16-3959-cv Amid v. Chase, et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 22nd day of November, two thousand seventeen.
Present: PIERRE N. LEVAL, DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
FARAH MALEKI AMID,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. 16-3959
JOHN M. CHASE, individually and in his official capacity, HARVEY MARX, individually, HENRY FOSTER, individually and in his official capacity, MATTHEW MOED, individually and in his official capacity, VILLAGE OF OLD BROOKVILLE, INCORPORATED VILLAGE OF OLD BROOKVILLE, GLEN COVE HOSPITAL, MEDICAL DOCTORS, THOMAS R. LAMB, individually and in his official capacity, SHAUN C. MCKEE, individually and in his official capacity, JEFFREY A. DOVE,
Defendants-Appellees,
OLD BROOKVILLE POLICE DEPARTMENT, POLICE OFFICERS JOHN DOES AND JANE DOES, said names
1 being fictitious, their true names and identities unknown, intended to describe and identify arresting police officers employed and acting on behalf of the Old Village of Brookville Police Department, JOHN DOES and JANE DOES, said names being fictitious, their true names and identities unknown, intended to describe and identify arresting police officers employed and acting on behalf of the Glen Cove Hospital,
Defendants. _____________________________________
For Plaintiff-Appellant: JOHN G. BALESTRIERE, Balestriere Fariello, New York, NY.
For Defendants-Appellees: MARK A. RADI, Sokoloff Stern LLP, Carle Place, NY.
DANIEL S. RATNER, Heidell, Pittoni, Murphy & Bach, LLP, New York, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Wexler, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Farah Maleki Amid (“Amid”) appeals from an October 28, 2016 final judgment by the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, disposing of her suit after a
partial grant of the defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss and a jury verdict in favor of the
remaining defendants. Amid filed this suit against the Village of Old Brookville and
Incorporated Village of Old Brookville (“the Village”), Henry Foster, Harvey Marx, John Chase,
and Matthew Moed (“the Individual Village Defendants”), Glen Cove Hospital (“Glen Cove”),
individual Glen Cove medical doctors (“the Individual Doctor Defendants”), and Old Brookville
Police Department (OBPD) Officers Thomas Lamb (“Lamb”), then-Officer (now Sergeant)
Shaun McKee (“McKee”), and Sergeant Jeffrey Dove (“Dove”). The suit alleges multiple
2 violations of federal and state law, and seeks relief under, inter alia, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985.
We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,
and the issues on appeal.
A. Amid’s Claims Against the Village and the Individual Village Defendants
Amid first challenges the district court’s dismissal of her claims against the Village and
the Individual Village Defendants on the grounds of res judicata. We review de novo a district
court’s application of res judicata. Brown Media Corp. v. K&L Gates, LLP, 854 F.3d 150, 157 (2d
Cir. 2017). Res judicata is a principle that prevents parties from re-litigating issues that were raised
in a prior action, as well as litigating issues that could have been raised in a prior action but were
not. See id. Res judicata encompasses two different doctrines: “claim preclusion” and “issue
preclusion.” Marcel Fashions Grp., Inc. v. Lucky Brand Dungarees, Inc., 779 F.3d 102, 107 (2d
Cir. 2015). The relevant doctrine here is “claim preclusion,” which “precludes not only litigation
of claims raised and adjudicated in a prior litigation between the parties (and their privies), but also
of claims that might have been raised in the prior litigation but were not.” Id. at 108. A suit is
“claim precluded” if the following three criteria are met: (1) the previous action involved the
same adverse parties (or individuals in privity with them); (2) “the claims asserted in the
subsequent action were, or could have been, raised in the prior action”; and (3) “the previous
action involved an adjudication on the merits.” Id. (quoting TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports, Inc.,
758 F.3d 493, 499 (2d Cir. 2014)).
Amid had previously filed a lawsuit against the Village and the Individual Village
Defendants in 2011, also asserting various federal and state law claims (“the 2011 lawsuit”). On
or about December 12, 2012, Amid’s counsel signed a stipulation that dismissed virtually all of
Amid’s claims in that case “with prejudice as against all defendants.” A320. The district court
3 so-ordered the stipulation on December 17, 2012, and dismissed the remainder of Amid’s suit on
the merits on February 7, 2013. See Amid v. Vill. of Old Brookville, No. CV 11-3800, 2013 WL
527772, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2013).
Amid’s 2011 lawsuit precludes her instant suit against the Village and the Individual
Village Defendants. First, the Village and the Individual Village Defendants were also
defendants in Amid’s 2011 lawsuit. Second, the conduct underlying Amid’s instant claims
against the Village and Individual Village Defendants—i.e., an alleged pattern or practice of
harassment, malicious attempts to hinder her efforts to obtain Village approval for renovations to
her property, and the Village’s 2009 order concerning the trees on her property—all took place
before she filed suit in 2011. Thus, Amid had a “full and fair opportunity” to litigate her inverse
condemnation, takings, due process, and Monell claims against the Village and the Individual
Village Defendants in 2011, but chose not to seek that opportunity. NML Capital, Ltd. v. Banco
Cent. de la Republica Argentina, 652 F.3d 172, 184 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Manhattan Eye Ear &
Throat Hosp. v. N.L.R.B., 942 F.2d 151, 156 (2d Cir. 1991)).1 Finally, Amid’s 2011 lawsuit
involved an adjudication on the merits. As to the claims in that lawsuit governed by the stipulation
signed by Amid’s counsel, the stipulation—which dismissed those claims “with prejudice”—has
the preclusive effect of a final judgment. See Nemaizer v. Baker, 793 F.2d 58, 60 (2d Cir. 1986).
And to the extent that the lawsuit involved claims not governed by the stipulation, the district
court considered those claims and dismissed them on the merits. See Amid, 2013 WL 527772, at
*4–7.
1 Amid’s complaint also alleges that the Village negligently retained and supervised the OBPD officers who restrained her and transported her to Glen Cove on May 27, 2012. Amid does not press her negligent retention and supervision claim in her brief on appeal, however, and we therefore deem this claim abandoned. See Cruz v. Gomez, 202 F.3d 593, 596 n.3 (2d Cir. 2000).
4 Amid raises two arguments for why her claims against the Village and the Individual
Village Defendants are not precluded, neither of which is persuasive. First, Amid argues that her
counsel filed the stipulation of dismissal in the 2011 lawsuit without her knowledge or consent. It
is true that an attorney lacks authority to settle or dismiss a client’s case without the client’s
consent. See Gomez v. City of New York, 805 F.3d 419, 424 (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam).
However, even assuming arguendo that Amid’s attorney filed the stipulation without authority, a
stipulation to dismiss “with prejudice” retains its preclusive effect until it is vacated pursuant to a
motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) or otherwise. See Gomez, 805 F.3d at 423;
EDP Med. Computer Sys., Inc. v. United States, 480 F.3d 621, 626 (2d Cir. 2007); Nemaizer, 793
F.2d at 60–61. Amid never moved to vacate her attorney’s stipulation. Furthermore, even if she
were to move to vacate the stipulation under Rule 60(b), her motion would be time-barred. Relief
from counsel error is generally afforded pursuant to Rule 60(b)(1), Nemaizer, 793 F.2d at 62, and a
Rule 60(b)(1) motion must be made “no more than a year after the entry of the judgment,” Fed R.
Civ. P. 60(c)(1). The district court so-ordered the stipulation nearly five years ago, and almost a
year-and-a-half before Amid filed the instant lawsuit. Thus, even assuming arguendo that Amid’s
attorney lacked authority to sign the stipulation, the stipulation retains its preclusive effect for
purposes of this lawsuit.
Second, Amid argues that claims against the Village and the Individual Village Defendants
are not precluded, because they are based on facts that arose subsequent to her 2011 lawsuit: an
April 2014 application for a certificate of occupancy and an incident with the police on May 27,
2012. Although it is true that each of these events occurred after the 2011 lawsuit, that alone does
not rebut preclusion. A suit can be claim precluded even if it is based in part on facts that occurred
after the initial suit. See Waldman v. Vill. of Kiryas Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 110–13 (2d Cir. 2000). For
5 purposes of claim preclusion, the key question is whether “the facts essential to the second [suit]
were [already] present” at the time of the first suit. Id. at 110–11 (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted) (emphasis removed).
Here, the facts essential to Amid’s claims occurred prior to the 2011 lawsuit. In February
2009, the Village imposed a condition on the approval of her site plan that no certificate of
occupancy would be issued until all improvements were complete, including the replacement of
trees that Amid had removed without village approval. Amid challenged this order in her 2011
lawsuit, which was dismissed on numerous grounds including untimeliness and failure to show
unconstitutional conduct.
The present action relies in part on the fact that in 2014, after the first action, she again
requested a certificate of occupancy seeking to be relieved of the onerous condition previously
imposed. A332. But her application did not show any materially changed circumstances. She was
merely seeking, upon resubmission, to be freed from the original condition. The Village’s
adherence to its previous position on essentially unchanged facts could not resuscitate an
untimely suit. Nor could it convert conduct previously determined not to have been in violation
of the Constitution into unconstitutional conduct. The facts essential to her claim remained the
same.2
Nor does the May 27, 2012 incident with the police amount to a new fact essential to
Amid’s claims against the Village. Amid’s Monell claim against the Village alleges “an official
policy, practice, and custom” of malicious harassment through the acts of the Individual Village
Defendants and OBPD officers. A117 ¶ 174. Amid does not argue that the single incident of
May 27, 2012 sufficed to constitute a “pattern or practice” under Monell, nor that she was
2 We do not address whether Amid could bring a new claim based on subsequent denials of her application for a certificate of occupancy if they are wrongful and based on materially changed circumstances.
6 somehow unaware of the Village’s “pattern or practice” of harassment until this incident. Rather,
her complaint frames the May 27, 2012 incident as an indication of a “pattern or practice” of
misconduct—and virtually all of the misconduct comprising this “pattern or practice” took place
before she filed suit in 2011. As a result, the “essential” facts of Amid’s Monell claim existed at
the time of her original suit. Her claims against the Village and the Individual Village
Defendants are therefore precluded.3
B. Amid’s § 1983 Suit Against Glen Cove
Amid also challenges the district court’s conclusion that Glen Cove was not a “state actor”
for purposes of § 1983 when it detained her on May 27, 2012 pursuant to Article 9 of the New
York Mental Hygiene Law (“M.H.L.”). We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a
complaint for failure to state a claim. Pruter v. Local 210’s Pension Tr. Fund, 858 F.3d 753, 759
(2d Cir. 2017). “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that defendants violated
plaintiff’s federal rights while acting under color of state law.” McGugan v. Aldana-Bernier, 752
F.3d 224, 229 (2d Cir. 2014). A plaintiff can demonstrate that a private hospital such as Glen Cove
“act[ed] under color of state law” in one of three ways: (1) by demonstrating that “the State
compelled the [hospital’s] conduct” (the “compulsion test”); (2) by demonstrating that “there is a
sufficiently close nexus between the State and the [hospital’s] conduct” (the “close nexus test”); or
(3) by demonstrating that “the [hospital’s] conduct consisted of activity that has traditionally been
the exclusive prerogative of the State” (the “ public function test”). Id. (quoting Hogan v. A.O. Fox
Memorial Hosp., 346 Fed. App’x. 627, 629 (2d Cir. 2009)). Importantly, our case law forecloses
the possibility that a hospital is a “state actor” merely because it confines patients pursuant to the
M.H.L. See id.; Doe v. Rosenberg, 166 F.3d 507, 507 (2d Cir. 1999) (per curiam); see also
3 Because we find that Amid’s suit against the Village and Individual Village Defendants is claim precluded, we need not determine if Amid’s claims against these defendants also fail on the merits.
7 Andersen v. N. Shore Long Island Jewish Health Sys.’s Zucker Hillside Hosp., 632 Fed. App’x 13,
14 (2d Cir. 2016) (“[T]he forcible medication and hospitalization of a plaintiff by private health
care providers cannot fairly be attributed to the state for purposes of § 1983.” (citation and internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted)). The rationale for this rule, as we explained in McGugan,
is that a hospital does not, by virtue of confining patients pursuant to the M.H.L., satisfy any of the
three tests for “state action” under § 1983. McGugan, 752 F.3d at 229–30.
Here, Amid alleges exactly the sort of claim that McGugan bars: a § 1983 claim against a
private hospital for detaining her pursuant to the M.H.L. Amid does not argue that McGugan was
wrongly decided, and despite the fact that Amid’s adversaries rely heavily on McGugan, Amid
does not cite McGugan in her briefing. Amid’s sole argument to support the allegedly “close
nexus” between the State and Glen Cove is that the Glen Cove staff detained her only because the
OBPD officers instructed them to do so. Even if we were to accept this allegation as “plausible,”
see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009), the allegation appears nowhere in Amid’s
complaint. The complaint merely insists that “[u]pon information and belief, Glen Cove Hospital
and its personnel in the past have been unjustifiably compliant” with OPBD officers’ demands,
and in the past have “detain[ed] an individual for days with no probable cause, only because police
officers ask them to.” A98 ¶ 57 (emphasis added). Thus, Amid’s complaint “does not allege that
the state actors requested, much less compelled [Glen Cove] or its staff to involuntarily
hospitalize her. Nor can we discern any other reason why the conduct of private actors should
become attributable to the state merely because it follows in time the conduct of state actors.”
McGugan, 752 F.3d at 230. In short, McGugan directly forecloses Amid’s attempt to argue that
Glen Cove was a “state actor” for purposes of § 1983, and the district court correctly dismissed this
claim.
8 C. Amid’s Negligence Claim Against Glen Cove
Amid also challenges the district court’s determination that her negligence claim against
Glen Cove was time-barred. We review a district court’s application of a statute of limitations de
novo. City of Pontiac Gen. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. MBIA, Inc., 637 F.3d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 2011).
In New York, “it is the gravamen or essence of the cause of action that determines the applicable
Statute of Limitations.” W. Elec. Co. v. Brenner, 41 N.Y.2d 291, 293 (N.Y. 1977). Thus, “[w]hen
applying a statute of limitations, [New York] courts look at the essence of the stated claim and not
the label by which a plaintiff chooses to identify it.” Dolmetta v. Uintah Nat. Corp., 712 F.2d 15,
19 (2d Cir. 1983). In New York, a “false imprisonment” claim consists of the following four
elements: “(1) the defendant intended to confine [the plaintiff], (2) the plaintiff was conscious of
the confinement, (3) the plaintiff did not consent to the confinement and (4) the confinement was
not otherwise privileged.” McGowan v. United States, 825 F.3d 118, 126 (2d Cir. 2016). Amid
alleges that her claim against Glen Cove for “improperly involuntarily committing her and
holding her for three days” was really a negligence claim subject to a three-year statute of
limitations rather than a false imprisonment claim subject to a one-year statute of limitations. Br.
for Pl.-Appellant at 57. Amid, however, refers to the actions by Glen Cove as “false
imprisonment” in the second amended complaint. A96. Although she alludes to “negligence,”
she does not allege a true negligence claim, such as that the Glen Cove staff committed medical
malpractice. Rather, the gravamen of the complaint is that Glen Cove intentionally kept her
against her will in violation of the M.H.L. A115 ¶ 164; see also A97 ¶¶ 53–55 (Glen Cove
“illegally detained [plaintiff] against her will,” “did not have any authority under law to detain,”
and “attempt[ed] to justify its improper and unlawful commitment.”). In other words, Amid
alleges that: (1) Glen Cove intentionally confined her; (2) she was conscious of the confinement;
9 (3) she did not consent to the confinement; and (4) the M.H.L. did not authorize her confinement.
Consequently, the “essence” of the claim is false imprisonment, and therefore the district court
did not err in applying the statute of limitations for false imprisonment. See Dolmetta, 712 F.2d at
19.
As stated above, the statute of limitations for actions to recover damages for false
imprisonment in New York is one year. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 215(3). Amid filed suit against Glen
Cove on May 20, 2014, nearly two full years after the incident on May 27, 2012. Because Amid
filed suit outside the relevant statute of limitations, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of
Amid’s negligence claim as time-barred.
D. Amid’s Objections to McKee’s Testimony
Finally, we affirm the trial court’s decision to allow McKee to testify at trial about his
understanding of the M.H.L. and his prior experiences with potentially suicidal individuals. We
review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. See Sheng v. M&TBank Corp.,
848 F.3d 78, 84 (2d Cir. 2017). This is a “deferential” standard. Gallego v. Northland Grp. Inc.,
814 F.3d 123, 129 (2d Cir. 2016). Under this standard of review, we may reverse only if the district
court “based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of
the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be located within the range of permissible
decisions.” Sheng, 848 F.3d at 84 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The district
court’s error must have been “manifest[ly]” erroneous, since district courts have “wide latitude . . .
in determining whether evidence is admissible, and in controlling the mode and order of its
presentation to promote the effective ascertainment of the truth.” Cameron v. City of New York,
598 F.3d 50, 61 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added).
Amid argues that McKee’s testimony was irrelevant, see Fed. R. Evid. 401, unduly prejudicial,
10 see Fed. R. Evid. 403, and improper lay opinion testimony, see Fed. R. Evid. 701, and the
judge’s decision to admit the testimony constituted reversible error. In turn, the defendants argue
that Amid failed to preserve these objections, and that, in the alternative, the judge did not abuse
his discretion in admitting this testimony.
We need not determine if Amid preserved her objections, because even assuming
arguendo that she did preserve them, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting
McKee’s testimony. First, McKee’s testimony was relevant under Rule 401. Amid sought to
collect punitive damages from McKee. In a § 1983 suit, a jury may award punitive damages if
“the defendant’s conduct is shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent,” or if the defendant’s
conduct “involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others.”
Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983). The “reckless or callous indifference” standard, “at a
minimum, require[s] recklessness in its subjective form”—that is, a “subjective consciousness of a
risk of injury or illegality[,] and a criminal indifference to civil obligations.” Kolstad v. Am. Dental
Ass’n, 527 U.S. 526, 536 (1999) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In accordance
with this case law, the district court judge properly charged the jury as follows:
In addition to actual damages, the law allows but does not require the jury to award punitive damages. The purpose of punitive damages is to punish a wrongdoing [sic] for extraordinary misconduct. If you find in favor of plaintiff and against defendants and if [you] find the conduct of defendants was recklessly[,] callously, indifferent to plaintiff’s constitutional rights, then in addition to any other damages to which you find plaintiff entitled you may but are not required to award plaintiff an additional amount of punitive damages if you find it is appropriate to punish defendants or deter defendants and others from like conduct in the future. Whether to award plaintiff punitive damages and the amount of those damages are within your sound discretion.
A869. Thus, the question of McKee’s subjective intent in responding to Amid’s suicide threat
and entering Amid’s house was certainly “relevant.” McKee’s testimony had a tendency to
11 establish that McKee thought he was acting within the law rather than without it. It also provided
insight into why he chose to exercise his discretion under the M.H.L. to transport Amid to a
hospital—namely, because he believed threats of suicide needed to be taken seriously. The
testimony therefore made it less probable that McKee acted with the requisite malicious intent or
“reckless or callous indifference” necessary for a finding of punitive damages, and was therefore
“relevant” for purposes of Rule 401.
Second, the district court did not err in its Rule 403 determination that the probative value
of McKee’s testimony outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice. “Under Rule 403, so long as the
district court has conscientiously balanced the proffered evidence’s probative value with the risk
for prejudice, its conclusion will be disturbed only if it is arbitrary or irrational.” United States v.
Awadallah, 436 F.3d 125, 131 (2d Cir. 2006). Here, the trial judge weighed the testimony’s
likelihood of unfair prejudice against the remarkably high probative value of the evidence for
undermining Amid’s case for punitive damages. The district court judge did not act “arbitrar[il]y”
or “irrational[ly]” in balancing the equities as he did. Id.
Finally, McKee’s testimony was not improper lay opinion testimony under Rule 701. Lay
opinion testimony is proper if: (1) the testimony is “rationally based on the witness’s perception”;
(2) the testimony is “helpful to clearly . . . determining a fact in issue”; and (3) the testimony is “not
based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.” Fed. R. Evid. 701. Here, McKee
was not testifying as to the actual content of the M.H.L., but rather his own subjective
understanding of the M.H.L. This testimony was offered to establish that McKee believed he was
acting in accordance with the M.H.L.—which, as stated above, was relevant to the punitive
damages issue. Furthermore, McKee’s testimony concerning the M.H.L. was less an “opinion”
than a direct parroting of the M.H.L.’s language, let alone an “opinion” based on specialized
12 knowledge or expertise. Compare M.H.L. § 9.41 (allowing a state police officer to “take into
custody any person who appears to be mentally ill and is conducting himself or herself in a
manner which is likely to result in serious harm to the person or others”), with A815 (“Under the
[M.H.L.], you take somebody into custody if they show a serious threat towards themselves or
another, possibly harming themselves or another.”). In these circumstances, we do not believe it
was “manifest error” for the district court to conclude that McKee’s testimony was proper under
Rule 701. See Cameron, 598 F.3d at 61. Thus, even assuming arguendo that Amid preserved her
objections for appeal, we conclude they do not constitute a basis for us to order a new trial.
* * *
We have considered Amid’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.4
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
4 Because we are affirming the district court’s dismissal of all claims against the Village, the Individual Village Defendants, and Glen Cove, and declining to reverse the jury’s verdict in favor of the OBPD officers, we need not determine whether the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over the Village and the Individual Village Defendants, the OBPD officers are entitled to qualified immunity, or the district court should have granted the OBPD officers’ motion for summary judgment. See Br. for Def.-Appellees at 49–63.