OPINION
KIRSCH, Judge.
Alice Lee (“Lee”) appeals her conviction for attendance at an animal fighting contest
as a Class A misdemeanor. On appeal, Lee raises the following restated issue: whether Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10, which defines the offense, is unconstitutionally vague.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On August 6, 2010, Tyrus Williams (“Williams”) and Shinitara Kemp (“Kemp”) hosted a dog fight in the garage at their home on West 60th Street in Indianapolis. The fight began around 10:00 p.m. Once the fight was underway, a confidential informant who was attending the event alerted the police. At approximately 10:20 p.m., law enforcement officers used their previously obtained “no-knock” warrant to enter the house and the attached garage.
Tr.
at 23.
Inside the house and garage, officers found pit bulls and a room devoted to the training and care of fighting dogs. The garage contained a fighting ring with two exhausted dogs fighting in it and approximately twenty-four spectators, including Lee. Police found Lee’s pit bull in her vehicle in the driveway of the residence. The other guests’ vehicles were parked in the driveway of the residence and on the grass.
On August 10, 2010, the State charged Lee with (1) Class D felony promotion of, use of animal at, or attendance with animal at an animal fighting contest, and (2) Class A misdemeanor attendance at an animal fighting contest. At trial, Lee claimed that she had been at the home only fifteen minutes before the police arrived because she was picking up her pit bull from Williams and Kemp, who had been watching her dog for a few days. Lee denied any knowledge of the dog fighting contest or of training fighting dogs. She claimed the police discovered her in the garage within the fighting area only because she fled from the house into the garage when she realized the police had arrived.
Lee’s bench trial commenced on October 24, 2011, and after the State rested, Lee moved for an involuntary dismissal as to both counts. The trial court granted Lee’s motion for involuntary dismissal on the Class D felony, but found her guilty of Class A misdemeanor attendance at an animal fighting contest. Lee now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Lee contends that Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10 is unconstitutionally vague because its language fails “to inform an ordinary person of what conduct is prohibited.”
Appellant’s Br.
at 7. Additionally, Lee contends that the statute authorizes or encourages arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement.
Id.
at 9. The
State responds by contending that Lee waived this issue when she failed to file a motion to dismiss, advancing the contention of unconstitutionality, before the trial court.
Appellee’s Br.
at 4.
Addressing the State’s contention of waiver first, we agree that generally the failure to file a proper motion to dismiss raising a constitutional challenge waives the issue on appeal.
Baumgartner v. State,
891 N.E.2d 1131, 1135 (Ind.Ct.App.2008) (citing Ind.Code §§ 35-34-1-6 and - 4). Thus, Lee’s claim is waived. However, even considering Lee’s vagueness argument on the merits, her claim fails.
Whether a statute is unconstitutional is a question of law and is reviewed
de novo. Shepler v. State,
758 N.E.2d 966, 968 (Ind.Ct.App.2001),
trans. denied
(2002). Appellate courts approach such questions with the presumption that the statute is constitutional, and the challenger is burdened to prove otherwise.
Lock v. State,
971 N.E.2d 71, 74 (Ind.2012). “Any reasonable doubts and constructions as to the statute’s validity are resolved in favor of constitutionality.”
Id.
(citing
State v. Lombardo,
738 N.E.2d 653, 655 (Ind.2000)).
“A fundamental aspect of our nation’s jurisprudence is that criminal statutes must give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice that his contemplated conduct is forbidden so that no man shall be held criminally responsible for conduct which he could not reasonably understand to be proscribed.”
Id.
(internal quotations omitted). Accordingly, our Supreme Court has said that “due process requires that a penal statute ‘clearly define its prohibitions.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
Brown v. State,
868 N.E.2d 464, 467 (Ind.2007)). “If it fails ‘to provide notice enabling ordinary people to understand the conduct that it prohibits’ or ‘authorizes or encourages arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement’ then it is subject to invalidation.”
Id.
at 74-75 (quoting
Brown,
868 N.E.2d at 467). “Additionally, ‘there must be something in a criminal statute to indicate where the line is to be drawn between trivial and substantial things so that erratic arrests and convictions for trivial acts and omissions will not occur.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
State v. Downey,
476 N.E.2d 121, 123 (Ind.1985)). “ ‘It cannot be left to juries, judges, and prosecutors to draw such lines.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
Downey,
476 N.E.2d at 123).
The following sections of the Indiana Code are pertinent to our analysis. Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10, in pertinent part, provides: “A person who knowingly or intentionally
attends
a
fighting contest involving animals
commits cruelty to an animal, a Class A misdemeanor.” (Emphasis added). “[An] ‘animal fighting contest’ means a conflict between two (2) or more animals. The term does not include a conflict that is unorganized or accidental.” Ind.Code § 35-46-3-4. Indiana Code section 35-46-3-3 provides: “As used in this chapter, “animal” does not include a human being.”
Lee contends that the word “attends” is so vague as to make the statute unconstitutional. Lee suggests that various meanings of the word have criminalized “being present at, taking care of, providing services at, watching over, or paying attention to a fighting contest involving animals.”
Appellant’s Br.
at 8. She further suggests that the vagueness of the statute has made it unclear whether it is a crime to watch a dog fight on the internet, watch the simulation of a dog fight made for a movie, watch a friend feed a mouse to his pet snake, or attend a circus and watch a man box with a kangaroo or wrestle with a bear. However, the statute as written makes clear the answer to each of these
questions.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
KIRSCH, Judge.
Alice Lee (“Lee”) appeals her conviction for attendance at an animal fighting contest
as a Class A misdemeanor. On appeal, Lee raises the following restated issue: whether Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10, which defines the offense, is unconstitutionally vague.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On August 6, 2010, Tyrus Williams (“Williams”) and Shinitara Kemp (“Kemp”) hosted a dog fight in the garage at their home on West 60th Street in Indianapolis. The fight began around 10:00 p.m. Once the fight was underway, a confidential informant who was attending the event alerted the police. At approximately 10:20 p.m., law enforcement officers used their previously obtained “no-knock” warrant to enter the house and the attached garage.
Tr.
at 23.
Inside the house and garage, officers found pit bulls and a room devoted to the training and care of fighting dogs. The garage contained a fighting ring with two exhausted dogs fighting in it and approximately twenty-four spectators, including Lee. Police found Lee’s pit bull in her vehicle in the driveway of the residence. The other guests’ vehicles were parked in the driveway of the residence and on the grass.
On August 10, 2010, the State charged Lee with (1) Class D felony promotion of, use of animal at, or attendance with animal at an animal fighting contest, and (2) Class A misdemeanor attendance at an animal fighting contest. At trial, Lee claimed that she had been at the home only fifteen minutes before the police arrived because she was picking up her pit bull from Williams and Kemp, who had been watching her dog for a few days. Lee denied any knowledge of the dog fighting contest or of training fighting dogs. She claimed the police discovered her in the garage within the fighting area only because she fled from the house into the garage when she realized the police had arrived.
Lee’s bench trial commenced on October 24, 2011, and after the State rested, Lee moved for an involuntary dismissal as to both counts. The trial court granted Lee’s motion for involuntary dismissal on the Class D felony, but found her guilty of Class A misdemeanor attendance at an animal fighting contest. Lee now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Lee contends that Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10 is unconstitutionally vague because its language fails “to inform an ordinary person of what conduct is prohibited.”
Appellant’s Br.
at 7. Additionally, Lee contends that the statute authorizes or encourages arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement.
Id.
at 9. The
State responds by contending that Lee waived this issue when she failed to file a motion to dismiss, advancing the contention of unconstitutionality, before the trial court.
Appellee’s Br.
at 4.
Addressing the State’s contention of waiver first, we agree that generally the failure to file a proper motion to dismiss raising a constitutional challenge waives the issue on appeal.
Baumgartner v. State,
891 N.E.2d 1131, 1135 (Ind.Ct.App.2008) (citing Ind.Code §§ 35-34-1-6 and - 4). Thus, Lee’s claim is waived. However, even considering Lee’s vagueness argument on the merits, her claim fails.
Whether a statute is unconstitutional is a question of law and is reviewed
de novo. Shepler v. State,
758 N.E.2d 966, 968 (Ind.Ct.App.2001),
trans. denied
(2002). Appellate courts approach such questions with the presumption that the statute is constitutional, and the challenger is burdened to prove otherwise.
Lock v. State,
971 N.E.2d 71, 74 (Ind.2012). “Any reasonable doubts and constructions as to the statute’s validity are resolved in favor of constitutionality.”
Id.
(citing
State v. Lombardo,
738 N.E.2d 653, 655 (Ind.2000)).
“A fundamental aspect of our nation’s jurisprudence is that criminal statutes must give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice that his contemplated conduct is forbidden so that no man shall be held criminally responsible for conduct which he could not reasonably understand to be proscribed.”
Id.
(internal quotations omitted). Accordingly, our Supreme Court has said that “due process requires that a penal statute ‘clearly define its prohibitions.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
Brown v. State,
868 N.E.2d 464, 467 (Ind.2007)). “If it fails ‘to provide notice enabling ordinary people to understand the conduct that it prohibits’ or ‘authorizes or encourages arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement’ then it is subject to invalidation.”
Id.
at 74-75 (quoting
Brown,
868 N.E.2d at 467). “Additionally, ‘there must be something in a criminal statute to indicate where the line is to be drawn between trivial and substantial things so that erratic arrests and convictions for trivial acts and omissions will not occur.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
State v. Downey,
476 N.E.2d 121, 123 (Ind.1985)). “ ‘It cannot be left to juries, judges, and prosecutors to draw such lines.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
Downey,
476 N.E.2d at 123).
The following sections of the Indiana Code are pertinent to our analysis. Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10, in pertinent part, provides: “A person who knowingly or intentionally
attends
a
fighting contest involving animals
commits cruelty to an animal, a Class A misdemeanor.” (Emphasis added). “[An] ‘animal fighting contest’ means a conflict between two (2) or more animals. The term does not include a conflict that is unorganized or accidental.” Ind.Code § 35-46-3-4. Indiana Code section 35-46-3-3 provides: “As used in this chapter, “animal” does not include a human being.”
Lee contends that the word “attends” is so vague as to make the statute unconstitutional. Lee suggests that various meanings of the word have criminalized “being present at, taking care of, providing services at, watching over, or paying attention to a fighting contest involving animals.”
Appellant’s Br.
at 8. She further suggests that the vagueness of the statute has made it unclear whether it is a crime to watch a dog fight on the internet, watch the simulation of a dog fight made for a movie, watch a friend feed a mouse to his pet snake, or attend a circus and watch a man box with a kangaroo or wrestle with a bear. However, the statute as written makes clear the answer to each of these
questions. The word “animal” does not involve a human being, therefore, watching a human fight or wrestle any animal would not fall within the prohibitions of Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10, which requires a conflict between two or more animals.
Most dog fights viewed on the internet would not fall within the prohibitions of section 35-46-3-10 because the person could not be said to be attending the fight in the traditional sense of the word.
Likewise, a person who watches his friend feed a mouse to a snake is not watching an organized event, and a simulated fight between animals that, presumably, are not hurt, could not truly be said to be an animal fighting contest.
As applied to this offense, Lee’s vagueness argument amounts to claiming that the statute’s failure to further define “attend” authorizes the prosecution of anyone who is in the vicinity of an animal fighting contest without regard to their intent. However, in determining whether a statute is unconstitutionally vague, this court is mindful that “[n]o statute need avoid all vagueness, and ‘because statutes are condemned to the use of words, there will always be uncertainties for we cannot expect mathematical certainty from our language.’ ”
Logan v. State,
836 N.E.2d 467, 473 (Ind.Ct.App.2005) (quoting
Helton v. State,
624 N.E.2d 499, 507 (Ind.Ct.App.1993),
trans. denied, cert. denied,
520 U.S. 1119, 117 S.Ct. 1252, 137 L.Ed.2d 333 (1997)),
trans. denied
(2006). Here, it is a sufficiently-clear warning to say that erimi-nal liability attaches to someone who knowingly or intentionally attends an animal fighting contest. As the standard implies, cases will be decided on their own facts.
Lee also contends that the statute in question invites arbitrary enforcement.
Appellant’s Br.
at 9. Intent may be proved by circumstantial evidence.
E.H. v. State,
764 N.E.2d 681, 683 (Ind.Ct.App.2002) (citing
Johnson v. State,
593 N.E.2d 208, 209 (Ind.Ct.App.1992)),
trans. denied.
Intent can be inferred from a defendant’s conduct and the natural and usual sequence to which such conduct logically and reasonably points.
Id.
The fact finder is entitled to infer intent from the surrounding circumstances.
Id.
at 683. This does not mean that the finding of intent, and thus enforcement, is arbitrary. As our Supreme Court noted in
Brorni v. State,
‘“there must be something in a criminal statute to indicate where the line is to be drawn between trivial and substantial things so that erratic arrest and convictions for trivial acts and omissions will not occur.’ ” 868 N.E.2d at 467 (quoting
Downey,
476 N.E.2d at 123). Here, there is no such concern. The statute under which Lee was charged “eonvey[ed] sufficiently definite warning[s] as to the proscribed conduct when measured by common understanding.”
Rhinehardt v. State,
477 N.E.2d 89, 93 (Ind.1985),
overruled on other grounds, Stout v. State,
528 N.E.2d 476 (Ind.1988). Further, it “provided[d] a constraining and intelligible enforcement stan
dard for those charged with enforcing the statutes.”
Johnson v. State,
648 N.E.2d 666, 670 (Ind.Ct.App.1995) (citing
Price v. State,
622 N.E.2d 954, 967 (Ind.1993)).
Lee has failed to carry her “heavy burden” of proving that Indiana Code section 35-46-3-10 is unconstitutionally vague. The evidence supports the trial court’s judgment of guilt.
Affirmed.
NAJAM, J., and MAY, J., concur.