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4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT AT SEATTLE 7 AMERICAN INCENTIVE ADVISORS LLC, CASE NO. C23-956-KKE 8 Plaintiff, v. ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 9 DEFAULT JUDGMENT WESTERN LANDSCAPE AND PAVERS 10 LLC et al., Defendants. 11
12 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff American Incentive Advisors, LLC’s 13 (“AIA”) motion for default judgment against Defendants Western Landscape and Pavers, LLC 14 (“Western Landscape”) and Stacey Coleman. Dkt. No. 13. For the reasons provided below, the 15 Court denies the motion. 16 I. BACKGROUND 17 On July 27, 2022, AIA and Western Landscape entered into a Consulting Services 18 Agreement. Dkt. No. 5 ¶ 7.1 Under the Consulting Services Agreement, AIA was hired to 19 “identify potential tax credits and incentives available to Western [Landscape]” in exchange for a 20 fee equal to 25% “of the monetary value of Employee Retention Tax Credits.” Id. AIA alleges 21 Western Landscape saved $479,004.35 (Dkt. No. 14-1) under the Consulting Services Agreement, 22 23
1 The first amended complaint also references a Tax Return Engagement Letter that was executed the same day. Dkt. 24 No. 5 ¶ 7. 1 entitling AIA to $119,751.09, plus interest, attorney’s fees, and costs (Dkt. No. 5 ¶¶ 8–9). 2 AIA filed its initial complaint against Western Landscape on June 27, 2023, alleging breach 3 of contract and, in the alternative, that it is entitled to recovery under quantum meruit. Dkt. No. 1.
4 In October 2023, AIA was ordered to show cause for failing to provide proof of timely service. 5 Dkt. No. 3. In response, AIA explained its service of the initial complaint was inadvertently 6 insufficient, that it had been in contact with Stacey Coleman, and it intended to file and properly 7 serve an amended complaint. Dkt. No. 4. AIA filed its first amended complaint on November 1, 8 2023, adding Stacey Coleman as a Defendant. Dkt. No. 5. 9 On December 21, 2023, AIA filed a motion for entry of default against both Defendants 10 (Dkt. No. 8), which was granted (Dkt. No. 12). On February 16, 2024, AIA moved for entry of 11 default judgment against both Defendants. Dkt. No. 13. In support of its motion for default 12 judgment, AIA submitted a declaration of Brian Pearson (Dkt. No. 14), the President and CEO of
13 AIA, and the declaration of counsel (Dkt. No. 15). As ordered by the Court, AIA submitted two 14 updated corporate disclosure statements. Dkt. Nos. 19, 21. 16 A. Jurisdiction 17 Before entering default judgment, the Court must confirm that it has both subject matter 18 and personal jurisdiction. See Cheddar Creations, Inc. v. Pawico, No. 2:20-CV-01768-LK, 2024 19 WL 1346856, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 31, 2024); In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999) 20 (“When entry of judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise defend, a 21 district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject matter and 22 the parties.”).
23 This Court has subject matter jurisdiction under diversity jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. §1332) 24 because the parties are citizens of different states and the amount at issue is over $75,000. For 1 purposes of determining diversity jurisdiction, limited liability companies are citizens of all states 2 of which their members are citizens. Johnson v. Columbia Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 3 899 (9th Cir. 2006). AIA is therefore a Texas citizen (Dkt. No. 21), and Western Landscape is a
4 Washington citizen.2 5 The Court has personal jurisdiction over Western Landscape, a Washington limited 6 liability company with its principal place of business in Kirkland, Washington.3 Goodyear Dunlop 7 Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). The Court also has personal 8 jurisdiction over Stacey Coleman, who was personally served in this venue with the first amended 9 complaint (Dkt. No. 9-2). Water Wheel Camp Recreational Area, Inc. v. LaRance, 642 F.3d 802, 10 819 (9th Cir. 2011); Burnham v. Superior Ct., 495 U.S. 604, 619 (1990). 11 B. Legal Standard 12 A court’s decision to enter a default judgment is discretionary. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 13 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). Default judgment is “ordinarily disfavored,” because courts prefer to 14 decide cases “upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 15 1472 (9th Cir. 1986) (affirming district court’s denial of default judgment). At the default 16 judgment stage, the court “takes ‘the well-pleaded factual allegations’ in the complaint ‘as true.’” 17 DIRECTV, Inc. v. Hoa Huynh, 503 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. 18 of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). “However, necessary facts not contained in the 19 pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps, 980 20 21 22 2 According to publicly available information, Western Landscape is a limited liability company with one member, Stacey Coleman, who lists a Washington address. See December 16, 2015, Initial Report for Western Landscape and 23 Pavers LLC, Washington Secretary of State, https://ccfs.sos.wa.gov. 3 See December 6, 2023, Annual Report for Western Landscape and Pavers LLC, Washington Secretary of State, 24 https://ccfs.sos.wa.gov. 1 F.2d at 1267. When considering whether to exercise discretion in entering default judgments, 2 courts may consider a variety of factors, including: 3 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of a plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at 4 stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy 5 underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. “The merits of the plaintiff’s substantive claim and the sufficiency of 6 the complaint are often treated by courts as the most important Eitel factors.” Federal Nat. Mortg. 7 Ass’n v. George, No. 5:14-cv-01679-VAP-SP, 2015 WL 4127958, *3 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2015). 8 This District also requires a party seeking default judgment to provide “a declaration and other 9 evidence establishing plaintiff’s entitlement to a sum certain and to any nonmonetary relief sought” 10 and other documentation depending on the relief sought. Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 55(b)(2). 11 C. AIA Is Not Entitled to Default Judgment. 12 AIA seeks entry of default judgment on its claims arising under a services contract with 13 Western Landscape and Stacey Colman. Dkt. No. 13. As detailed below, the Court has considered 14 each of the Eitel factors and concludes that AIA is not entitled to default judgment at this time. 15 The first factor, prejudice to AIA, weighs in favor of granting default judgment because 16 AIA will be prejudiced by not receiving payment for services rendered.
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4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT AT SEATTLE 7 AMERICAN INCENTIVE ADVISORS LLC, CASE NO. C23-956-KKE 8 Plaintiff, v. ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 9 DEFAULT JUDGMENT WESTERN LANDSCAPE AND PAVERS 10 LLC et al., Defendants. 11
12 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff American Incentive Advisors, LLC’s 13 (“AIA”) motion for default judgment against Defendants Western Landscape and Pavers, LLC 14 (“Western Landscape”) and Stacey Coleman. Dkt. No. 13. For the reasons provided below, the 15 Court denies the motion. 16 I. BACKGROUND 17 On July 27, 2022, AIA and Western Landscape entered into a Consulting Services 18 Agreement. Dkt. No. 5 ¶ 7.1 Under the Consulting Services Agreement, AIA was hired to 19 “identify potential tax credits and incentives available to Western [Landscape]” in exchange for a 20 fee equal to 25% “of the monetary value of Employee Retention Tax Credits.” Id. AIA alleges 21 Western Landscape saved $479,004.35 (Dkt. No. 14-1) under the Consulting Services Agreement, 22 23
1 The first amended complaint also references a Tax Return Engagement Letter that was executed the same day. Dkt. 24 No. 5 ¶ 7. 1 entitling AIA to $119,751.09, plus interest, attorney’s fees, and costs (Dkt. No. 5 ¶¶ 8–9). 2 AIA filed its initial complaint against Western Landscape on June 27, 2023, alleging breach 3 of contract and, in the alternative, that it is entitled to recovery under quantum meruit. Dkt. No. 1.
4 In October 2023, AIA was ordered to show cause for failing to provide proof of timely service. 5 Dkt. No. 3. In response, AIA explained its service of the initial complaint was inadvertently 6 insufficient, that it had been in contact with Stacey Coleman, and it intended to file and properly 7 serve an amended complaint. Dkt. No. 4. AIA filed its first amended complaint on November 1, 8 2023, adding Stacey Coleman as a Defendant. Dkt. No. 5. 9 On December 21, 2023, AIA filed a motion for entry of default against both Defendants 10 (Dkt. No. 8), which was granted (Dkt. No. 12). On February 16, 2024, AIA moved for entry of 11 default judgment against both Defendants. Dkt. No. 13. In support of its motion for default 12 judgment, AIA submitted a declaration of Brian Pearson (Dkt. No. 14), the President and CEO of
13 AIA, and the declaration of counsel (Dkt. No. 15). As ordered by the Court, AIA submitted two 14 updated corporate disclosure statements. Dkt. Nos. 19, 21. 16 A. Jurisdiction 17 Before entering default judgment, the Court must confirm that it has both subject matter 18 and personal jurisdiction. See Cheddar Creations, Inc. v. Pawico, No. 2:20-CV-01768-LK, 2024 19 WL 1346856, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 31, 2024); In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999) 20 (“When entry of judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise defend, a 21 district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject matter and 22 the parties.”).
23 This Court has subject matter jurisdiction under diversity jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. §1332) 24 because the parties are citizens of different states and the amount at issue is over $75,000. For 1 purposes of determining diversity jurisdiction, limited liability companies are citizens of all states 2 of which their members are citizens. Johnson v. Columbia Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 3 899 (9th Cir. 2006). AIA is therefore a Texas citizen (Dkt. No. 21), and Western Landscape is a
4 Washington citizen.2 5 The Court has personal jurisdiction over Western Landscape, a Washington limited 6 liability company with its principal place of business in Kirkland, Washington.3 Goodyear Dunlop 7 Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). The Court also has personal 8 jurisdiction over Stacey Coleman, who was personally served in this venue with the first amended 9 complaint (Dkt. No. 9-2). Water Wheel Camp Recreational Area, Inc. v. LaRance, 642 F.3d 802, 10 819 (9th Cir. 2011); Burnham v. Superior Ct., 495 U.S. 604, 619 (1990). 11 B. Legal Standard 12 A court’s decision to enter a default judgment is discretionary. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 13 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). Default judgment is “ordinarily disfavored,” because courts prefer to 14 decide cases “upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 15 1472 (9th Cir. 1986) (affirming district court’s denial of default judgment). At the default 16 judgment stage, the court “takes ‘the well-pleaded factual allegations’ in the complaint ‘as true.’” 17 DIRECTV, Inc. v. Hoa Huynh, 503 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. 18 of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). “However, necessary facts not contained in the 19 pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps, 980 20 21 22 2 According to publicly available information, Western Landscape is a limited liability company with one member, Stacey Coleman, who lists a Washington address. See December 16, 2015, Initial Report for Western Landscape and 23 Pavers LLC, Washington Secretary of State, https://ccfs.sos.wa.gov. 3 See December 6, 2023, Annual Report for Western Landscape and Pavers LLC, Washington Secretary of State, 24 https://ccfs.sos.wa.gov. 1 F.2d at 1267. When considering whether to exercise discretion in entering default judgments, 2 courts may consider a variety of factors, including: 3 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of a plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at 4 stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy 5 underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. “The merits of the plaintiff’s substantive claim and the sufficiency of 6 the complaint are often treated by courts as the most important Eitel factors.” Federal Nat. Mortg. 7 Ass’n v. George, No. 5:14-cv-01679-VAP-SP, 2015 WL 4127958, *3 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2015). 8 This District also requires a party seeking default judgment to provide “a declaration and other 9 evidence establishing plaintiff’s entitlement to a sum certain and to any nonmonetary relief sought” 10 and other documentation depending on the relief sought. Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 55(b)(2). 11 C. AIA Is Not Entitled to Default Judgment. 12 AIA seeks entry of default judgment on its claims arising under a services contract with 13 Western Landscape and Stacey Colman. Dkt. No. 13. As detailed below, the Court has considered 14 each of the Eitel factors and concludes that AIA is not entitled to default judgment at this time. 15 The first factor, prejudice to AIA, weighs in favor of granting default judgment because 16 AIA will be prejudiced by not receiving payment for services rendered. 17 “The second and third Eitel factors—the substantive merits of the claim and the sufficiency 18 of the complaint—are often analyzed together.” Curtis v. Illumination Arts, Inc., 33 F. Supp. 3d 19 1200, 1211 (W.D. Wash. 2014). Here, at least two glaring omissions in AIA’s allegations and 20 supporting evidence weigh against granting default judgment. First, this District requires plaintiffs 21 seeking default judgment to provide “a copy of the contract and cite the relevant provisions.” LCR 22 55(b)(2)(A). AIA has failed to do so. The absence of the contract is especially notable here when 23 AIA inconsistently describes its fee as “equal to a percentage of tax savings realized by Western” 24 1 and “twenty-five (25%) percent fee of the monetary value of Employee Retention Tax Credits.” 2 Dkt. No. 5 ¶ 7. The exact language of the contract is central to the Court’s analysis of the 3 substantive merits of AIA’s claims. Second, AIA seeks default judgment against Stacey Coleman
4 but includes no allegations or argument as to why Stacey Coleman would be individually liable 5 for either cause of action in the Complaint. As a result of these omissions, both the second and 6 third Eitel factors support denying AIA’s motion. 7 The fourth factor, the sum of money at stake, also weighs against entering default judgment 8 because the amount at issue is over $100,000 which is significant when compared to the evidence 9 of harm. See Illumination Arts, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1212 (stating that this factor accounts for “the 10 amount of money requested in relation to the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct, whether large 11 sums of money are involved, and whether the recovery sought is proportional to the harm caused 12 by defendant’s conduct”) (cleaned up).
13 The fifth factor, the possibility of dispute over material facts, weighs against entering 14 default judgment. Generally, after default has been entered, “courts find that there is no longer the 15 possibility of a dispute concerning material facts because the court must take the plaintiff’s factual 16 allegations are true.” Id. But this is true only when the plaintiff has “supported its claims with 17 ample evidence.” Id. (quoting Landstar Ranger, Inc. v. Parth Enters., Inc., 725 F. Supp. 2d 916, 18 922 (C.D. Cal. 2010)). As described above, AIA’s allegations about the relevant contract terms 19 are inconsistent and AIA fails to provide necessary evidence to support its claims, including the 20 contract itself. And while neither Defendant has appeared to contest the factual allegations, AIA 21 provided emails from Stacey Coleman that state: “I was lied to regarding what services I was 22 receiving, disinformation regarding tax liability was given, and the rate was twice the amount of
23 all other services offered on the market” (Dkt. No. 6-1 at 2), and that AIA “lied [] regarding the 24 taxes due on ERC, the deadline for ERC filing, the incompetent handling of my calls to the AIA, 1 not receiving any support that I was sold on, nor ability to speak with whom I did paperwork with, 2 the pressure to sign quickly, and the exorbitant amount charged” (Dkt. No. 6-9 at 2). These emails 3 evidence potential disputes over material facts.
4 The sixth factor, whether default is due to excusable neglect, weighs in favor of entering 5 default judgment because Defendants were served with the amended complaint (Dkt. Nos. 9-2, 9- 6 3) and received an electronic copy of the entry of default (Dkt. No. 15-1) yet have not entered an 7 appearance or participated in this action. 8 The seventh factor, the policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, weighs 9 against entering default judgment because the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favor resolution 10 of claims through contested litigation. 11 On balance, and with particular attention to the serious deficiencies in the evidence offered 12 in support of the merits of AIA’s claims, the Court concludes the Eitel factors weigh against
13 entering default judgment at this time. 14 D. AIA Does Not Provide Sufficient Evidence of Damages. 15 Along with the deficiencies in the substance of AIA’s claims, AIA also fails to provide 16 sufficient evidence to support its claim for $119,751.09 in damages. AIA’s only evidence that it 17 is entitled to this amount is Pearson’s declaration that “Plaintiff performed the work, resulting in 18 hundreds of thousands of dollars of tax savings to Defendant” (Dkt. No. 14 ¶ 4) and a single 19 invoice, dated October 25, 2023 (after this case was filed), listing “Employee Retention Credit” 20 for different quarters and stating the “recovery” (Dkt. No.14-1 at 2). Without more explanation of 21 the services provided and how the “recovery” was calculated, these numbers are meaningless to 22 the Court and cannot support entry of default judgment. See Hist. Dep’t & Co. v. Mertz, No. C20-
23 5608-RSL, 2021 WL 4952194, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 25, 2021) (collecting cases in which 24 evidence of damages is insufficient on default judgment). 2 For these reasons, the Court DENIES AIA’s motion for default judgment without 3 prejudice.
4 Dated this 29th day of April, 2024. 5 A 6 Kymberly K. Evanson 7 United States District Judge
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