, Presiding Judge. ¶1 This is a legal malpractice case. Defendants/appellants, Bradford Brown,
Arthur Chapa, Richard Fields, and Edward Linden, admitted they were negligent in having
failed to timely file a petition contesting the will and trust of Ralph Mullin, plaintiff Andrew
Mullin’s grandfather. The trial court denied appellants’ motions for directed verdict, made
at the close of Andrew’s case and at the close of evidence. The jury determined that Andrew
would have successfully contested the will and trust and awarded him $2,937,125 in
damages.1 Following the verdict, appellants moved alternatively for a judgment as a matter
of law, a new trial, or a remittitur. Those motions were denied as well, and this appeal
followed.
¶2 On appeal, appellants challenge the aforementioned rulings. We review the
denial of a motion for new trial and a motion for remittitur for an abuse of discretion.
Hutcherson v. City of Phoenix, 192 Ariz. 51, 961 P.2d 449 (1998). We review de novo the
trial court’s denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law, see Roberson v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 202 Ariz. 286, 44 P.3d 164 (App. 2002); however, we view all facts in the light
most favorable to Andrew. See Hutcherson. “[I]f any substantial evidence could lead
1 [A] plaintiff asserting legal malpractice must prove the existence of a duty, breach of duty, that the defendant’s negligence was the actual and proximate cause of injury and . . . damages. A necessary part of the . . . plaintiff’s burden of proof . . . is to establish that “but for the attorney’s negligence, he would have been successful in the prosecution . . . of the original suit.”
Glaze v. Larsen, 207 Ariz. 26, ¶ 12, 83 P.3d 26, 29 (2004), quoting Phillips v. Clancy, 152 Ariz. 415, 418, 733 P.2d 300, 303 (App. 1986).
2 reasonable persons to find the ultimate facts sufficient to support the verdict, we will affirm
the judgment.” Gonzales v. City of Phoenix, 203 Ariz. 152, ¶ 2, 52 P.3d 184, 185 (2002).
Presumption of Undue Influence
¶3 Ralph Mullin died on August 3, 1995, leaving the bulk of his estate to
Andrew’s brother, Chris Jr., under the terms of a will and trust executed on June 10, 1995.
In previous wills, Ralph had provided equally for Andrew and Chris Jr. Andrew alleged that
the 1995 will and trust were the products of Chris Jr.’s undue influence on Ralph.
¶4 A presumption of undue influence arises when one occupies a confidential
relationship with the testator and is active in preparing or procuring the execution of a will
in which he or she is a principal beneficiary. See In re O’Connor’s Estate, 74 Ariz. 248,
246 P.2d 1063 (1952). Appellants concede that at the time Ralph executed the will and
trust in 1995, Chris Jr. stood in a confidential relationship with Ralph and that Chris Jr. was
the primary beneficiary of the will. But appellants argue that a presumption of undue
influence could not have arisen because there was insufficient evidence that Chris Jr. had
actively procured the 1995 will. We disagree.
¶5 Evidence was presented from which the jury could have determined that Chris
Jr. had instructed Ralph’s attorney to draft a new will and trust naming Chris Jr. as the
primary beneficiary and that he had communicated with the attorney during the drafting
process and suggested and/or dictated terms that were eventually included in the documents.
Although appellants presented evidence to the contrary, when viewed in the light most
3 favorable to Andrew, the evidence as a whole and reasonable inferences therefrom support
a finding that Chris Jr. had actively procured the execution of the will. See In re Estate of
Harber, 102 Ariz. 285, 428 P.2d 662 (1967) (collecting cases in which active preparation
or procurement of will was found when beneficiary had submitted contents of will to
preparer or provided terms to attorney drafting will).
¶6 Appellants present a much closer question in their argument on the effect of
the presumption once it arises and whether the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the
burden of proving undue influence. They rely on a substantial line of Arizona Supreme
Court decisions that have described the presumption of undue influence as one that shifts
the burden of production of evidence but not the burden of persuasion. The reasoning is
best expressed in Seiler v. Whiting, 52 Ariz. 542, 84 P.2d 452 (1938), on which the cases
appellants cite relied, and in In re Westfall’s Estate, 74 Ariz. 181, 245 P.2d 951 (1952).
¶7 In Seiler, the court discussed presumptions in general, stating:
There has been much erroneous thinking and more loose language in regard to presumptions. We read of presumptions of law and presumptions of fact, of conclusive presumptions and of disputable presumptions. In truth there is but one type of presumption in the strict legal meaning of the word, and that is merely a general rule of law that under some circumstances, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, a jury is compelled to reach a certain conclusion of fact. . . . [W]henever evidence contradicting the presumption is offered the latter disappears entirely, and the triers of fact are bound to follow the usual rules of evidence in reaching their ultimate conclusion of fact. . . .
4 “A presumption is not evidence of anything, and only relates to a rule of law as to which party shall first go forward and produce evidence sustaining a matter in issue. . . . [A] presumption should never be placed in the scale to be weighed as evidence.”
52 Ariz. at 548-49, 84 P.2d at 454-55, quoting Peters v. Lohr, 124 N.W. 853, 855 (S.D.
1910). In Westfall’s Estate, the court applied this theory of presumptions to a will contest,
stating: “A presumption, in the strict legal meaning of the word, is a rule of law that in the
absence of any evidence to the contrary the trier of fact is compelled to reach.” 74 Ariz. at
186, 245 P.2d at 955.
¶8 The supreme court also applied this view of the presumption of undue
influence in subsequent cases. Estate of Harber (recognizing that presumption shifts only
burden of production and not burden of persuasion); In re Estate of Pitt, 88 Ariz. 312, 317,
356 P.2d 408, 411 (1960) (legal presumption of undue influence “‘dissolved’” on denial by
one presumed to have exerted undue influence “‘even if neither the judge nor the jury
believed the denial to be true’”), quoting O’Connor’s Estate, 74 Ariz. at 260, 246 P.2d at
1071. But see In re Estate of McCauley, 101 Ariz. 8, 11, 415 P.2d 431, 434 (1966)
(“[M]arital relationship existing between testatrix and proponent is not one of the
confidential relationships giving rise to the presumption of undue influence. Accordingly,
. . . the burden of proving undue influence remained with the contestants.”) (citations
omitted).
5 ¶9 If this authority were controlling, once appellants produced any evidence that
Chris Jr. had not exerted any undue influence, no matter how credible, the presumption
disappeared, and the jury should have been instructed that Andrew had the burden of
proving undue influence by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court instead relied on
the supreme court’s more recent decision in In re Estate of Shumway, 198 Ariz. 323, 9 P.3d
1062 (2000), and instructed the jury as follows:
If Chris Mullin Jr. and/or Dr. David Mullon had a confidential relationship with Ralph Mullin; was/were active in procuring the execution of the 1995 will; and was/were a principal beneficiary under its terms, then the 1995 will is presumptively invalid and the defendants must prove by clear and convincing evidence that Chris Mullin Jr. and/or Dr. David Mullon did not unduly influence Ralph Mullin.
¶10 “We review challenged jury instructions to determine whether the trial court
gave the jury ‘the proper rules of law to apply in arriving at its decision.’” Crackel v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 208 Ariz. 252, ¶ 68, 92 P.3d 882, 900 (App. 2004), quoting Durnin v.
Karber Air Conditioning Co., 161 Ariz. 416, 419, 778 P.2d 1312, 1315 (App. 1989). In
Estate of Shumway, the testator’s assistant, Rodriguez, prepared the will and received
twenty-five percent of the estate. The will included a penalty clause requiring beneficiaries
to forfeit their share of the estate if they challenged the will. Section 14-2517, A.R.S.,
invalidates a penalty clause when there is probable cause to challenge a will. Shumway’s
daughters challenged the will on the ground of undue influence. After a bench trial, the trial
court found the will valid and enforced the penalty clause. Division One of this court
6 affirmed the judgment, concluding (1) that the trial court had not abused its discretion in
finding Rodriguez had met her burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that she
had not exerted undue influence over Shumway, and (2) that the contestants had lacked
probable cause to challenge the will. In re Estate of Shumway, 197 Ariz. 57, 3 P.3d 977
(App. 1999), vacated in part, 198 Ariz. 323, 9 P.3d 1062 (2000).
¶11 The supreme court granted review on a single issue: whether the legal
presumption of undue influence, which had arisen because of Rodriguez’s confidential
relationship with the testator, her participation in creating the will, and her status as
beneficiary, was sufficient to establish probable cause to challenge the will. The court
concluded it was and based its conclusion, in part, on what it called Rodriguez’s burden of
proof. The court explained the effect of the presumption of undue influence, stating:
“‘[W]here a confidential relationship is shown the presumption of invalidity can be
overcome only by clear and convincing evidence that the transaction was fair and
voluntary.’” Id. ¶ 16 (alteration in Shumway), quoting Stewart v. Woodruff, 19 Ariz. App.
190, 194, 505 P.2d 1081, 1085 (1973). The court noted that “[t]his is a difficult standard
of proof . . . [t]hough Rodriguez met it to the trial judge’s satisfaction after presentation of
all evidence.” Id. The supreme court did not criticize the trial court’s conclusion that
“Rodriguez [had] proved by clear and convincing evidence that she had not exerted undue
influence” on Shumway, id. ¶ 3, and it did not vacate or disapprove the statement in
Division One’s decision that Rodriguez had met her “burden of showing by clear and
7 convincing evidence that she did not unduly influence the decedent.” Shumway, 197 Ariz.
57, ¶ 22, 3 P.3d at 984.
¶12 Appellants argue the supreme court’s suggestion in Shumway that the
presumption of undue influence had shifted the burden of persuasion to the proponent of
the will is merely a product of loose language. They argue we should ignore the import of
the language as mere dictum because the only issue on review was the statutory question of
whether probable cause had existed to challenge the will pursuant to § 14-2517.
¶13 In contrast, Andrew contends Shumway signals a shift in the court’s
interpretation of the effect of the presumption from the minority rule in favor of the majority
rule—that this type of presumption affects the burden of proof and not just the burden of
production. See O’Connor’s Estate (recognizing Arizona does not follow majority rule that
effect of presumption of undue influence is to shift burden of persuasion to proponent of
will); Estate of Pitt (same); see also In re Last Will and Testament of Melson, 711 A.2d
783 (Del. 1998). He offers compelling policy reasons for shifting the burden of proof in
circumstances sufficient to raise the presumption, including access to evidence. He
acknowledges, however, that there are competing policy considerations and that the choice
between them is an issue more appropriately addressed by the supreme court or the
legislature.
¶14 Generally, when our supreme court substantially changes the law in a
particular area, it does so explicitly by acknowledging the change and thoroughly explaining
8 its reasons therefor. See, e.g., Derendal v. Griffith, 209 Ariz. 416, ¶ 32, 104 P.3d 147, 155
(2005) (overruling Rothweiler v. Superior Court, 100 Ariz. 37, 410 P.2d 479 (1966),
regarding “use of the ‘moral quality’ prong of [test] to determine whether one charged with
a misdemeanor criminal offense is entitled to trial by jury”); Ontiveros v. Borak, 136 Ariz.
500, 667 P.2d 200 (1983) (abolishing common law rule of nonliability for tavern owners
for accidents caused by intoxicated patrons); Reed v. Hinderland, 135 Ariz. 213, 219, 660
P.3d 464, 470 (1983) (holding that “the mere presence of the owner in an automobile driven
by another does not create any presumption of a master-servant relationship or joint
enterprise,” overruling Silva v. Traver, 63 Ariz. 364, 162 P.2d 615 (1945)). That the court
did not do so in Shumway, however, neither lessens the precedential authority of the case
nor permits this court to ignore it. See State v. Smyers, 207 Ariz. 314, n.4, 86 P.3d 370,
374 n.4 (2004) (“The courts of this state are bound by the decisions of [the Arizona
Supreme Court] and do not have the authority to modify or disregard th[at] court’s
rulings.”); In re Marriage of Thorlin, 155 Ariz. 357, 362, 746 P.2d 929, 934 (App. 1987)
(“This court may not disregard a clear holding of our supreme court on the purported ground
that the analysis supporting it is . . . incomplete.”); see also Doubek v. Greco, 7 Ariz. App.
102, 436 P.2d 494 (1968).
¶15 Furthermore, we do not consider the relevant language in Shumway to be mere
dictum. It is more than “a remark by the way.” Black’s Law Dictionary 454 (6th ed. 1990);
see also Town of Chino Valley v. City of Prescott, 131 Ariz. 78, 81, 638 P.2d 1324, 1327
9 (1981) (Dictum “is a court’s statement on a question not necessarily involved in the case.”).
Rather, that the proponent of the will had the burden of proof at trial was integral to the
court’s determination that probable cause to challenge the will existed. The court
concluded that the contestants could reasonably have believed they would prevail in a will
contest, at least in part because the proponent of the will would have had the difficult
burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that she had not unduly influenced the
testator.
¶16 Moreover, the court weighed the presumption and the facts of the case in
determining whether probable cause had existed. Under the pre-Shumway cases cited above,
such weighing would have been inappropriate. See Seiler. Therefore, although the court
only addressed the effect of the presumption on determining the existence of probable cause,
a determination that is made in reference to a time before trial, and hence, before a burden
of production could have disappeared, the burden-of-proof-shifting nature of the
presumption was essential to the court’s reasoning in deciding the issue. That the court
could have arrived at the same conclusion by applying different reasoning does not make the
court’s statements about the reasoning it did apply to the very issue before it merely dictum.
¶17 We are not free to disregard the clear import of the supreme court’s language
in Shumway—that the presumption of undue influence, once it arises, shifts the burden of
persuasion to the proponent of a will. If the court did not mean for the language in
Shumway to apply to other will-contest cases such as this, or to implicitly overrule
10 Westfall’s Estate and the other prior cases, see ¶¶ 7-8, supra, it obviously can clarify its
intent.2 But absent any indication that the pertinent language in Shumway was limited to
its facts or otherwise mere dictum, we conclude that the trial court did not err by instructing
the jury pursuant to the language in Shumway.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶18 Having found no error in the court’s instruction on the presumption and the
burden of proof, we also conclude that the evidence supports the jury’s verdict on the issue
of undue influence. The jury was instructed on the factors our supreme court has identified
as tending to establish undue influence. As the court has stated:
In determining whether a contestant has established that a will has been procured through undue influence, certain factors have been treated as significant indicia of the presence or absence of such influence. These factors include the following: Whether the alleged influencer has made fraudulent representations to the testat[or]; whether the execution of the will was the product of hasty action; whether the execution of the will was concealed from others; whether the person benefited by the will was active in securing its drafting and execution; whether the will as drawn was consistent or inconsistent with prior declarations and plannings of the testat[or]; whether the will was reasonable rather than unnatural in view of the testat[or’s] circumstances, attitudes and family; whether the testat[or] was a person susceptible to undue
2 We note that the court in Shumway cited Estate of Harber without expressing any disapproval when it said the contestants’ attorney had advised them that “one who occupies a confidential relationship to the decedent is active in procuring the execution of the will and is one of the principal beneficiaries.” 198 Ariz. 323, ¶ 15, 9 P.3d at 1067. The court did not, however, cite Estate of Harber or any of the other cases applying the reasoning in Seiler when it described the effect of the presumption on the burden of proof.
11 influence; and whether the testat[or] and the beneficiary have been in a confidential relationship.
Estate of McCauley, 101 Ariz. at 10-11, 415 P.2d at 433-34. Appellants concede that Chris
Jr. was in a confidential relationship with Ralph and benefitted from the will. And as we
stated above, sufficient evidence was introduced from which the jury could have determined
that Chris Jr. had actively participated in the drafting of the will and trust by telling the
attorney the provisions to include. Sufficient evidence was also presented from which the
jury could have found all but one of the remaining factors.
¶19 Andrew testified that he had been close to his grandfather, and it was
uncontested that Ralph’s prior wills had provided equally for Andrew and Chris Jr. This
evidence supports an inference that the will and trust were inconsistent with Ralph’s prior
declarations and plans and that the will and trust were “unnatural” in view of Ralph’s
attitude about Andrew. See id. at 16, 415 P.2d at 439 (question whether will is “unnatural”
requires application of subjective test determining whether will is of type one would expect
from the particular testator).
¶20 Andrew also testified that he had not been told his grandfather had been ill
until the day Ralph died, just after Ralph had passed away, and that he had not known about
the execution of the will and trust. The jury could have determined from that testimony that
the execution of the will and trust had been concealed from Andrew, who was obviously an
interested party.
12 ¶21 Furthermore, the evidence showed Ralph’s attorney had drafted the new will
and trust as a “rush job” because Ralph was seriously ill and in the hospital. The attorney
drafted the documents substantially changing the distribution of Ralph’s estate the same day
he was asked to do so. Ralph executed the will the next day. The jury could have
determined from that uncontested evidence that the will and trust had been the products of
hasty action. Moreover, although Ralph’s attorney testified that he had discussed creating
a trust and pour-over will with Ralph for several months, he admitted that Ralph had not
discussed changing his beneficiaries.
¶22 Andrew’s medical expert, Dr. Hochman, testified that Ralph had been in a
physically and mentally compromised state during his hospital stay just before and after he
had executed the will and trust. He testified that persons in the medical condition Ralph had
been in at the time the will and trust were drafted and executed “certainly . . . can be led or
misled to do all sorts of things or take all kinds of positions that they don’t understand.”
Thus, Andrew presented sufficient evidence from which the jury could have found that
Ralph had been susceptible to undue influence at the time the will and trust were drafted
and executed.
¶23 Because there is support in the record for seven of the eight indicia of undue
influence, we conclude that sufficient evidence supports the verdict on that theory of
liability. We reject appellants’ argument that the jury was required to find all eight indicia
of undue influence before it could find that Chris Jr. had unduly influenced Ralph. That
13 argument is based on a misreading of McCauley. The court did not require that all eight
indicia be found to support a finding of undue influence. Rather, the court simply stated
that no one indicium is necessarily dispositive and that it is appropriate to consider the
combined force of separate indicia in determining whether undue influence existed.
¶24 Appellants also argue that Andrew presented insufficient evidence on the
theories of mistake and lack of testamentary capacity. We do not reach these issues because
the jury returned a general verdict. We will “uphold a general verdict if evidence on any one
count, issue or theory sustains the verdict.” Murcott v. Best Western Int’l, Inc., 198 Ariz.
349, ¶ 64, 9 P.3d 1088, 1100 (App. 2000); see also Reese v. Cradit, 12 Ariz. App. 233,
469 P.2d 467 (1970).
¶25 In their reply brief, appellants contend they are entitled to a new trial if “any
one of the[] theories advanced by Andrew fails as a matter of law.” They argue that they had
submitted a proposed form of verdict to the trial court that included interrogatories on two
of Andrew’s theories of liability. Appellants rely on Dunlap v. Jimmy GMC of Tucson,
Inc., 136 Ariz. 338, 666 P.2d 83 (App. 1983). There, we noted that the defendant “[n]ot
having asked for special verdicts . . . will not be heard to challenge the validity of the general
verdict, the jury having been presented with ample evidence to sustain the award of damages
on at least [one] count.” Id. at 341-42, 666 P.2d at 86-87. We note that, in Dunlap, we
placed on defense counsel “the burden of requesting special verdicts after a motion for a
directed verdict has been denied.” Id. at 341, 666 P.2d at 86.
14 ¶26 Appellants submitted their proposed verdict form before trial and did not re-
urge their request for special interrogatories in light of the court’s rulings on their motions
for directed verdicts. But, more importantly, appellants did not object to the verdict form
the court used. The parties submitted proposed forms of verdict with their proposed jury
instructions. The court and the parties settled instructions off the record, but gave the
parties the opportunity to make a record of their objections. Although appellants objected
to several of the court’s instructions, including the instruction on burden of proof, they did
not object to the court’s form of verdict, nor have they argued on appeal that the court erred
by refusing to submit to the jury special interrogatories on liability. Therefore, having found
that substantial evidence supports the jury’s finding of liability on the theory of undue
influence, we do not address other theories of liability.
Damages
¶27 Appellants also challenge the jury’s damage award. They claim the amount
awarded was based, in part, on the value of assets that had been transferred outside Ralph’s
estate before his death, namely funds withdrawn from a bank account held jointly by Ralph
and Chris Jr., and certain property referred to as the “oil and gas interests,” that Ralph
deeded to Chris Jr. on July 11, 2003, about a month before Ralph’s death. Appellants argue
the trial court erred by allowing Andrew to seek damages for the value of this property
without expert testimony that appellants had had a duty to “marshal assets outside of the
15 estate.” Appellants also contend that, even if expert testimony was unnecessary, there was
insufficient evidence for the jury to award Andrew damages for such assets.
¶28 The jury rendered a general verdict on damages as well. At oral argument in
this court, appellants’ counsel stated it would have been impossible for the jury to have
awarded the damages it did without including the value of these assets in its calculations.
But counsel did not explain that contention with any particularity, nor did appellants argue
this point in their briefs. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 13(a)(6), 17B A.R.S. (appellant’s
argument “shall contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented,
and the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes and parts of the record
relied on”).
¶29 In relation to a different point, appellants cited a portion of Andrew’s closing
argument in which he estimated the total damages were $3.4 million. The jury awarded
Andrew $2, 937,125, approximately $462,000 less than Andrew’s estimate. According to
appellants, the amount Chris Jr. allegedly had withdrawn from the joint bank account was
$600,000. Because one-half of $600,000 is less than the difference between Andrew’s
requested damages and the amount actually awarded, we cannot assume the jury included
the value of the funds withdrawn from the joint bank account in their damage award. Thus,
we do not consider appellants’ argument as to that account.
¶30 Assuming arguendo that the jury’s verdict necessarily included some or all of
the value of the oil and gas property, one-half of which was apparently $730,000, we reject
16 appellants’ arguments as to that property. Contrary to their contention, whether the value
of the property should have been included in the value of the estate was an issue of damages,
not liability; therefore, no expert testimony was necessary. See A.R.S. § 12-2601(1)(c)
(“Expert testimony is necessary to prove the licensed professional’s standard of care or
liability for the claim.”). Appellants do not contest that, under Ralph’s previous will,
Andrew would have been the estate’s personal representative and would have had the power
and duty to “marshal the assets” of the estate. See A.R.S. §§ 14-3703-3711. A
malpracticing attorney is liable for consequential as well as special damages. See generally
Dan B. Dobbs, Dobbs Law of Remedies, Vol. 2, § 6.11, at 247 (2d ed.1993) (“A second
layer of damages recovery includes consequential damages, those damages that result as a
consequence of the fact that the malpractice plaintiff did not get the professional service to
which he was entitled. In litigation malpractice, these are damages that could not have been
recovered in the earlier litigation but that are nevertheless a result of losing that litigation.”).
Andrew lost the ability to contest the transfer of these assets outside of the estate when
appellants failed to timely file what the jury determined would have been a successful
contest of Ralph’s will. Thus, the jury properly considered whether Andrew would have
successfully challenged the transfers, and Andrew had no burden of showing a duty on
appellants’ part to assist Andrew in doing so.
¶31 Moreover, one of Andrew’s theories for including the oil and gas property in
Ralph’s estate was that Ralph had deeded the property to Chris Jr. as a result of the latter’s
17 undue influence on Ralph. There was sufficient evidence to support this theory. Chris Jr.
drafted the deed for the property, and he was in a confidential relationship with Ralph when
Ralph executed it. Therefore, sufficient evidence supports a presumption of undue
influence. See Stewart. The record does not support a conclusion that, as a matter of law,
appellants rebutted this presumption with clear and convincing evidence. See Shumway.
Moreover, the jury could have determined that much of the same evidence of undue
influence discussed above as to the will also applied to execution of the deeds. Therefore,
sufficient evidence existed for the jury to include this property in the value of the estate, if
in fact that is what it did.
¶32 Affirmed.
____________________________________ M. JAN FLÓREZ, Presiding Judge
CONCURRING:
____________________________________ JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge
____________________________________ PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge