OPINION OF THE COURT
ROSENN, Circuit Judge.
This appeal raises two important issues of first impression in this court relating to commercial promissory obligations and securities. First, whether the obligors on unmatured promissory notes can obtain declaratory relief against the obligees of those notes and have the notes declared void and unenforceable, when the concurrent legal remedy underlying the request for declaratory relief would be barred by the statute of limitations. Second, whether transactions involving investment securities are covered under section 9.2(a) of the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (“UTP/CPL”), which creates a private right of action for consumers injured in the purchase or lease of goods or services. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania held that the action for declaratory relief was time-barred because the corollary legal actions were based on conduct for which the statute of limitations had run. The court also held that investment securities are not “goods” under the UTP/CPL. The plaintiffs timely appealed. We affirm.
I.
Taking the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, as did the district court, it appears that in 1986 the defendants organized Evergreen Valley Nurseries Limited Partnership (“Evergreen”) to acquire, grow and sell nursery stock. The nursery stock consisted of approximately 950,000 evergreen trees (“nursery stock”) on two leased properties in Pennsylvania, one in Lehigh County (called “Raven Valley”) and one in Tioga County (called “the Tioga Farm”). In July 1986, the Parkinson Pension Trust (“Trust”), at the direction of Dr. William L. Parkinson, its sole trustee, purchased the Raven Valley nursery stock from Van Pines of Pennsylvania (“Van Pines”) and its general partners for approximately $3.6 million. E. Wayne Pocius and Russell Dimmiek are the general partners of Van Pines and are also the sole shareholders of Unique Garden Center (“Unique”), the general partner of Evergreen. The Trust then purchased the Tioga Farm nursery stock from Pocius and Dim-mick for approximately $600,000.
Following the acquisition of the nursery stock by the Trust, Evergreen then purchased an undivided 91.2% interest in the Trust’s nursery stock for the price of $10.4 million. Evergreen financed the purchase of the nursery stock by a $13.5 million offering of Evergreen limited partnership units, pursuant to a private placement memorandum (“PPM”). A substantial number of these units purchased by the plaintiffs are the genesis of this lawsuit. They paid $150,000 for each unit under the terms of the PPM; the purchase price consisted of a $70,000 cash payment, a $9,500 subscription note due on January 20, 1997, and a $70,500 promissory note (“investor note”) payable to the Trust, which became due and payable on July 1, 1996.
The PPM issued by Evergreen did not disclose that Evergreen was to pay the Trust approximately $10.4 million for 91.2% of the nursery stock which the Trust had purchased from Evergreen for about $4.2 million. Thus, it failed to disclose that the purchase price for the interest in land had more than doubled in two months. The PPM did not mention the intricate entanglement of the parties involved in the underlying transactions or the self-dealing in the purchase of the nursery stock.
In 1989, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued a report concluding that the price of the nursery stock had been significantly overvalued. Although Evergreen initially contested the IRS report, in 1993 Evergreen and the IRS entered into a closing agreement in which Evergreen admitted that the nursery stock had been over-valued by at least $3.2 million. On October 11, 1993, the plaintiffs obtained a copy of the closing agreement between the IRS and Evergreen.
The plaintiffs filed their complaint in the district court on November 16, 1995, raising [181]*181four claims. The first three claims sought a declaratory judgment that certain Investor Notes were void and unenforceable because they had been procured through fraud: (I) declaratory relief under Section 29(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78cc(b) (Supp.1997); (II) declaratory relief under Section 508 of the Pennsylvania Securities Act, 70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-508 (1994); and (III) declaratory relief based on common law fraud. Count IV alleged a violation of the UTP/CPL. The plaintiffs asserted that because of the Trust’s expressed intent to collect on the investor notes in July 1996, they were compelled to bring this action to declare the notes void and unenforceable.
The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failing to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The district court dismissed Counts I, II, and III as time-barred and dismissed Count IV for failing to state a claim on which relief can be granted. The plaintiffs appealed from the dismissal of all four claims.
II.
When reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) on statute of limitations grounds, the court exercises plenary review to determine “whether ‘the time alleged in the statement of a claim shows that the cause of action has not been brought within the statute of limitations.’ ” Cito v. Bridgewater Township Police Dep’t, 892 F.2d 23, 25 (3d Cir.1989) (citations and emphasis omitted). This court exercises plenary review over a district court order dismissing a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Moore v. Tartler, 986 F.2d 682, 685 (3d Cir.1993).
Because actions for declaratory relief do not have their own statute of limitations, the district court concluded that the plaintiffs’ causes of action are governed by the period of limitations applicable to the substantive claims underlying the action, citing Cope v. Anderson, 331 U.S. 461, 463-64, 67 S.Ct. 1340, 1341-42, 91 L.Ed. 1602 (1947). Thus, the district court held that the statute of limitations to be applied would be the same regardless of the posture of the case, whether offensive or defensive. Accordingly, if the underlying action is time-barred, so is the action for declaratory relief. Judge Huyett, the trial judge, then perceptively determined that Counts I, II, and III were all barred by the applicable statutes of limitations.
Although this court of appeals has not yet spoken on the issue, a number of other courts have. The First, Sixth, Ninth and Tenth Circuit Courts of Appeals have all held that an action for declaratory relief will be barred to the same extent the applicable statute of limitations bars the concurrent legal remedy. International Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 108 F.3d 658, 668 (6th Cir.1997); Levald, Inc. v. City of Palm Desert, 998 F.2d 680, 688-89 (9th Cir.1993); Gilbert v. City of Cambridge, 932 F.2d 51, 57-58 (1st Cir.1991); Clulow v. Oklahoma, 700 F.2d 1291, 1302 (10th Cir.1983). “It is settled, therefore, that where legal and equitable claims coexist, equitable remedies will be withheld if an applicable statute of limitations bars the concurrent legal remedy.” Gilbert, 932 F.2d at 57. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, applying state law, has also held that when a “claim for declaratory relief could have been resolved through another form of action which has a specific limitations period, the specific period of time will govern.” Town of Orangetown v. Gorsuch, 718 F.2d 29, 41-42 (2d Cir.1983) (applying New York law). As the district court found in this case, see infra at pp. 184-85, the plaintiffs’ claims could have been resolved by available timely legal remedies, including an action to rescind under the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934. See Gatto v. Meridian Med. Assocs., Inc., 882 F.2d 840, 842 (3d Cir.1989).
The aforementioned courts which applied federal law relied on analogous Supreme Court precedent to reach this conclusion. In Russell v. Todd, 309 U.S. 280, 289, 60 S.Ct. 527, 532, 84 L.Ed. 754 (1940), the Court recognized the long-standing doctrine that “when the jurisdiction of the federal court is concurrent with that at law, or the suit is brought in aid of a legal right, equity will withhold its remedy if the legal right is [182]*182barred by the local statute of limitations.” In Cope v. Anderson, 331 U.S. at 464, 67 S.Ct. at 1341, the Court reiterated this position, stating that “equity will withhold its relief in such a case where the applicable statute of limitations would bar the concurrent legal remedy.” We have followed this proposition. See Gruca v. United States Steel Corp., 495 F.2d 1252, 1257 (3d Cir.1974). However, neither the Supreme Court nor this court has addressed the question in the posture in which it is presented in the instant case.
The plaintiffs argue that the statute of limitations does not bar an action for declaratory relief based on a claim that is purely defensive in nature. For this proposition, they rely heavily on this court’s opinion in Silverman v. Eastrich Multiple Investor Fund, L.P., 51 F.3d 28 (3d Cir.1995). In Silverman, the plaintiff moved in federal court for injunctive and declaratory relief to proclaim a guaranty void after the defendants confessed judgment in state court against the loan guarantors, including the plaintiff. Id. 51 F.3d at 30. The defendants moved for dismissal, asserting that the claim was time-barred under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) on which the plaintiff guarantor relied. Id. 51 F.3d at 31. The trial court granted the motion. Id. On appeal, we held that when the creditor endeavors to enforce the guaranty the claim could be asserted “as a defense to the state confession of judgment.” Id. 51 F.3d at 32. In Silverman, the defendants had not only obtained judgment, in contrast to this case where no action has yet begun on the notes, but enforcement of the judgment was imminent. Thus, there the plaintiffs’ challenge to the confession of judgment was defensive.
Although Silverman did allow the assertion of a defensive claim after the statute of limitations on the underlying violation had run, the holding was definitely moored to the plaintiffs defensive position in response to the state confession of judgment. The court stated;
There are numerous circumstances under which a guarantor may institute an action to declare his or her guaranty void and seek damages or other relief. The expiration of the statute of limitations calculated from the execution of said guaranty may bar the institution of such independent action. No such bar exists, however, to the utilization of such grounds as a defense.
51 F.3d at 32. The court noted that “plaintiff retained the right to assert the violation when efforts were made to collect and enforce the Guaranty.” Id. (emphasis added).
In Silverman, the plaintiff had no prior opportunity to respond to the state court confession of judgment, thus limiting her available remedies to the equitable claim she pursued. Id. The court noted that “[the plaintiffs] ECOA claim was raised in direct response to Eastrich’s state court confession of judgment, which did not require or provide for an answering pleading.... Thus, in essence, plaintiffs alleged ECOA violation is asserted as a defense to the state confession of judgment.” Id. Accordingly, despite plaintiffs’ assertions in the instant case, Silver-man does not stand for the proposition that an independent action offensively for declaratory relief from potential liability on a note may be brought even though the plaintiff had a legal remedy before the statute of limitations on the concurrent legal remedy had run. On the contrary, Silverman holds only that where judgment has been confessed, a purported obligor may assert as a defense to its enforcement a statutory violation which would have been time-barred if asserted offensively in an independent action.1 In this instant case, however, the creditors have tak[183]*183en no legal action to collect on the Investors Notes, plaintiffs have no voidable judgment, and recoupment is not now before us.
The Supreme Court set forth in Bull v. United States, 295 U.S. 247, 55 S.Ct. 695, 79 L.Ed. 1421 (1935), a rationale similar to Silverman. Bull, a partner in a ship-brokering business, died in February and his estate continued to receive the profits of his partnership for one year after his death. Id. at 251, 55 S.Ct. at 696. His estate valued the partnership only by the profits received up to Bull’s death. The United States, however, declared all profits received by the estate to be corpus under the estate tax and taxed the property accordingly. The estate did not challenge the assessment at the time. Id. at 251-52, 55 S.Ct. at 696-97. Four years later, the United States notified the estate that the same property was income and taxable as such. Id. at 252, 55 S.Ct. at 696-97. The estate then pursued the administrative remedies to challenge the double taxation of the same property. When the final administrative appeal had been rejected, the estate brought an action in the Court of Claims, seeking a refund of the amount paid as income tax or, in the alternative, a refund for the tax paid on the same property when the estate tax was paid. Id. at 253, 55 S.Ct. at 697. The Court of Claims found that the statute of limitations barred the second ground for relief, seeking correction of the estate tax. Id. at 254, 55 S.Ct. at 697.
The Court in Bull first determined that the portion of the profits paid the estate was income, not corpus, and thus wrongly subjected to the estate tax as such. Id. at 257, 55 S.Ct. at 698-99. The Court then held that the claim for refund of the estate tax was not barred by the statute of limitations. The Court noted that, prior to the institution of proceedings to collect income tax on the same property, the estate had no grounds to seek a refund of the money as a product of double taxation. Additionally, the Court noted that, under the law, “[pjayment precedes defense” when challenging a tax assessment. Id. at 260, 55 S.Ct. at 699-700. Therefore, the estate was entitled to raise the claim only as a defense after paying the income tax on the same profits.
If the claim for income tax deficiency had been the subject of a suit, any counter demand for recoupment of the overpayment of estate tax could have been asserted by way of defense and credit obtained notwithstanding the statute of limitations barred an independent suit against the Government therefor. This is because recoupment is in the nature of a defense arising out of some feature of the transaction upon which the plaintiffs action is grounded. Such a defense is never barred by the statute of limitations so long as the main action itself is timely.
Bull, 295 U.S. at 262, 55 S.Ct. at 700-01. The Court then determined that “[the Government] has given [the estate] a right of credit or refund, which though he could not assert it in an action brought by him in 1930, had accrued and was available to him since it was actionable and not barred in 1925, when the Government proceeded against him for the collection of income tax. The pleading was sufficient to put in issue the right to recoupment.” Id. at 263, 55 S.Ct. at 701. Thus-, the estate’s claim was not barred by the statute of limitations. Id.
Bull, like Silverman, recognizes that a claim can be raised defensively even if it would be barred if brought independently. Like Silverman, the plaintiff in Bull had no opportunity to present the claim as a defense to the tax assessment, having been summarily assessed with the tax and later compelled to pursue administrative remedies before seeking legal adjudication of the right to refund. Therefore, despite the unusual posture of the case, the claim was not time-barred because the Court considered it as a defense to the judgment obtained against the estate administratively.2 The crux of the [184]*184decision was the existence of a claim against the estate. In the present matter, the plaintiffs could have asserted their claims independently by an action to rescind or other legal options within the time allowed by the statute of limitations. They chose not to do so. Therefore, their remedy now is to wait until the Trust seeks to collect on the notes and then assert the claims defensively. However, in the absence of any action taken against them to collect the debt, plaintiffs are not entitled to bring an independent action essentially seeking a recision by posturing it as defensive.
Moreover, the plaintiffs’ action before us is not saved by the doctrine of recoupment. Under Pennsylvania law, “the defense asserted by way of recoupment must be related to the nature of the demand brought by the plaintiff.” Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Pasqualis-Politi, 800 F.Supp. 1297, 1301 (W.D.Pa.1992) (citing Porter v. Levering, 330 Pa. 392, 199 A. 482, 484 (1938)). As the Pennsylvania Supreme Court noted in Household Consumer Discount Co. v. Vespaziani, 490 Pa. 209, 415 A.2d 689, 694 (1980), recoupment is not a set-off “because it is not in the nature of a cross demand, but rather it lessens or defeats any recovery by the plaintiff.” Recoupment, then, is a defensive claim which can only be asserted in response to an independent action instituted by another party; recoupment does not permit the party asserting it to present otherwise time-barred claims simply by creative pleading in an independent proceeding brought by it.
The dissent, in concluding that this declaratory judgment action may be maintained despite the long lapse of time since the alleged frauds were committed, focuses on the “defendants’ expected enforcement of a future obligation,” dis. op. at 25, rather than on the acts of fraud which is the basis of plaintiffs’ present claims. The dissent asserts that the “substantive claim Algrant seeks to vindicate in pursuing Counts I through III is the claim that Algrant is not liable for future obligations under the Investors Notes.” Dis. op. at 21. The plaintiffs, however, allege that the Investor Notes were obtained by fraud and specific intent to deceive and “are void and unenforceable in their entirety because they were induced by fraud” and were made in violation of the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Pennsylvania Securities Act, and Pennsylvania common law. The potential collection on the notes is at this time only a possibility, not an action in court. However, the door has been closed to the right to rescind the notes, and other legal options for relief under the federal and state statutes, and Pennsylvania common law which the plaintiffs cannot now open at this late date by an offensive independent action. As the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit stated, if “a claim for declaratory relief could have been resolved through another form of action which has a specific limitations period, the specific period of time will govern.” Orangetown v. Gorsuch, 718 F.2d 29, 42 (2d Cir.1984).
The theory of plaintiffs’ case, and with which the dissent agrees, is that they are entitled to declaratory relief now and need not wait until action is taken to collect on the notes, because they would raise the fraud defense in such an event. The court in Gilbert responded to a similar argument in these words:
We find this idea, albeit precocious, to be equally unavailing. The temporal bar cannot be sidestepped merely by asserting that the appellants’ declaratory judgment suit was brought to establish defenses against the rainy day, in the future, when the Ordinance might be enforced against them.... Such a smoke-and-mirrors approach would place far too much priority on theoretical possibilities at the expense of practical actualities, requiring us, in the last analysis, to treat aggressor as defender, petitioner as respondent. In effect, it would serve to make justiciable claims which were simultaneously stale (i.e., time-barred as to the actual permit denial) and unripe (i.e., not yet mature as to any potential enforcement action). The decided cases are to the contrary.
932 F.2d at 58.
We, therefore, hold that when plaintiffs’ claims are barred by a statute of limitations [185]*185applicable to a concurrent legal remedy, then a court will withhold declaratory judgment relief in an independent suit essentially predicated upon the same cause of action. Otherwise, the statute of limitations can be circumvented merely by “[djraping their claim in the raiment of the Declaratory Judgment Act.” Id. at 58. Accordingly, we turn to each of the plaintiffs’ claims to determine whether the claim would be barred by the applicable statute of limitations.
A.
The district court dismissed Count I as time-barred. Count I sought declaratory relief that, pursuant to § 29(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78cc(b), the promissory investor notes were void and unenforceable because they were obtained by fraud in violation of federal securities laws. Under the statute of limitations actually set forth in § 29(b) an action pursuant to that section is barred one year from the time of discovery of the violation of the federal securities laws and three years from the time the violation occurred. Gatto v. Meridian Med. Assocs., Inc., 882 F.2d at 842. The district court held that this claim, brought more than two years after the discovery of the fraud and almost nine years after the transaction, was barred by the statute of limitations under § 29(b). Applying the statute of limitations from the corollary action to the plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief, we see no error in the district court’s dismissal of the claim as time-barred.
B.
The district court also dismissed Count II as time-barred. Count II sought a declaratory judgment that, pursuant to section 508 of the Pennsylvania Securities Act (“PSA”), 70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-508, the investor notes were void and unenforceable because they were induced by fraud in violation of Pennsylvania securities law. The district court concluded that the applicable statute of limitations was the one/four year statute of limitations, pursuant to 70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-504. Section 504(a) states:
No action shall be maintained to enforce any liability under section 501 (or section 503 in so far as it relates to that section) unless brought before the expiration of four years after the act or transaction constituting the violation or the expiration of one year after the plaintiff receives actual notice or upon the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known of the facts constituting the violation, whichever shall first expire.
70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-504. Plaintiffs challenge application of this statute of limitations to their claim, asserting that the statute of limitations set forth in § 504 expressly does not apply to claims brought pursuant to § 508.
Section 508 of the PSA provides that:
No person may base any suit on any contract in violation of this act or any rule or order hereunder if he has made or engaged in the performance of such contract or has acquired any purported right under any such contract with knowledge of the facts by reason of which its making or performance was in violation.
70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-508. The plaintiffs have premised their claim for declaratory relief under this section of the PSA. This section, however, does not create an affirmative cause of action on which the plaintiffs can seek relief.
Section 506 puts clear limitations on a party’s ability to assert a right of action under the PSA. According to that provision:
Except as explicitly provided in this act, no civil liability in favor of any private party shall arise against any person by implication from or as a result of the violation of any provision of this act or any rule or order hereunder. Nothing in this act shall limit any liability which may exist by virtue of any other statute or under common law if this act were not in effect.
70 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1-506. Section 508 does not explicitly provide for civil liability; rather, it simply creates a defense to any suit brought on a contract that violates the PSA. Thus, the plaintiffs could only have brought their action under § 501, which is expressly subject to the one year/four year statute of limitations of § 504. Therefore, plaintiffs’ [186]*186action for declaratory relief brought two years after they learned of the violation and over nine years after the allegedly fraudulent transaction, is barred by the statute of limitations applicable to the corollary legal claim. Judge Huyett, therefore, did not err in dismissing Count II as time-barred.3
C.
The district court dismissed Count III as time-barred. Count III sought a declaratory judgment that, pursuant to Pennsylvania common law, the investor notes are void and unenforceable as they were obtained by fraud in violation of Pennsylvania tort law. The statute of limitations in Pennsylvania is two years for “[a]ny other action or proceeding to recover damages for injury to person or property which is founded on negligent, intentional, or otherwise tortious conduct or any other action sounding in trespass, including deceit or fraud.” 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 5524(7). The plaintiffs concede that they knew of the fraud by October 11, 1993; the complaint was not filed until November, 1995. An independent action clearly would be barred by the two-year statute of limitations governing fraud actions. Accordingly, the action for declaratory relief here is governed by the applicable statute of limitations on the concurrent legal remedy. We, therefore, see no error by the district court’s dismissal of Count III as time-barred.
III.
The district court also dismissed Count IV of plaintiffs’ claim which sought relief under the UTP/CPL, 73 P.S. § § 201-1 to 201-9.2. Specifically, the plaintiffs sought relief under § 201-9.2, which provides a private right of action for:
[A]ny person who purchases or leases goods or services primarily for personal, family or household purposes and thereby suffers any ascertainable loss ... as a result of the use or employment by any person of a method, act or practice declared unlawful by section 3 of this act.
The trial court stated that “[i]n order to bring a private action under Section 201-9.2, plaintiffs must show that they purchased or leased goods or services. Because plaintiffs’ purchase of the Evergreen units does not involve the provision of a service, plaintiffs may bring an action under Section 201-9.2 if the units are “goods” within the meaning of the act.” Algrant v. Evergreen Valley Nurseries Ltd. Partnership, 941 F.Supp. 495, 499 (E.D.Pa.1996). The court then held that investment securities were neither goods nor services under its construction of Pennsylvania law. The court was also persuaded that the PSA covered conduct and practices relating to securities transactions to the exclusion of the Pennsylvania consumer protection laws, and that plaintiffs had failed to state a cause of action for which relief could be granted. Accordingly, the district court then dismissed Count IV.
The district court examined the UTP/CPL in light the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FCTA”), 15 U.S.C. § § 41-47, as well as cases involving other state’s unfair trade practices statutes with identical language. Pennsylvania courts have looked to the FCTA for guidance in construing the UTP/CPL. See Commonwealth v. Monumental Properties, Inc., 459 Pa. 450, 329 A.2d 812, 818-20 (1974). The FCTA has not been applied to securities transactions. As the district court observed, courts construing state law in light of the FTCA have found, that despite its broad language and remedial scope, the FTCA and similar state consumer protections laws do not extend to investment securities. See Spinner Corp. v. Princeville Dev. Corp., 849 F.2d 388, 393 (9th Cir.1988); Stephenson v. Paine Webber Jackson & Curtis, Inc., 839 F.2d 1095, 1101 (5th Cir.1988); Lindner v. Durham Hosiery Mills, Inc., 761 F.2d 162, 167 (4th Cir.1985). In each of the foregoing cases, the courts noted that the state legislatures had enacted extensive laws regulating the sale of the securities. Giving plaintiffs a remedy under both consumer protection laws and securities [187]*187laws would be “inconsistent with a coherent legislative intent.” Spinner Corp., 849 F.2d at 391. Pennsylvania also extensively regulates securities transactions pursuant to the Pennsylvania Securities Act of 1972, 70 P.S. § § 1-101 to 1-704 (1994 and Supp.1997), and provides remedies under that Act. We also believe that allowing plaintiffs to obtain remedies under both the UTP/CPL and the Securities Act is not consistent with coherent legislative intent.
We turn to the question of whether an investment security is a “good” under the UTP/CPL. Although Denison acknowledged that reference to the FTCA for aid in interpreting the UTP/CPL is for guidance only and is not controlling, 759 F.Supp. at 205, the exclusion of securities from the definition of goods under the FTCA is consistent with Pennsylvania’s rules of statutory construction. Thus we predict, as did the district court, that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would hold that investment securities are not goods under the UTP/CPL and therefore the UTP/CPL does not provide a cause of action for a party alleging fraud in the securities themselves. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err in dismissing Count TV of the plaintiffs complaint for failure to state a cause of action upon which relief could be granted.
We find no Pennsylvania case law addressing this issue. The plaintiffs argue that those federal courts that have confronted this issue have split on whether the UTP/CPL covers the sales of investment securities, while the majority holding that the UTP/ CPL does cover these transactions.4 Only one trial court, in addition to the district court in this case, has held that it does not. See Klein v. Opp, 944 F.Supp. 396, 398 (E.D.Pa.1996).
A closer analysis of the cases relied upon by the plaintiffs show that they are distinguishable; most of the cases involved situations in which the alleged violation of the UTP/CPL was committed by a brokerage house customarily selling the securities of third parties. In this case, the plaintiffs have alleged that the fraud was in the valuation fixed by the issuer of the investment securities themselves and misrepresentations the issuer made concerning these securities. Plaintiffs have not alleged any fraudulent conduct in the actual sale of the securities.
Denison, 759 F.Supp. at 199, the only case providing an analysis and reasoning for its conclusion that the UTP/CPL sale covers the investment securities, addressed a factually different scenario. There, the fraud alleged was in the actual sale of the securities from a brokerage house to the plaintiffs. In Denison, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants “had churned their account and had purchased investments inappropriate to the plaintiffs’ stated desire for long term growth and appreciation.” 759 F.Supp. at 200. Therefore, the alleged fraudulent conduct was in the “services” provided by the brokerage house, which is covered by the UTP/ CPL. The plaintiffs did not allege any fraud related to the securities themselves.
The other eases holding that the UTP/CPL covers the purchase of securities also deal specifically with the transaction, and not with the securities themselves. See S. Kane & Son, 1996 WL 200603, at *3 (claim that seller of investment used money in regular operations rather than in escrow account as promised and subsequently went bankrupt); Ad-vest Inc., 1994 WL 18592, at *2 (actionable conduct was broker’s fraudulent assurance that shares could be sold at profit); McCullough, 1988 WL 23008, at *4 (claims allege that broker misled purchaser by providing inaccurate information and advice regarding securities).5 These cases all involve the pro[188]*188vision of services and thus are squarely within the protections of the UTP/CPL.
The only case which cannot be so readily distinguished is Lebovic v. Nigro, 1996 WL 179982, *2 (E.D.Pa. Apr. 15, 1996). In Lebovic, the plaintiff orally agreed to form a new corporation with the defendant and bought “shares” in this new corporation. The defendant allegedly never performed his part of the oral bargain and converted the money plaintiff paid for these shares in the new corporation to his own personal use. 1996 WL 179982 at *1. The court, without analysis, held that the UTP/CPL applied to the purchase of securities, simply citing S. Kane & Son, Denison, & McCullough. Id. at *2. The court then dismissed the claim, however, holding that the plaintiff, who had purchased the stock as part of an ownership agreement, was not a consumer within the contemplation of the UTP/CPL. Id. at *3. Thus, this case offers little support for the proposition that the UTP/CPL covers investment securities as “goods” under § 9.2. In fact, it could contemplate a ruling that the plaintiffs, purchasers of interests in a limited partnership, are not “consumers” protected under the UTP/CPL.
The difficulty arises because the term “goods” is not expressly defined in the UTP/ CPL. Pennsylvania law, however, has established rules of statutory construction to be employed when defining a term not defined in the statute itself. There are a number of approved ways of construing terms that are not otherwise defined in the statute. Generally, “[w]ords and phrases shall be construed according to their common and approved usage.” 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1903(a). According to the dictionary, the term “goods” generally does not include securities. See Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary 360 (1969). Additionally, words can be construed by reference to other statutes. 1 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 1921(c), 1932. The district court did just that, comparing the term “goods” under the UTP/CPL with the term “goods” under the Uniform Commercial Code.
As the district court noted, the Pennsylvania legislature used the same language in section 201-9.2 of the UTP/CPL as it did in defining “consumer goods” in Pennsylvania’s Uniform Commercial Code. Compare 13 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 9109 (“Goods are: (1) ‘Consumer goods’ if they are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes.”) with 73 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 201-9.2 (providing right of action for person buying or leasing “goods or services primarily for personal, family or household purposes”). Under the UCC provision dealing with sales, “goods” is defined as “all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than ... investment securities.” 13 Pa.Cons.Stat. § 2105(a). In fact, the Pennsylvania UCC contains a separate provision dealing solely with investment securities. See 13 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 8101, et seq. Thus, by comparing this statute to the UCC, the district court determined that the definition of goods under the UTP/CPL does not include investment securities.
IV.
Accordingly, the district court committed no error in its order dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint. The dismissal of the action, however, is without prejudice to the plaintiffs’ right to invoke the claims they have raised in this proceeding as defenses to any suit brought by the Trust to collect upon the notes referred to in this action.
Each side to bear its own costs.