Afrow v. Cumberland Farms, Inc.

5 Mass. L. Rptr. 581
CourtMassachusetts Superior Court
DecidedApril 11, 1996
DocketNo. CA 951669A
StatusPublished

This text of 5 Mass. L. Rptr. 581 (Afrow v. Cumberland Farms, Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Massachusetts Superior Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Afrow v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., 5 Mass. L. Rptr. 581 (Mass. Ct. App. 1996).

Opinion

Butler, J.

Plaintiff Allan Afrow (Afrow) asserts claims for age and handicap discrimination, wrongful termination, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and slander, arising out of the termination of his employment as in-house counsel to defendant Cumberland Farms, Inc. (CFI). Afrow now seeks to compel CFI to respond to interrogatories and document requests. Afrow’s motion for leave to file a memorandum in excess of twenty pages is ALLOWED. After a hearing and consideration of the submissions by the parties, it is ORDERED that, subject to a confidentialiiy order, Afrow’s motion to compel is ALLOWED as to Interrogatories 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and 21, and Document Request Nos. 8, 19, 20, 21, and 23; but is DENIED as to Interrogatory 16 and Document Request No. 10.

DISCUSSION

I. Objections based on attorney-client privilege.

In response to interrogatories inquiring whether CFI alleged that Afrow’s job performance was unsatisfactory, CFI stated that Afrow’s “job performance was unsatisfactory because (1) some of his legal work was of poor quality; (2) he relied too heavily on outside counsel and did not properly monitor outside legal costs; and (3) he was too slow in delivery of work product.” CFI refused to further elaborate on the “details” of its dissatisfaction, claiming that these “details” are contained in Afrow’s work product, and thus protected by attorney client privilege. Afrow now seeks to compel CFI to answer Interrogatories 6 and 7, and to produce documents in response to Document Request Nos. 21 and 23, all of which relate to the “details” of CFI’s claimed dissatisfaction with Afrow’s performance.

CFI maintains on one hand that it had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating Afrow, see Blare v. Husky Injection Molding Systems Boston, Inc., 419 Mass. 437, 441-42 (1995), that does not involve dissatisfaction with Afrow’s performance: a corporate restructuring. On the other hand, when given the opportunity at the hearing on this motion, CFI declined to stipulate that Afrow’s performance had been satisfactory. See id., at 441 (noting that plaintiff has the burden as a part of his prima facie case to show that he performed his job at an acceptable level). Therefore, the court must consider that Afrow’s job performance is at issue in this action.

Recently, in GTE Products Corp. v. Stewart, 421 Mass. 22 (1995), the Supreme Judicial Court discussed the circumstances under which in-house counsel may reveal client confidences and secrets in [582]*582pursuing a wrongful discharge claim. Following the reasoning of the Supreme Court of California in General Dynamics Corp. v. Rose, 7 Cal. 4th 1164 (1994), the Court concluded that in-house counsel may pursue a claim where there otherwise would be a right of action had the employee not been a lawyer. GTE Products Corp., at 29. Although made in the context of a claim for wrongful discharge arising from the performance of an action compelled by a clearly defined public policy, CFI concedes that the ruling applies to a claim under G.L.c. 151B, as well.2

The Court in GTE Products Corp. limited the circumstances under which in-house counsel may bring a wrongful discharge claim, however, to those in which “the claim can be proved without any violation of the attorney’s obligation to respect the client confidences and secrets,” citing S.J.C Rule 3.07, Canon 4, DR 4-101(A) and (B). Id. at 30, 32. The Court noted that certain rare instances exist when disclosure of confidences or secrets is permitted, including those “necessary to . .. defend himself. . . against an accusation of wrongful conduct.” Id. at 31 n.12, citing S.J.C Rule 3.07, DR 4-101(C)(4).3

CFI argues that federal case law weighs against Afrow’s ability to discover privileged documents, citing Rand v. CF Industries, Inc., 42 F.3d 1139, 1145 (7th Cir. 1994) (age discrimination suit); and Kier v. Commercial Union Ins. Cos., 808 F.2d 1254, 1256-57 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1029 (1987) (age discrimination suit). The courts in these cases were critical of allowing in-house counsel to pursue a wrongful discharge claim because of the clear right of a client to discharge his attorney. However, the Supreme Judicial Court declined to follow this reasoning in GTE Products Corp., supra, 421 Mass. at 26-29.

Powers v. Chicago Transit Authority, 890 F.2d 1355, 1360-61 (7th Cir. 1989) (suit under §42 U.S.C 1983 by White attorney claiming so-called “reverse discrimination”), also cited by the defendants, does not offer support for CFI’s position. Powers is distinguishable in that the privileged document was not prepared by the plaintiff in-house counsel but by another in-house attorney, it was obtained for the plaintiff by an unidentified third party, and it was widely disseminated by the plaintiff over the defendant’s objections.

The court concludes that because job performance at an acceptable level is an essential element of Afrow’s claim, and because CFI refused to stipulate that Afrow’s job performance will not be contested in this action, disclosure of only those matters which CFI contends support its position that Afrow’s job performance was not satisfactory is necessary for Afrow to defend himself against the accusation of wrongful conduct. Stated another way, the privilege is overridden, in a limited fashion and in the interest of justice, by Afrow’s need for discovery to protect the clearly defined public policy expressed in c. 15IB.4 CFI’s concern that it will be forced to produce “thousands of pages of documents relating to hundreds of matters on which Afrow worked” is unfounded. Afrow does not seek to discover all work product, but documents responsive to Afrow’s discoveiy requests concerning the “details” of CFI’s dissatisfaction with Afrow’s job performance. CFI is ordered to respond to Interrogatories 6 and 7, and Document Request Nos. 21 and 23, subject to the court’s confidentiality order.

II. Information concerning other complaints of discrimination

In Interrogatories 10, 11, and 12, and related Document Request Nos. 8, 19 and 20, Afrow seeks discovery on complaints of age or handicap discrimination by other employees or applicants for employment, from 1989 to present; and on other employees terminated by CFI, from 1988 to present.5 CFI objects to the requests as overbroad and unduly burdensome, and not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. CFI seeks to limit production of information to decisions made by Lily Bentas, whom CFI contends was the decisionmaker in this case.

In this action, Afrow has asserted claims of discrimination against more than one member of CFI’s senior management. Further, the court is not convinced by CFI’s suggestion that Afrow seeks information to assemble statistical data, which CFI maintains is of limited value in a disparate treatment case.

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Related

John Powers v. The Chicago Transit Authority
890 F.2d 1355 (Seventh Circuit, 1989)
General Dynamics Corp. v. Superior Court
876 P.2d 487 (California Supreme Court, 1994)
Hooker v. Tufts University
581 F. Supp. 98 (D. Massachusetts, 1983)
Bratt v. International Business MacHines Corp.
467 N.E.2d 126 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1984)
GTE Products Corp. v. Stewart
610 N.E.2d 892 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1993)
Blare v. Husky Injection Molding Systems Boston, Inc.
646 N.E.2d 111 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1995)
GTE Products Corp. v. Stewart
421 Mass. 22 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1995)

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5 Mass. L. Rptr. 581, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/afrow-v-cumberland-farms-inc-masssuperct-1996.