NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 9 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ADAN DIAZ MORENO, No. 19-72403
Petitioner, Agency No. A047-253-666
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted January 8, 2024 ** San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,*** TASHIMA, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
Last year, we held that Arizona’s statute criminalizing the possession of drug
paraphernalia, A.R.S. § 13-3415, is divisible by drug type. Romero-Millan v.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Garland, 46 F.4th 1032 (9th Cir. 2022). As a result, if a noncitizen is convicted of
violating the statute and his offense relates to a drug regulated under the Controlled
Substance Act (CSA), he is removable. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i).
Such is the case with Adan Diaz Moreno, who was convicted of violating
A.R.S. § 13-3415, admitted during his plea colloquy that his offense related to his
possession of cocaine, and was later subject to removal proceedings. Diaz Moreno
asks us to overturn Romero-Millan and find A.R.S. § 13-3415 indivisible. He also
asks us to conclude that, even if the Arizona statute is divisible, his plea colloquy
alone cannot establish his violation of the CSA. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252 and consider de novo the question of whether Diaz Moreno’s conviction
renders him removable. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Romero-Millan, 46 F.4th at
1040. The parties are familiar with the facts, so we discuss them here only where
necessary. We deny Diaz Moreno’s petition.
1. Our decision in Romero-Millan is binding, and a three-judge panel cannot
overrule binding circuit precedent unless it is clearly irreconcilable with intervening
Supreme Court authority. Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en
banc). Because Romero-Millan was not overturned by an en banc decision and Diaz
Moreno cites no intervening Supreme Court authority, we are bound by Romero-
Millan’s holding that A.R.S. § 13-3415 is divisible. Our analysis of the divisibility
of A.R.S. § 13-3451 in Romero-Millan was not dicta. It was the central issue of the
2 case. It is therefore not appropriate to “re-visit” or “correct” the issue without en
banc review or intervening Supreme Court authority.
It is true that the question of divisibility “remains a question of state law as to
which the Supreme Court of Arizona remains the ultimate authority. Should it later
decide the underlying question differently, such as by deciding that jury unanimity
as to drug type was not required for a conviction under § 13-3415, it is that court’s
decision that must be followed.” Romero-Millan, 46 F.4th at 1044 n.7. But the two
sources that Diaz Moreno cites—his own conviction record and a statement by the
Arizona Attorney General’s Office—are not decisions of the Arizona Supreme Court
and therefore do not affect our holding in Romero-Millan.
Nor do new facts allow us to disregard binding law. Diaz Moreno cites
Lorenzo v. Whitaker, 752 F. App’x 482, 485 (9th Cir. 2019) and United States v.
Rodriguez-Gamboa, 972 F.3d 1148, 1155 (9th Cir. 2020) alongside the “concrete
facts” of his own conviction record and a statement by Arizona’s Attorney General.
In Lorenzo—an unpublished, nonbinding decision—we determined that a California
criminal statute prohibiting optical and geometric isomers of methamphetamine was
not a categorical match for the CSA, because the CSA only prohibited optical
isomers. 752 F. App’x at 485-86. Later, in Rodriguez-Gamboa, we held that
because geometric isomers of methamphetamine do not exist, the statutes were, in
fact, categorical matches. 972 F.3d at 1151-55. Diaz Moreno takes these two
3 decisions to mean that we can “correct” legal determinations without calling for an
en banc hearing. But Diaz Moreno misses a crucial issue here: because Lorenzo
was unpublished, its holding was not binding precedent, see Ninth Cir. Rule 36-3(a)
(“Unpublished dispositions . . . are not precedent . . .”), and the Rodriguez-Gamboa
panel had nothing to “correct.”
Because this panel is bound to our decision in Romero-Millan that A.R.S. §
13-3415 is divisible, Diaz Moreno’s argument fails.
2. Diaz Moreno was convicted of an offense involving cocaine. Yet he argues
that because his record does not identify a specific drug as an element of his offense,
the DHS cannot sustain its deportability charge. The government points out that
Diaz Moreno admitted to possessing cocaine in his plea colloquy, but Diaz Moreno
claims this cannot by itself show that his offense involved a drug regulated by the
CSA.
Because A.R.S. § 13-3415 is divisible, we apply a modified categorical
approach. To determine “what crime, with what elements, a defendant was
convicted of,” we may look to the “statutory definition, charging document, written
plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the
trial judge to which the defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13,
16 (2005); Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 500, 505–06 (2016). The question,
4 then, is whether Diaz Moreno’s colloquy alone is sufficient to show that he pleaded
guilty to a crime involving cocaine.
It is. Admissions made during a plea colloquy are enough to satisfy the
modified categorical approach. United States v. Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034,
1043 (9th Cir. 2017) (applying the modified categorical approach and determining
that a defendant’s affirmative response to whether he sold cocaine base is sufficient
to show his conviction was for selling cocaine). Diaz Moreno answered
affirmatively when the court asked him whether he was stopped while driving with
a baggie of cocaine, whether he knew the baggie was there, and whether he knew
that it contained cocaine. Therefore, his plea colloquy makes clear that his offense
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 9 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ADAN DIAZ MORENO, No. 19-72403
Petitioner, Agency No. A047-253-666
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted January 8, 2024 ** San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,*** TASHIMA, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
Last year, we held that Arizona’s statute criminalizing the possession of drug
paraphernalia, A.R.S. § 13-3415, is divisible by drug type. Romero-Millan v.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Garland, 46 F.4th 1032 (9th Cir. 2022). As a result, if a noncitizen is convicted of
violating the statute and his offense relates to a drug regulated under the Controlled
Substance Act (CSA), he is removable. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i).
Such is the case with Adan Diaz Moreno, who was convicted of violating
A.R.S. § 13-3415, admitted during his plea colloquy that his offense related to his
possession of cocaine, and was later subject to removal proceedings. Diaz Moreno
asks us to overturn Romero-Millan and find A.R.S. § 13-3415 indivisible. He also
asks us to conclude that, even if the Arizona statute is divisible, his plea colloquy
alone cannot establish his violation of the CSA. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252 and consider de novo the question of whether Diaz Moreno’s conviction
renders him removable. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Romero-Millan, 46 F.4th at
1040. The parties are familiar with the facts, so we discuss them here only where
necessary. We deny Diaz Moreno’s petition.
1. Our decision in Romero-Millan is binding, and a three-judge panel cannot
overrule binding circuit precedent unless it is clearly irreconcilable with intervening
Supreme Court authority. Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en
banc). Because Romero-Millan was not overturned by an en banc decision and Diaz
Moreno cites no intervening Supreme Court authority, we are bound by Romero-
Millan’s holding that A.R.S. § 13-3415 is divisible. Our analysis of the divisibility
of A.R.S. § 13-3451 in Romero-Millan was not dicta. It was the central issue of the
2 case. It is therefore not appropriate to “re-visit” or “correct” the issue without en
banc review or intervening Supreme Court authority.
It is true that the question of divisibility “remains a question of state law as to
which the Supreme Court of Arizona remains the ultimate authority. Should it later
decide the underlying question differently, such as by deciding that jury unanimity
as to drug type was not required for a conviction under § 13-3415, it is that court’s
decision that must be followed.” Romero-Millan, 46 F.4th at 1044 n.7. But the two
sources that Diaz Moreno cites—his own conviction record and a statement by the
Arizona Attorney General’s Office—are not decisions of the Arizona Supreme Court
and therefore do not affect our holding in Romero-Millan.
Nor do new facts allow us to disregard binding law. Diaz Moreno cites
Lorenzo v. Whitaker, 752 F. App’x 482, 485 (9th Cir. 2019) and United States v.
Rodriguez-Gamboa, 972 F.3d 1148, 1155 (9th Cir. 2020) alongside the “concrete
facts” of his own conviction record and a statement by Arizona’s Attorney General.
In Lorenzo—an unpublished, nonbinding decision—we determined that a California
criminal statute prohibiting optical and geometric isomers of methamphetamine was
not a categorical match for the CSA, because the CSA only prohibited optical
isomers. 752 F. App’x at 485-86. Later, in Rodriguez-Gamboa, we held that
because geometric isomers of methamphetamine do not exist, the statutes were, in
fact, categorical matches. 972 F.3d at 1151-55. Diaz Moreno takes these two
3 decisions to mean that we can “correct” legal determinations without calling for an
en banc hearing. But Diaz Moreno misses a crucial issue here: because Lorenzo
was unpublished, its holding was not binding precedent, see Ninth Cir. Rule 36-3(a)
(“Unpublished dispositions . . . are not precedent . . .”), and the Rodriguez-Gamboa
panel had nothing to “correct.”
Because this panel is bound to our decision in Romero-Millan that A.R.S. §
13-3415 is divisible, Diaz Moreno’s argument fails.
2. Diaz Moreno was convicted of an offense involving cocaine. Yet he argues
that because his record does not identify a specific drug as an element of his offense,
the DHS cannot sustain its deportability charge. The government points out that
Diaz Moreno admitted to possessing cocaine in his plea colloquy, but Diaz Moreno
claims this cannot by itself show that his offense involved a drug regulated by the
CSA.
Because A.R.S. § 13-3415 is divisible, we apply a modified categorical
approach. To determine “what crime, with what elements, a defendant was
convicted of,” we may look to the “statutory definition, charging document, written
plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the
trial judge to which the defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13,
16 (2005); Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 500, 505–06 (2016). The question,
4 then, is whether Diaz Moreno’s colloquy alone is sufficient to show that he pleaded
guilty to a crime involving cocaine.
It is. Admissions made during a plea colloquy are enough to satisfy the
modified categorical approach. United States v. Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034,
1043 (9th Cir. 2017) (applying the modified categorical approach and determining
that a defendant’s affirmative response to whether he sold cocaine base is sufficient
to show his conviction was for selling cocaine). Diaz Moreno answered
affirmatively when the court asked him whether he was stopped while driving with
a baggie of cocaine, whether he knew the baggie was there, and whether he knew
that it contained cocaine. Therefore, his plea colloquy makes clear that his offense
involved cocaine.
United States v. Marcia-Acosta, 780 F.3d 1244, 1250 (9th Cir. 2015), is
distinguishable. There, we held that a plea colloquy cannot narrow a state conviction
when it provides facts extraneous to the conviction. Id. at 1255. In Diaz Moreno’s
case, the drug type was not extraneous to the conviction, but rather an element of the
offense. See Romero-Millan, 46 F.4th at 1047 (“[W]e conclude that drug type is an
element of the offense under § 13-3415.”). That cocaine was not mentioned in his
charging documents, plea agreement, or judgment is inconsequential.
United States v. Sahagun-Gallegos, 782 F.3d 1094, 1100 (9th Cir. 2015), is
likewise distinguishable. There, we held that a defendant’s attorney could not
5 provide the factual basis of conviction when the record did not show that the
defendant assented to the factual basis provided by his attorney. Id. Diaz Moreno,
on the other hand, personally affirmed that 1) when he was arrested, his vehicle had
a baggie of cocaine in it, 2) he knew he had the baggie with him, and 3) he knew the
baggie contained cocaine.1 The plea colloquy is clear: Diaz Moreno admitted that
his conviction involved cocaine, an element of the offense. This admission was not
“based only on the prosecutor’s recitation of underlying conduct” as Diaz Moreno
claims, but was based on his own affirmation that his arrest involved his possession
of cocaine.
Because A.R.S. § 13-3415 is divisible by drug type, Diaz Moreno’s plea
colloquy established the drug type for which he was convicted, and that drug type is
a controlled substance under the CSA, the agency properly determined that Diaz
Moreno was convicted of a § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) controlled substance offense.
PETITION DENIED.
1 Diaz Moreno argues that his “silence does not turn facts into elements[.]” But Diaz Moreno was not silent—he answered the judge’s questions with three verbal “yes” answers. Nor were the questions all “compound questions identifying seven different facts[.]”