Adams v. Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad

77 Miss. 194

• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
• Decided: March 15, 1899
• Status: Published

Opinions

Whiteield, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

The question which lies at the foundation of this case is this: Conceding for argument’s sake that the L., N. O. & T. R. E. Co. had an exemption from taxation, did the consolidation of that railroad with the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company on October 24, 1892, create a new corporation, as of that date, and thus result in the cutting off of said exemption by sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 ? If this question be answered in the affirmative, then, obviously, the! contention of the state must prevail throughout, without regard to any other questions in the case. The power to consolidate must be granted by the state, and permission to consolidate, so granted, is not a contract, but a mere license. 6 Am. & Eng. Enc. L. (2d ed.), p. 802; Pearsall v. G. N. Ry. Co., 161 U. S., 667; Louisville, etc., Railroad Co. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S., 695; Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 312.

These railroad companies were perfectly free to consolidate or not. The L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co., if it bad a legal exemption, could have retained it by simply retaining the precise corporate existence it then bad. Sec. 181 of const, of 1890. Consolidation was voluntary on their part* and effected subject to tbe law and constitution then in force. What the effect of consolidation is depends upon the will and purpose, not of the corporation, but of the state speaking through the legislature. .

Great stress has been laid upon the provisions of sec. 5, acts of 1882, p. 843, to the effect that the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. might consolidate Avith other railroad companies “upon such terms as they may agree upon.” But this simply meant “such terms as they, the companies, might agree upon,” consistent with the laAv as announced in their charters, and otherwise. The charter of the Memphis & Vicksburg Railroad Company, one of the constituents of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co., expressly stipulates any consolidation shall be “on such terms as may be consistent Avith the powers conferred on said company.” Substantially identical language with the language of sec. 5, supra, occurred in the charters under consideration in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., at p. 309, top of the page, and Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 U. S., at p. 361, and in many other cases. These Avords, “upon such terms as they may agree upon,” are not neAV. They perhaps appear substantially in all grants of power to consolidate railroad or other corporations — as, for example, in the Atlanta, etc., Railroad Go. v. State, 63 Ga., at p. 486. They have no magic in them. They are plain, everyday phrases, and relate alone to the mere administratrve details attending the consolidation of corporations, which must, of course, be left' to the officers of such corporations, and with which the legislature cannot be burdened; and they convey no substantive' powers or rights. These must be found, if anywhere, expressly set forth by-the legislature in the charters in*the first instance, ancl not delegated to tbe corporations,, to be worked out under the gloss of these mere administrative phrases. Whether, therefore, the union of these two corporations resulted in consolidation and the creation of a new corporation, or in mere merger of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co. with the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. is to be found, not in this phrase so much relied on, but in the clear purpose of the legislature. The articles of consolidation are to be carefully looked to, of course, but they must conform in what they do, if valid, to the purpose of the legislature as to what the effect of the consolidation shall be. Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 305; Central Railroad Co. v. Louisiana, 92 U. S., 660.

Let us inquire, then, what the effect of this consolidation was; and, first, WLat railroads entered into this consolidation \ The L., N. 0. & T. R. R. Co. and the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. What was the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co. % It is described in the “Articles of Consolidation” as “The Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Company, a corporation of the states of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana of the first part;” and it is further expressly declared in said articles that the consolidation is effected “under and by virtue of the charters of the respective states of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana, in such case made and provided,” etc. The two ends of this railroad are in Louisiana and Tennessee, Now, what are the laws touching consolidation in these states, “in such case made and provided ?” Of course we deal here exclusively with the Mississippi corporation under our laws; but the laivs of Louisiana and Tennessee are expressly referred to as having been held in mind in effecting this consolidation, and they will materially aid us in solving this question. The road, with ail its property, was a unit in the three states. If the effect of the consolidation in Tennessee and Louisiana was known necessarily to be the creation of a new corporation, it hardly comports with reason to suppose that any different consolidation would have been sought at the hands of the Mississippi legis-ture or granted by it, if sought; and so we shall find'it to be. The act No. 157 of 1874 of Louisiana, set forth in 40 La. Ann., p. 385, a general law, expressly provides that “any two business [companies] may consolidate said corporations and form one consolidated company, holding, etc., all property, etc., belonging to each, and under such corporate name as they may agree upon; and a certificate of the fact of such consolidation,' with the name of the consolidated company, shall be filed and recorded in the office of the secretary of state.” This is like the Ohio and Missouri statutes, referred to in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 308-310, and they were all held to provide for a consolidation resulting in a new corporation. Board v. Gaslight Company, 40 La. Ann., 384. The provisions of the Tennessee code (Mill. & Y.), 1884, §§ 1263-1270, are stronger and more explicit still in necessitating the creation of a new corporation, § 1270 expressly declaring that no exemption from taxation of any constituent company should pass to the consolidated company. The Tennessee and Louisiana ends of the L., N. O. & T. E. R. are integral parts now of the present Y. & M. V. R. R. As to these ends, under Louisiana and Tennessee law, the present Y. & M. V. R. R. is undoubtedly a now corporation. How, then, can this corporation — the present Y. & M. V., an entire corporation — be one new corporation, with stock of but one corporation, the new one, in Louisiana and Tennessee; and, in Mississippi, not one new corporation, and having double stock of both constituent roads? As counsel very pertinently asks: “Which is Tennessee stock, which is Louisiana stock, and which is Mississippi stock ?”

What, now!, are the provisions of Mississippi law as to this consolidation? The L., N. O. & T. had itself no power to consolidate, and it is conceded that this consolidation of the L., N. O. & T. with the Y. & M. V. did not take place under sec. 1 of the act of 1882 — the charter of the L., N. 0. & T. — ■ but that the power of consolidation authorized by that section was exhausted in the consolidation of the Baton Bouge Bail-road with the Ml & V. B. B., forming the L., N. O. & T. B. B. The provisions of Jaw we look to, then, as authorizing the consolidation under consideration are sec. 16 of the acts of 1870, p. 326, the charter of the Memphis & Vicksburg Bailroad Company; sec. 25 of the acts of 1882, p. 932, the charter of the N. O., B. B., V. & M. B. B. Co., the Baton Bouge charter; and sec 5 of the acts of 1882, pp. 842, 843, the Tazoo & Mississippi A^alley Bailroad charter. The language of said section 16 is as follows: “That said company shall have the right and power to consolidate the stock, property, and franchises of the road with any other road of roads, in or out of this state, at any time that the president and directors of the road may deem proper, and upon such terms as may be consistent with the powers conferred upon said company.” We understand the well-settled rule of law, as declared by the supreme court of the United States to be that a consolidation of stock resrdts uniformly and necessarily in the creation of a new corporation. Clearwater v. Meredith, 1 Wall., 25; Savannah, etc., Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 U. S., 361, 363, 364; Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 308; St. Louis, etc., Railway Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S., 466-473; Green’s Brice’s Ultra Vires, note at p. 538.

In 98 U. S., supra, at pp. 363, 364, the court says “that generally, the effect of consolidation, as distinguished from a union by merger of one company into another, is to work' a dissolution of the companies consolidating, and to create a new corporation out of the elements of the former, is asserted in many cases, and it seems to be a necessary result. In McMahan v. Morrison, 16 Ind., 172, the effect of a consolidation was said to he a dissolution of the corporations previously existing, and at the same instant the creation of a new corporation, with property, liabilities, and stockholders derived from those passing out of existence. So in Lauman v. Lebanon, etc., Railroad Co., 30 Pa. St., 42, the court said: ‘Consolidation is a surrender of the old charter by the companies, the acceptance thereof by the legislature, and the formation of a new company out of such portions of the old as enter into the new.’ This court, in Clearwater v. Meredith, 1 Wall., 40, expressed its approval of what was said in the former of these cases. It is true these expressions have-not all the weight of authority, for they were not necessary to the decisions made, but they are worthy of consideration, and they are in accordance with what seems to be sound reason.” Justice Strong’, who delivered this opinion, also delivered the opinion in 92 U. S., where, at p. 611, he referred, in the spirit of criticism, to these cases. It is, therefore, noteworthy that three years later, after fuller consideration, he says, speaking for a unanimous court: “They are in accordance with sound reason.” The authority in 98 U. S., 361, was to “consolidate their stocks upon such terms as might be agreed upon by the directors and ratified by a majority of the stockholders,” and it was unanimously held that it was not merger, as in 92 IT. S., 665, nor alliance or confederation, but consolidation, resulting in the formation of a new company. Said the court, at p. 364: “When, as in this case, the stock of two companies is consolidated, the stockholders become partners, or quasi partners, in a new concern. Each set of stockholders is shorn of the power which, as a separate body, it liad before. Its action is controlled by a power outside of itself. To illustrate: The stockholders of the Savannah & Albany Kailroad Company could not, after consolidation, have exercised any of the powers or franchises they had prior to their consolidation with the stockholders of the Atlantic & Gulf Kailroad Company. They could not have built their road or controlled its management. They could not, therefore, have pei’formed the duties which, by their original charter, were imposed upon them; those duties could only have been performed by another organization, composed partly of themselves and partly of others. Their powers, their franchises, and their privileges were therefore gone, no longer capable of exercise or enjoyment. Gone where? Into the new organization, the consolidated company, wbicb exists alone by virtue of the legislative grant and which has all its powers, facilities, and privileges by virtue of the consolidation act. What, then, was left of the old companies ? Apparently nothing. They must have passed out of existence, and the new company must have succeeded to their rights and their duties; but the new company comes into existence' under a fresh grant. Not only its being, but its powers, franchises, and immunities, are grants of the legislature which gave it its existence.” Since, then, a consolidation of the stock of two corporations means the creation of a new corporation, it necessarily follows that the power to consolidate given by this sec. 16, supra, did not authorize a merger oy any consolidation except such as resulted in the formation of a new company. The next source of power to consolidate is sec. 25, acts of 1882, p. 932, supra. That provides “that the company shall have power and authority to . . . .consolidate the company with any other company, under the name [not under the name and 'charter, as in 92 U. S., 667] of one or both ; but when such . . . consolidation is effected, the said company shall be entitled to all the benefits, rights, franchises, lands, and property of every, description belonging to said road or roads so' consolidated.” The language here sharply distinguishes between the old companies and the new, in a way that makes it perfectly clear the legislature meant the consolidation to result in the creation of a new corporation. Said company, that is the new consolidated company, may be under' the name of one, but not the charter of one; on the contrary, it, said company, shall be entitled to all the benefits, etc., belonging to said roads— all of them so consolidated. Manifestly the legislative purpose here was the consolidation of two or more companies into one new company. No power can be found here for merger. The next source of power to consolidate is sec. 5 of the acts of 1882, p. 843, which provides: “Said company may con-solídate with any other railroad company in or out of the State of Mississippi, upon such terms as the consolidated company may agree upon; and upon any such consolidation the consolidated company shall have and enjoy all the property, lights, privileges, powers, liberties, and immunities and franchises herein granted ; but such consolidation shall not have the effect of exempting from taxation the railroad or property owned by such other consolidated company prior to its consolidation with the company hereby chartered, nor of exempting from taxation any property which the consolidated company may, after such consolidation, acquire under the provisions of the charter of such other consolidating company.” Clearly here, also, it is consolidation and not merger which is provided for, and such consolidation as should result in a new company, a “consolidated company which should” enjoy all the property, etc., of its previously existing constituent companies. It will not fail to be noted that in none of these acts is the word “merger” ever used. Always and everywhere it is “consolidation” alone that is authorized. If merger merely was intended, what was easier than to have used the words appropriate to manifest that intention? Why this careful and exclusive use of the word “consolidation?” And not of this word only, but of other terms indicating a clear intention to create a new consolidated company? We conclude, therefore, on a review of the statutes authorizing the consolidation under review that, so far as the purpose of the legislature was concerned, it was its clear purpose that consolidation, and not merger, should occur, and such consolidation as should result in the creation of a new corporation.

Counsel for the railroad company relies on three authorities especially to show that what the legislature here intended was merger: Tomlinson v. Branch, 15 Wall., 460; Central Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 92 U. S., 666; and Meyer v. Johnson, 53 Ala., 313. But in Tomlinson v. Branch, Mr. Justice Bradley properly characterized what was done as “amalgamation,” which, is merger, and not consolidation (15 Wall., 463), and the act of the legislature expressly provided for merger. It provided (p. 463) that “'the-said South Carolina Canal & Railroad Company shall be merged in the said South Carolina Railroad Company,” and provided expressly that the South Carolina Railroad Company should retain its autonomy and previous existence. There was no room for construction in this case, and it was conceded on all hands that what occurred was merger. So in Central Railroad Co. v. Georgia, it was expressly provided (92 U. S., 671) that the union should take place under “the name and charter of the Central Railroad & Ranking Company.” Merger was clearly provided for (pp 671-3); and in Meyer v. Johnson, 53 Ala., the court lay stress upon the word “unite” (p. 318) — “wei*e united with those of the Alabama Company and vested in it, so as to enable it [called in the contract the consolidated company, because their franchises were consolidated with it],” etc. — a case, again, of merger. The authorities are wholly inapplicable to a case like this, where the statutes all sedulously avoid the word “merger,” exclusively use the word “consolidate,” and accompany that word, definite enough in itself, with other provisions, which leave no doubt that consolidation, resulting in the creation of a new corporation, was intended. Turning now from, the legislative purpose, let us see what was actually done in pursuance of this power to consolidate.

1. The stock of the two companies was consolidated. Learned counsel for the railroad insists that the testimony of Welling shows that the stock was never exchanged. He is mistaken in this. Welling does so state, but on cross-examination expressly declares on this very point, “I do not know as to- that question, I do not recall the fact just what was done;” and he is a witness for the railroads. This falls far short of showing that the stock was not exchanged; the other testimony shows it was.

2. The deed of consolidation, on its face, provides for and creates a new organization and new officers. See articles 4, 5, 6, 7, and S.

3. The fifth article of consolidation conveys all the “rights . . . . ' property, etc., of every kind belonging to either of the parties ... to the consolidated company, without any further act, deed, or conveyance,” distinguishing clearly between the two previous companies — “either of the parties”— and the new company, the grantee, the “consolidated company.”

4. The articles of incorporation themselves on their face declare that doubt exists as to the effect of what has been done, and conclude most significantly: “’But whatever may be the legal consequence of the consolidation herein provided for, this agreement is to stand and be effective.” This is pregnant with meaning. The railroad companies knew that the only power the legislature ‘had given was to so consolidate as to create a new corporation, and that under sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 the exemption, if any existed, would be cut off. They knew the only word used was “consolidate” in all the legislative acts, and that merger and consolidation are very distinct and different things; and yet, not conforming to the power, but seeking to carry the exemption in spite of it, they used the words “unite, merge, and consolidate,” and say that “such consolidation shall be effected by uniting or merging the stock, property, and franchises of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co. with and into the stock, property, and franchise of the said Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. without disturbing the corporate existence of the last named company, or the formation of any new, distinct corporation, unless such result shall be necessary to give legal effect to this agreement; but whatever may be the legal consequence of the consolidation herein provided for, this agreement is to stand and be effective.” Doubtless they desired to merge; but the legislature had only authorized consolidation, and such .consolidation as necessarily resulted in the creation of a new corporation, and they could only lawfully do -what the legislature in fact authorized, not what they might wish to do; and the words “consolidate upon such terms as they might agree upon” mean that the thing done must be consolidation, but the mere administrative details of uniting the two into one new.corporation were left to the companies. Names count for nothing; it is substance courts look to. Consolidation resulting in the creation of a new corporation is what the legislature authorized, is what the articles of consolidation actually effected, and it is utterly beyond the power of the railroad companies to change the essential nature of what was done by calling it “merger.”

We have not adverted to all the considerations sustaining this view. The closer the analysis of the articles of consolidation and of the action of the authorities of the two companies, the more indisputably it appears that such consolidation as resulted in the creation of a new corporation was precisely what was effected. The notice for a meeting of the stockholders called for August 1, 1893, is a meeting of the stockholders of the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. The minutes recite that it was a meeting of the stockholders of the Y. & M. Y. R. R. Co., and gives the number of shares and names of the holders; and all this.is true also of the meeting of*stockholders of October 1, 1893. Again, on August 1, .1893, a resolution was passed “that the stock, property, and franchises of said two corporations had been merged or united in one single corporation under the corporate name of the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co.” Another resolution was passed, reciting that the Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. was the “successor” or assignee of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co. Of course the mere name — Y. & 3£. Y. R. R. Co. — is utterly immaterial in determining whether it is attached to the same old company, known as the Y. & M. Y. R. R. Co., or to the consolidated company, the new company, and this action of the stockholders, as well as the articles of consolidation, pointed clearly to the same result — consolidation, and not merger. The hew company was the successor or assignee of the two old companies, and tbe language of Mr. Justice Brown, of tbe supreme court of tbe United States, in Keokuk, v. etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 309, fits in here as if uttered for this case: “It is impossible to conceive of a corporation existing without stock or certificates representing tbe interests of the corporators in the organization. Now, if tbe act provides [the deed in the case at bar] that these certificates shall be surrendered and certificates in another company issued in their place, what becomes of the prior companies? Who are their stockholders ? Who their officers ? [The deed in this case appoints an entirely new set of officers. See charter book, pp. 731, 732.] If the stock in the new company is sold, what interest in the prior company passes by the sale? There can be but one answer to these questions. The property and franchises of the prior companies are gone, as much as if they had surrendered their charters. The new company doubtless received by transmission from its constituent companies their property, rights, privileges, and franchises, including any immunity from taxation; but it receives them as an heir receives the estate of his ancestor, or as a grantee receives the estate of a grantor — by inheritance, succession, or purchase. The result is not a mere union of partnership of two companies, nor the merger of franchises of one in another, but the extinguishment of one and the creation of another in its place. It follows from this that when the new corporation came into existence, it came precisely as if it had been organized under a charter granted at the date of the consolidation and subject to the constitutional provisions then existing.” To the same effect, also, is St. Louis, etc., Railway Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S., 469-475.

Art. 2 of the articles of consolidation is as follows: “The corporate name of the said consolidated company shall be the Yazoo & Mississippi Yallev Company.” Articles 4 to 8, inclusive, are as follows:

“Art. 4. Every holder of the stock of either of the said companies now outstanding shall be entitled to cast one vote for each share of stock held by him in the stockholders’ meet' ings of the consolidated company, which vote may be cast either in person or by proxy, and shall have all the rights of a stockholder of the consolidated company as fully as if new shares of the consolidated company had been issued and exchanged therefor; and in case the consolidated company -shall determine to issue new shares, such shares shall be exchangeable at par for the now outstanding shares of each of the constituent companies; and the remainder of the capital stock of the consolidated company shall be issued from time to time, and upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the board of directors of said company.

“Art. 5. All and singular the rights, powers, privileges, immunities, and franchises, and all the railroads, real and personal estate, easements, fixtures, equipments, ehoses in action, and property and assets of every kind, nature, or description belonging to either of the parties hereto, shall be vested in and become the property of the said consolidated company, without any further act, deed, conveyance, or assurance being required in the premises.

“Art. 6. The affairs of the consolidated company shall be managed by a board of directors, which shall consist of such a number of members, not less than five, as the company may determine from time to time, each of whom shall be a stockholder, and one of them a resident of the State of Mississippi, one of Tennessee, and one of Louisiana. The members shall be divided into three equal classes, as nearly as practicable. Successors, for the term of three years, shall be chosen for those belonging to the first class at the first annual meeting of the stockholders held after this consolidation shall have been effected; for those who belong to the second class, at the next annual meeting, and for those belonging to the third class, at the next succeeding annual meeting of the stockholders. Each director successively chosen shall continue in office until his successor is elected. Vacancies in the board, caused otherwise than by expiration of term for wliicli the retiring director was chosen, may be filled by a vote of a majority of the directors remaining, such appointee to continue in office until the next regular election of directors by the stockholders. The first board of directors shall be composed of the following members, divided into three classes, as follows: First class, Stuyvesant Fish, Adolph Schreiber. W. C. Craig, Chas. A. Peabody, Jr.; second class, John W. Auchinloss, Walther Luttgen, Edward TI. Ilarriman, J. T. Harahan; third class, S. Y. R. Cruger, R. P. Neely, R. 0. Shepherd, John C. Welling.

“Art. 7. The board of directors of said consolidated company shall choose one of their number president, whose term of office shall be one year, or until his successor shall be chosen or qualified. They may also appoint such other officers and agents as they may deem necessary from time to time, and prescribe their duties and compensation; and may provide, by the by-laws to be adopted, such rules and regulations relating to the affairs and business of said company as may be necessary or proper. The said board shall also have power to appoint .an executive committee, of whom the president shall be one ex officio, who shall possess and exercise all the powers and duties of the board of directors when the board is not in session. Until otherwise ordered, the corporate seal of the said consolidated company shall be that of the Yazoo & Mississippi AUilley Railroad Company.

“Art. 8. The said consolidated company shall be, and the same is hereby, authorized and empowered in such a manner and upon such conditions as are permitted by law, to issue its bonds and secure the same, as. well as all bonds heretofore issued by either of the constituent companies, or that have been heretofore or may be hereafter issued by any other railroad company, by mortgage or deed of trust, upon all or any of its railroads, rights, franchises, and property, real and personal, wherever the same may be situated, and whether the same may be owned by said company at the time this consolidation is effected or may be hereafter acquired; and may also exercise any and every other corporate right or power now vested in or which might have been heretofore lawfully exercised by either of said constituent companies.”

It will be seen that said art. 5 itself conveys all the property, rights, and franchises, etc., belonging to either constituent to the consolidated company, without any further act, “deed, conveyance, or assurance being required in the premises,” and in this regard is substantially identical with the provisions in 8 St. Louis, etc.. Railway Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S., 475, and Keokuk, etc.. Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 308, both of which cases hold that a new corporation was created. Tt will be noticed also that art. 6 creates a new organization, and actually names a new set of directors for the consolidated company, who are, under art. 1, to elect officers for the consolidated company. It will be noticed that art. 8 authorizes the new consolidated company to “issue its bonds and secure the same, as well as all bonds heretofore issued by either of the constituent companies,” and further provides “that the consolidated company shall exercise any and every other corporate right or power now vested in, or which might have been heretofore lawfully exercised by, either of said constituent companies,” clearly drawing the distinction between the two previous constituent companies and the new consolidated company; and it will further be specially noticed, and to this we direct the closest attention, that art. 4 provides “that every holder of the stock of either of the said companies now outstanding shall be entitled to cast one vote for each share of stock held by him, in stockholders’ meetings of the consolidated company, and shall have all the rights of a stockholder of the consolidated company as fully as if new shares of the consolidated company had been issued and exchanged therefor.” Now, it is clearly admitted by both sides that the L., N. 0. & T.' Railroad Company was dissolved and became extinct. The L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company had 50,000 shares of stock; tbe T. & M. Y. bad 6,000 shares of stock, and if anything is certain, it is undoubted that it is a metaphysical and legal impossibility that a corporation with 6,000 shares of stock could absorb one with 50,000 shares, and allow one vote to each share. It is well said by counsel for the revenue agent: “The voting power of the latter is more than eight times that of the former, and it could absorb the former and seven more like it, and no legislative declaration or judicial dictum could alter this fact, for it is founded in the nature of things. The deed of consolidation provides for the contingency, and says whatever the effect, that consolidation shall stand and be effective. What is then effected? If the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company is extinguished and the voting power of each share of stock is equal, and extends equally over all the property, rights, operations, and franchises of the consolidated company, you may put in. what name, or call it what you may, but the actual result is a complete and perfect consolidation with the combined voting power of both. On© cannot absorb 8-J, but one and 8-J can make 9^,_a new number.”

We have thus far been discussing two things: the purpose of the legislature in authorizing the consolidation, and what was actually done in pursuance of that authority, and it is perfectly clear that what the legislature authorized, and what was actually created in fact in pursuance of that authorization, was consolidation of such character as resulted in the creation of a new company under the name of the T. & M. Y. Railroad Company; that the Y. & hi. Y. Railroad Company with which we now deal is not the old Y. & M. Y. Railroad Company— one of the constituent members — but is the new Y. & M. Y. Railroad Company, a new consolidated company, taking its grant of corporate rights from date of said consolidation, October 24, 1892, some two years after the constitution of 1890 went into effect. This leaves for. solution on this branch of the case a single inquiry, Did sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 cut off the exemption claimed by. the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company, couceding now for tbe purpose of argument that it ever had any such exemption ? That section is in the words following:

“Section 180. All existing charters or grants of corporate franchise under which organizations have not, in good faith, taken place at the adoption of this constitution, shall be subject to the provisions of this article, and all such charters under which organization shall not take place in good faith, and business be commenced within one year from the adoption of this constitution, shall thereafter have no validity, and every charter or grant of corporate franchise hereafter made shall have no validity unless an organization shall take place thereunder, and business be commenced within two years from the date of such charter or grant.” .

It is too clear for argument that the “power to consolidate is the grant of a corporate franchise.” 2 Morawetz Priv. Cor., sec. 954, p. 903; Ashley v. Ryan, 153 U. S., 436-463. It is not a right but a mere license, .as heretofore shown. It takes effect not as of the date of the charter, but as of the date of the deed of consolidation. Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 308. A corporation can have no status or existence until organized. 1 Morawetz Priv. Oorp., 288. Unless, therefore, the present Y. & M. Y. R. R. Oo. had been organized at the date of the adoption of the constitution, it is settled that it could not possibly have been legally entitled to an exemption at that time. Planters’ Ins. Co., etc., v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 193. A corporate franchise is the right to exist as a corporation. It is the franchise invested in the individual stockholders before a corporation is authorized, authorizing them to form such corporation by organization. This is the precise corporate franchise meant by sec. 180 of the constitution. There is an exact analogy between this corporate franchise authorizing individuals' to organize themselves into a corporation, and the franchise authorizing constituent corporations and artificial persons to organize themselves into a consolidated company, and in tbe one case as in the other, the result of the organization must be a new company. There are various other franchises which may belong to corporations, such as the right to be and operate a railroad after the corporation is organized, receive tolls, etc., but this belongs to the corporation as an artificial person. It is clear, therefore, that the corporate franchise referred to in sec. 180 is the right to exist as a corporation. It is thoroughly settled by the United States supreme court that the effect of sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 was to cut off any exemption claimed, if it ever existed. St. Louis, etc., Railway Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S., 475; Keokuk, etc.. Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 308.

Learned counsel for the railroad companies insist that under sec, 181 of the constitution, and sec. 279, in the schedule of the constitution, this exemption was continued. These sections are in these words:

“Sec. 181. The property of all private corporations for pecuniary gain shall be taxed in the same way, and to the same extent as the property of individuals, but the legislature may provide for the taxation of banks and banking capital by taxing the shares according to the value thereof (augmented by the accumulations, surplus, and unpaid dividends), exclusive of real estate, which shall be taxed as other real estate. Exemptions from taxation to which corporations are legally entitled at the adoption of this constitution, shall remain in full force and effect for the time of such exemptions, as expressed in their respective charters, or by general laws, unless sooner repealed by the legislature.”

Section 279 is as follows:

“Sec. 279. All writs, actions, causes of actions, proceedings, prosecutions, and rights of individuals and bodies corporate, and of the state, and charters of incorporation shall continue, and all indictments which shall have been found, or which shall hereafter be found, and all prosecutions begun, or that may be begun, for any crime or offense committed before tiie adoption of this constitution, may be proceeded with and upon as if no change had taken place.”

This is a wholly mistaken view of these provisions of the constitution: Sec. 181 preserves only such exemptions as cor-' porations fully organized prior to the constitution were legally entitled to at the adoption of the constitution. Its meaning plainly was that if corporations organized and existing at the date of the adoption of the constitution should retain the precise corporate existence they then had, such exemptions as they legally had should continue whilst their corporate organizations remained as they were. It has nothing to do with the preservation of exemption to any corporation existing at the date of the adoption of the constitution which ceased to retain its said precise corporate existence, and became consolidated with another corporation, thereby ceasing to exist. Sec. 279 meant the same thing, to.wit: that charters of incorporation belonging to corporations at the date of the adoption of the constitution were not, in any way, to be infringed by the constitution so long as such corporations retained their precise previous corporate organization. This, and this only, is the whole scope of the two sections. Their plain meaning is in harmony with the whole spirit of the chapter on corporations in the constitution, and cannot be frittered or pared away by ingenuity or refinement.

It was well said by Mr. Justice Brown, in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 312: “But the decisive answer to this objection is that the legislature had no power, in 1869, to extend to a new corporation created by the consolidation an exemption contained in an act passed in 1857, before the constitution was adopted, and, hence, under the terms of this act, we cannot hold that immunity from taxation passed as a franchise or privilege to the consolidated corporation. The construction claimed by the defendant would be directly in the teeth of the constitutional provision that no property shall be exempted from taxation. While, as heretofore observed, an exemption from taxation contained in a charter previously granted could not be taken away by this constitutional provision without the impairment of the obligation of a contract, it doubtless applies to all corporations thereafter formed either by original charter or by the consolidation of prior corporations under the act of 1869.”

It is further clear that if the different charters relied upon had expressly provided by the use of the word “immunity,” or by direct declaration to that effect, that the alleged exemption of the L., N. 0. & T. should pass into the consolidated company, sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 still cut “off the exemption, sincé the constitution is the paramount law of the land, the consolidation have taken place some two years aft exits adoption. It is so expressly held in the Louisville, etc., Railroad Co. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S., 695, and Pearsall v. G. N. Railroad Co., 161 U. S., 667. And, in this view, it, of course, becomes immaterial whether the position of learned counsel for the railroad, that the exemption passes by general law into the consolidated company without express declaration, is correct or incorrect, though we understand the supreme court of the United States to have distinctly held that the sovereign right of taxation does not so pass unless there be either express declaration to that effect, or the use in statutes authorizing the consolidation of the word “immunity.” And that court has distinctly held as “the later and best considered view, sustained by the weight of authority,” that the use of the word franchise, or privilege, or any other word than the word immunity, is not sufficient to embrace .an exemption from taxation. Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 176; Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 304; Covington Turnpike, etc., Co. v. Sanford, 164 U. S., 586; Norfolk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Pendleton, 156 U. S., 172; Pickard v. Tennessee, etc.. Railroad Co., 130 U. S., 640; Railroad Co. v. Palmes, 109 U. S., 244; Home Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U S., 198.

On this very point Mr. Justice Peckham, in Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., p. 178, says: “The inference is sought to be drawn in favor of exemption if the legislature did not affirmatively grant the right to tax. We cannot assent to any such view, and we could come to no such conclusion from an examination of the general statutes cited by counsel. It is a complete overturning of the universal rule in regard to taxation. The power and the right to tax are always presumed, and the exemption is to be clearly granted. Mere silence is the same as á denial of exemption.” Nothing certainly can be clearer than this. Indeed, the opinion of Mr. Justice Peckham in this case is so clear and forcible that we quote from it to adopt the following passages on this particular proposition:

“In Wilson v. Gaines, 9 Bax., 546, it was held by the supreme court of Tennessee that as the state, in its constitution (art. 11, sec. 7, const. 1834) used in the same connection all the words Tights,’ ‘privileges,’ ‘immunities,’ and ‘exemptions,’ each of these words was to be given, in interpretation, a meaning so limited as not to include anything expressed by the others, and that when any one of them is found in a statute, the legislature must be conclusively presumed to have used it in its restricted sense. This decision of the Tennessee court tends very strongly to the idea that the words ‘immunity’ or ‘exemption’ would have been required to secure the exemption to a company in a case like this. It is true that this view was not assented to by this court as being the correct one, in Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S., 139, 146, and it is simply cited for the purpose of showing what the Tennessee court did decide in regard to the meaning of its own constitution in reference to this subject.

“That the legislature was, about the time, freely incorporating various companies and granting them exemption from taxation -with considerable liberality, is not a sufficient reason to induce this court to depart from the universal and well-established rule making a claim for exemption a matter to be proved beyond all doubt. The circumstance which we regard as very significant, and which has already been alluded to, consists in the omission of the word 'immunities’ in the grant to plaintiff in error. That omission we attach great weight to, and the least that can be said of it is that it involves the question in doubt.

“It cannot be denied that the decisions of this court are somewhat involved in relation to this question of exemption. It is difficult in some cases to distinguish the language used in each so far that the different results arrived at by the court can be seen to be founded upon a real difference in the real meaning of such language. The question has sometimes arisen upon the consolidation of different companies, and sometimes upon a sale under a mortgage foreclosure. Among the former is the case of Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 301, where, under the laws of Missouri (sec. 1 of the act of March 2, 1869) there was a provision that the consolidated company should be 'subject to all the liabilities and bound by all the obligations of the companies within this state,’ and 'be entitled to the same franchises and privileges under the laws of this state as if the consolidation had not taken place.’ The question was said to admit of doubt whether, under the name 'franchises and privileges,’ an immunity from taxation passed to the new company. Various cases are cited in the opinion, which was delivered by Mr. Justice Brown, showing the grounds ■ taken by this court in such cases. In Chesapeake, etc., Railway Co. v. Miller, 14 U. S., 176 (a foreclosure case), it decided that an immunity from taxation enjoyed by one railroad company did not pass to the purchaser under the foreclosure of a mortgage, although the act provided that the purchaser should forthwith become a corporation, 'and should succeed to all such franchises, rights, and privileges as would have been had by the original company but for such sale and conveyance.' The case followed that of Morgan v. Louisiana, 93 U. S., 217 (also a foreclosure case), where it was held that the words 'franchises, rights, and privileges,’ did not, necessarily, include a grant of exemption or immunity from taxation. See also, to same effect, Memphis, etc., Railroad Co. v. Railroad Commissioners, 112 U. S., 609. The case of Pickard v. Tennessee, etc., Railroad Co., 130 U. S., 637, 642, may also be referred to, upon the point that exemption, although it might be granted, must be considered as a personal privilege not extending beyond the immediate grantee unless otherwise so declared in express terms, and it was therein declared that such immunity would not pass merely by a conveyance of the property and franchises of a railroad company, although such company might itself hold property exempt from taxation. In that case Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the court, said: ‘It is true there are some cases where the term “privileges” has been held to include immunity from taxation, but that has generally been where other provisions of the act have given such meaning to it. The later, and we think the better, opinion, is that unless other provisions remove all doubt of the intention of the legislature to include an immunity in the term franchise, it will not be so construed. It can have its full force by confining it to other grants to the corporation.’ This language is referred to by Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, in the case of Wilmington, etc., Railroad Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S., 279, where, at page 297, he says: ‘We do not deny that an exemption from taxation may be construed as included in the word “privileges,” if there are other pro visions, removing all doubt of the intention of the legislature in that respect,’ citing the Pickard case.

“Looking at the other side, we find the case of Humphrey v. Pegues, 16 Wall., 244, where there was a grant to a- railroad company of ‘all the rights, powers, and privileges’ granted by the charter of another company, which exempted the property of such other companuy from taxation, and it was held that the property of the first company was thereby also exempted. Mr. Justice Hunt, in delivering the opinion of the court, said that: ‘A more important or more comprehensive privilege than a perpetual immunity from taxation can scarcely be imagined. It contains the essential idea of a peculiar benefit or advantage, or special exemption from a burden falling upon others.’ Again, in Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S., 139, it was held that a right to have shares in its capital stock exempt from taxation within the state was conferred upon a railroad corporation by a state statute granting to it ‘all the rights, powers, and privileges,’ or granting it ‘all the powers and privileges’ conferred upon another corporation named, if the latter corporation possessed by law such right of exemption. The question in that case arose as to the meaning of certain statutes passed by the legislature of Tennessee, resulting in the consolidation of certain railroads therein mentioned. In the course of his opinion, Mr. Chief Justice Waite cites the case of the Philadelphia, etc., Railroad Co. v. Maryland, 16 Now., 376, 393, where Mr. Chief Justice Taney, speaking' of a statute which authorized the union company to have ‘the property, rights, and privileges which that law, or other laws, conferred on them’ (the separate companies, or either of them), said that such language extended to the union company the exemption from taxation contained in the charter of one of the united companies. Mr. Chief Justice Waite, continuing in his opinion, said: ‘As has already been seen, the word “privilege,” in its ordinary meaning, when used in this connection, includes an exemption from taxation.’ The decision of this last case should be confined to the peculiar language used in the various statutes therein cited, wherein, aside from the word ‘privilege,’ it may be argued that, considering all the language used in those statutes, the intention of the legislature to exempt the company named from taxation may fairly well be made out.

“The later cases of Pickard v. Tennessee, etc., Railroad Co., 130 U. S., 637, and Wilmington, etc., Railroad Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S., supra, show that there must be other language than the mere word ‘privilege,’ or other provisions in the statute removing all doubt as to the intention of the legislature, before the exemption will be admitted. The case of Mobile, etc., Railroad Co. v. Tennessee, 158 U. S., 486, adds nothing to the discussion on either side. The particular point was not in that case, but it seems to be cited -by counsel for plaintiffs in error for the purpose of showing what was the general condition of the state at the time of the adoption of the constitution in 1834, and what was the policy of the state in regard to internal improvements, which the constitution declared ought to be encouraged. The incorporation of an insurance company would hardly come within the most liberal meaning of the term ‘internal improvements.’ If this were an original question, we should have no hestitation in holding that the plaintiff in error did not acquire the exemption from taxation claimed by it, and we think at the present time the weight of authority, as well as the better opinion, is in favor of the same conclusion which we should otherwise reach.”

It is impossible for us to add to the elegance, clearness, or force of this reasoning. It will be noted, too, that the court says that the case of Tennessee, v. Whitworth, 117 U. S., 139, “must be confined to the language used in the various statutes therein cited, wherein, aside from the word privilege, it might be argued that, considering all the language used in those statutes, the intention of the legislature to exempt the company named from taxation may fairly well be made out.” Tennessee v. Whitworth seems fairly to be shaken as authority by the later decisions of the supreme court of the United States, and whether it is sound or unsound cuts no figure in this case, since, in that case, no new constitution intervened. The material fact, that in this ease a new constitution does intervene, constitutes the decisive difference between this case and Tennessee v. Whitworth, and makes this case fall -within the principle of Keokuk v. Missouri, and St. Louis v. Berry, supra. See, also, Morgan v. Louisiana, 93 U. S., 223; Mobile, etc., Railroad Co. v. Miller, 114 U. S., 186. We therefore reach the conclusion that the consolidation of the L., N. O. & T. with the Y. & M. V. Railway Co. resulted in the creation of a new corporation, the present Y. & M. Y. R. R. Co., and that consolidation having been effected October 24, 1892, some two years after the constitution of 1890 went into effect, sec. 180 of that constitution effecually cut off the exemption claimed. We entertain no doubt whatever of the entire correctness of this view, but if the doubt existed, the same result must follow in accordance with the well-settled principle that all doubt must be resolved in favor of the taxing power. This principle has never been more emphatically declared than in Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. v. Thomas, 132 U. S., 174, in the following clear-cut language: “Exemptions from taxation are regarded as in derogation of the sovereign authority and of common right, and therefore not to be extended beyond the exact and express requirement of the language used, construed slrictissimi juris.’' It necessarily follows from these views that on this ground alone, standing by itself, apart from all other considerations in this case, we must, and do hold the railroad company not entitled to the exemption claimed except in the particular hereinafter to be mentioned, and this independent ground of decision disposes of the case regardless of all other grounds. It will be observed that we have, in reaching this conclusion, treated consolidation not as in itself meaning necessarily that a new corporation must be created, but have allowed it the latitude of definition sometimes given it, very loosely and improperly, as we think, according to which consolidation may mean'merger, the absorption of one corporation by another. Taking the word even in that sense, as we have done thus far throughout this discussion, we have, nevertheless, found that the purpose of the legislature was such consolidation as meant not merger but the creation of a new corporation, and that the articles of consolidation, together with the action of the stockholders and directors of the two companies, show that what was actually effected was the creation of a new corporation. It is not necessary, therefore, to say that the term consolidation, ex vi termini, imports a creation of a new corporation, though, in onr judgment, such is its true meaning, .as shown by the best considered cases. The loose phrase — “consolidation by merger” — is too vague and confusing to signify anything clearly: one might as well say merger by consolidation, and that equivalency of phrase would give us the equation consolidation^^ merger, which manifestly is nonsense. The term consolidation, where such phrase as consolidation by merger occurs, has, it seems to us, been carelessly confounded with the term amalgamation, as used in England. Amalgamation, in the English sense, probably means about what merger does with us, but it is not consolidation in any proper sense of the term; it is in the interest of clearness of definition that consolidation should be limited to signify such union of two or more corporations as necessarily results in the creation of a third new corporation, and as we understand the decisions, this is what is known as the American doctrine, and the better view. Thus, in Green’s Brice’s Ultra Vires, p. 538, Mr. Green says, summing up in a most learned note: “The term ‘amalgamation’ is seldom applied to corporations in this country. That which takes its place as much as any is ‘consolidation.’ But, though it is difficult accurately to define amalgamation, as commonly used in English law, it certainly has a wider meaning than consolidation h'as with us. Consolidation would, e. g., be inapplicable to a union of two or more companies, in such way that one of the original corporations only was continued in existence, while the other were merged or absorbed in it. The absorption of one corporation by another would, according to some of the decisions, be an amalgamation in England, but it would not be a consolidation here. In McMahan v. Morrison, 1 6 Ind., 172, a case frequently cited with approval in the later decisions, it was said that the effect of the consolidation ‘was a dissolution of the three corporations named, and. at the same instant, the creation of a new corporation, with property, liabilities, and stockholders derived from those then passing out of existence.’ Similarly, in Lauman v. Lebanon, etc., Railroad Co., 30 Pa. St., 42, consolidation is said to amount to ‘a surrender of the old charters by the companies, the acceptance thereof by the legislature, and the formation of a new corporation out of such portions of the old as enter into the new.’ Where, by the terms of the statute and deed, the first corporation was extinguished, the second only continued in existence, this was held not to be ‘an amalgamation or consolidation of the two corporations into one.’ Powell v. Norther a Missouri Railroad Co., 42 No., 63. In the American view, therefore, it would seem that the dissolution of all the old corporations and the creation of one new one are essential to consolidation.”

Nr. Chief Justice Fuller, in Railroad Company v. Alsbrooh, 146 U. S., 279, clearly has this view of consolidation. He says: “And, although the transaction is called by the legislature in the act of 1875, a consolidation, it amounted rather to a merger or an amalgamation, and need not be held to have resulted in a new corporation,” clearly distinguishing between consolidation on the one hand and merger or amalgamation on the other hand as two things in their essential nature wholly different from each other, as undoubtedly they are. So the supreme court of Arkansas distinctly hold in St. Louis v. Berry, 41 Ark., at p. 518, afterwards affirmed by the United States supreme court, saying: “And in the absence of a contrary intention clearly expressed in the law authorizing it, the legal effect of a consolidation is to extinguish the constituent companies and to create a new corporation, with, property, liabilities, and stockholders derived from those then passing out of existence,” citing McMahan v. Morrison, 16 Ind., 172 ; Lauman v. Lebanon R. R. Co., 30 Pa. St., 42; Clearwater v. Meridith, 1 Wall., 25; Shields v. State, 26 Id., 86; same case on error,. 95 U. S., 319; Central R. R. Co. v. Georgia, 92 Id., 665; Railroad Co. v. Maine, 96 Id., 499; Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 Id., 359.

Mr. Justice Strong says in Central Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 U. S., 360, thattbis view of consolidation accords with sound reason, and to the same effect is the Arkansas Milling Co. v. Berry, 44 Ark, 22; Atlanta, etc., Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 63 Ga., 486. As before remarked, however, it is not necessary for ns to bold that the true definition of the word consolidation is such union of tiro or more corporations as necessarily results in the creation of a new corporation. "We merely, remark upon what we think the true definition of the word should be held to be, in the interest of clearness and definiteness in legal phraseology, adding the authorities which restrict its signification, as indicated above.

But it is most earnestly insisted by learned counsel for the railroad company that the case of Railroad Company v. Lambert, 70 Miss., 781, is res adjudicaba of this entire controversy. Except in the single particular to be hereinafter mentioned, this position is wholly untenable. The rule laid down by Mr. Justice Field, of the United States supreme court, in Cromwell v. Sac County, reaffirmed in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri supra, and in New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, 167 U. S., 397, and.in So. Pac. R. R. Co. v. U. S., 168 U. S., at p. 48, is this: “That where the parties are the same, and the subject-matter and cause of action are the same, the estoppel extends not only to what was decided, but to all that might have been decided in that case; but where the parties are substantially the same, but the cause of action different, it only extends to what was necessarily involved, and was actually decided in the first suit,'’ which is the doctrine laid down in the Duchess of Kingston’s case. The parties in the Lambert case were the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company and the sheriff of Adams county, and the subject-matter or cause of action was the tax, state and county, on the part of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad within Adams county; the exemption asserted was under the charter of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company. In this case the parties are the Illinois Central Railroad Company and the Tazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company on the one hand, and the state revenue agent on the other, and the subject-matter is state and county taxes of an entirely different railroad, the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad, and an exemption is claimed under the charter of the L., N. 0. ■& T. Railroad Company, an entirely different charter. It is perfectly manifest, thei*efore, that neither the parties nor the subject-matter are the same, except in the particular to be hereafter mentioned. The thing adjudg’d in the Lambert case was that state and county taxes were not due on that part of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company lying within Adams county. It is true the principle of the decision would extend to the exemption of the whole property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus R. R. Co., but that was not the thing adjudged, and that feature of the decision is persuasive under the doctrine of stare decisis, but not binding as an estoppel under the doctrine of res adjudicada. It is also true that to claim the benefit of res adjudicaba as estoppel in the strict and technical sense, it must be pleaded or offered in evidence. It is further to be remarked that it is not the reason which a court gives for its decision which constitutes estoppel, ’but the thing it adjudges. This is well settled in Buckner v. Calcote, 28 Miss., 432. The property adjudged by a court to a litigant is his thenceforward under the doctrine of res adjudi-caba as a rule of property as against the parties in that same litigation, but the reasons which the court may give for the decision are thereafter simply persuasive under the doctrine of stare decisis, and not in themselves to be invoked as the estoppel. It is a mere confusion of thought to blend these two wholly different principles underlying these legal doctrines," thus practically treating them as the same. Nor are the taxes of any one year the same cause of action as the taxes of any other year in the only proper technical signification to be given to the term res adjudicaba. It is so held by the United States supreme court in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, supra, and in Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., at p. 186. A decision for the taxes of any one year may be invoked under the doctrine of stare decisis, where the taxes of any other year are involved under the same claim. Rut certainly never, on any clear thinking or correct reasoning, under the doctrine of res adjudicaba.

On this very subject the supreme court of Iowa said, in the City of Davenport v. C., R. T. & P. R. R. Co., 38 Iowa, pp. 639, 640: “Each year’s taxes constitute a distinct and separate cause of action, and the determination of the matters involved in the injunction reached no further than the taxes for the years then in question. The cases are unlike those where two causes of action las, two promissory notes) forming the subject-matter of successive actions between the same parties, both growing out of the same transaction, in which a defense set up in the first suit and held good will conclude the parties in the second. But the taxes of separate years do not, in any just sense, grow out of the same transaction. They are like distinct claims on two different promissory notes, made from two distinct and separate though similar transactions between the same parties. A judgment on one of such notes, it is quite clear, would not be of any force as an estoppel in an action on the other note between the same parties. In support of these views see the following cases,” citing twelve cases.

Mr. Justice White says in New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, 167 U. S., p. 371, that this was practically overruled .in Goodenow v. Litchfield, 59 Iowa. But Seevers, chief justice, in that case, says, at p. 236, that the cases are not in conflict. And Rothbroch, judge, in delivering the opinion of the court in the Goodenow case, says, at p. 234: “That (the case in 38 Iowa) was a direct proceeding by the taxing power to collect its revenue, and it may well be questioned. whether any decree could operate upon future assessments and levies,” the very principle announced in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 301.

It will, However, be distinctly observed, and we direct emphatic attention to tbis statement, that whether the decision for taxes of one year is res adjudicaba as to taxes for another year preferred under the same claims, as held in New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, 161 U. S., 397, is wholly immaterial here, since the parties to this litigation are not the same with the parties to the litigation in the Lambert case, except, perhaps, as hereafter indicated. There is, therefore, no res adjudicaba arising out of the Lambert case, except as will be indicated, and that exception is this: Perhaps the state revenue agent, as to the taxes, state and county, on the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company, in Adams county, for the year 1892, may be regarded properly and substantially as the same party with the sheriff of Adams county; and the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company, as to the same taxes on the same part of its property, may properly be regarded as substantially the same party with the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company, into which the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company has been integrated. Substantially, in this small particular, as to the state and county taxes for the year 1892, on that part of the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company lying in Adams county, the parties may be said to be the same, and the cause of action the same, and we hold, accordingly, that as to that the railroad company is entitled to claim the exemption under the Lambert case as res adjudicaba. Except as to this alone there is clearly, as we think, no right to invoke the Lambert case as i res adjudicaba, for the reason that the parties are not the same without reference to other considerations, and let it be further specially noted that the Lambert case went off on demurrer, and the evidence in this case was not before the court. It is well, said by the supreme court of the United States in Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 313, in an opinion of unusual clearness and power, that “it is not to be tolerated that the state should be forever debarred of its taxes by an erroneous decision” (p. 316). But it is said if the Lambert case is not res adjudicate/, it should control this case, under the doctrino of stare decisis. There is one view of the Lambert case which authorizes the appeal to the doctrine of stare decisis; it did distinctly decide that what occurred between these companies was merger and not consolidation, and that no new corporation was created thereby, applying the principles of the Railroad Company v. Maine. 96 U. S., 499, to the facts of this case, which are, in our judgment, wholly different from the facts in the Maine case. It did not decide, of course, holding that the case was one of merger, whether sec. 180 of the constitution of 1890 would have cut off the exemption had there been a consolidation creating a new corporation. Holding that it was a case of merger, the court very naturally held that sec. 181 of the constitution of 1890 had no effect on the exemption claimed in that view. The court most emphatically did not decide that, had there been a consolidation resulting in the creation of a new corporation after the constitution of' 1890 went into effect, such new corporation could claim that an exemption belonging to one of its constituents prior to that constitution, as the property of the absorbed company alone, was continued by virtue of sec. 181. There is no process of interpretation by which the decision in the Lambert case can be so distorted as to mean any such thing. The court proceeded throughout upon the proposition that, it being a mere case of merger, the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company absorbing the L., N. O. & T. Railroad, sec. 181 had no effect upon the exemption, and that such exemption passed to the Y. & M. V. Co. so far as the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Co. was concerned. If it had been a mere case of merger, as held by the court, Ave think it clear, as hereinbefore pointed out, that that exemption did not pass, and that the court was in error in so holding, because of the well-settled proposition hereinbefore stated and supported by the authorities, that, under the general law alone, without reference to the constitution, an exemption will not pass in a case of merger to the absorbing company which attached to the property of the company merged alone, unless the legislation authorizing in such ease merger either expressly declared that the exemption, shall pass, or used the word “immunity,” 'or an equivalent word. It was correct, in fact, to say that the exemption of the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus itailroad Company passed to the L., N. 0. & T. Co. by virtue of the word “'immunities,” used in the act of 1890, authorizing a sale or consolidation, of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company with the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad (Laws of 3890, p. 675), provided, always, that exemption was legal in its origin, the validity of which exemption was not contested but conceded in the Lambert case, but which was clearly invalid, as we shall show later in this opinion. The power of the word, “immunities” in said act to pass such exemption to the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad under said act of 1890, was exhausted by that consolidation, and had no virtue to carry that exemption into the new company, the present Y. & M. Y. Railroad Company, resulting from the consolidation,’even had sec. ISO of the constitution of 1890 not been adopted. AVe have most carefully considered the Lambert case, giving all due weight to the doctrine of siarc decisis, and as to the two propositions that what occurred here was merger and not consolidation creating a new corporation, and that the exemption consequently of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad properly passed to the Y. & TVf. V. Railroad Company, even in the view of merger under the legislation alone, we hereby expressly overrule the Lambert case. Exemptions, where proper, should be expressly granted, not stealthily referenced in.

2. We turn now to a second ground of decision, wholly independent of, and disconnected from, all that we have said in the first ground, from which we think the same result must follow. The exemption asserted here is that contained in the twenty-first section of the Mobile & Northwestern Railroad Company’s charter, which is as follows:

“Section 21. Be it further enacted, That in consideration of the construction of the railroads provided for herein, and of the great benefit which the state will receive in the development of its agricultural resources by means of said railroads, as works of internal improvement, and also of the increased value which will thereby be added to the property of the state, thus enabling the state to greatly increase its revenue without additional and burdensome taxation upon the people, the state hereby agrees with said company (and which agreement is irrepealable), that all taxes to which said company shall be subject for the period of thirty years are hereby appropriated and set apart, and shall be applied, to the payment and debts and liabilities which the said company may have incurred in the construction of said road, or for money borrowed by said company upon lands, or otherwise, to be used in constructing the same, and it shall be the duty of the tax collector in every county, in each and every year, to give to said company a receipt in full for the amount of said taxes upon receiving from said company an affidavit, made by the president or cashier of said company, that the amount of 'said taxes have actually and in good faith, been paid and applied by said company during the year in payment of the debts incurred, or money borrowed, as aforesaid, and which receipt so given shall be in full of all taxes, county, state, and municipal, to which said company shall be subject ; 'provided however, That whenever the profits of said company shall enable it to declare and pay to the stockholders an annual dividend of eight per centum upon its capital stock, over and above the payment of its debts and liabilities, then the appi’opriation of the taxes aforesaid shall cease, and said taxes shall be paid by said company to the tax collector, to be by him paid over as required by law.”

That act was passed in 1370, after the constitution of 1869, sec. .13, art. 12, and sec. 20, art. 12, had been adopted, and it is expressly decided in Lambert’s case, 70 Miss., p. 786, 789, that this was “a thin disguise to evade constitutional restraint j apprehended to be contained in said sec. 13, art. 12, of said constitution,” and the Lambert case further declares — what is manifest — that the pretended exemption was irrepealable on the face of said section. Unquestionably, said twenty-first section did provide for an irrepealable exemption on its face, and we hold it, therefore, to have been in violation of sec. 13, art. 12, and sec. 20, art. 12, of the constitution of 1869.

The case of Mississippi Mills v. Cook, 56 Miss., p. 40, expressly held that the legislature had no power to grant an irrepealable exemption, and under that decision the exemption claimed under this section is manifestly unconstitutional. Sec. 13, art. 12, of the constitution of 1869, is in these words: “The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit shall be subject to taxation the same as that of individuals.” Sec. 20 is in these words: “Taxation shall be equal .and uniform throughout the state. All property shall be taxed in proportion to its value, to be ascertained as directed by law.” Mississippi Mills v. Cook decided that the property of private corporations for pecuniáry profit was and should remain subject to taxation; it expressly held that, while, an exemption might be granted, yet it might, at any time, be repealed by the legislature, and, further, that no exemption could be granted to any private corporation for pecuniary profit by a special act extending a special exemption to that special corporation alone ;^but that, in order to make any such exemption valid, it must be extended to all corporations for pecuniary profit, of the same class, and in the same situation. And the precise exemption asserted in that case was asserted distinctly under the acts of April, 1872, and 17th of April, 1873, amendatory thereof, set out at pages 42, 43, of 56 Miss. The Mississippi Mills did not claim that it had a valid exemption by virtue of a special act granting such special exemption to the Mississippi Mills alone, but that it had such exemption in common with all other factories similarly situated by virtue of said general law. The exemption set up here under the twenty-first section of the Mobile & Northwestern charter is wholly different. The claim here is that this particular railroad is entitled to this special exemption, which it is conceded is not now, and never was, extended to all other railroads similarly situated in this state. And, further,this exemption is irrepealable on its face, and the Mississippi Mills case decided no irrepealable exemption was constitutional. It is certainly obvious, from these considerations alone, that the Mississippi Mills v. Cook is no authority to sustain the exemption set up here. It is further clear that the constitutionality, under the constitution of IS69, of a legislative grant of exemption to private corporations for pecuniary profit, if it embraced all of the same class — the property of individuals being at the same time taxed- — was not argued, considered, or decided in Mississippi Mills v. Cook, but was conceded by the attorney-general and the judges who wrote the majority opinions. One of the vices of the decision in Mississippi Mills v. Cook is that it did not hold that all the property o-f private corporations for pecuniary profit was required to be taxed by the terms of the constitution, sees. 13 and 20, art. 12, just as, and when, the property of individuals was. Instead of doing this, the court decided that all such property was free from taxation unless the legislature expressly subjected it to taxation, even though the property of private individuals was taxed, inverting the rule of the constitution. It was certainly an idle performance to declare, as the court did declare, that the whole effect- of the constitutional provision was to render the property of private corporations for pecuniary profit liable to taxation; that everybody knew, and to so limit the constitutional declaration was to emasculate it. More than thirty-five years had intervened between the previous constitution of the state and the constitution of 1869. When that previous constitution was adopted — in 1832 — the state was young, and had had little experience with the grasping demands of corporations for grants of exclusive privileges, but the experience of more than thirty-five years had taught it wisdom in this regard, wisdom learned long prior by older commonwealths like California and Iowa, from the constitution of .wbicb latter state tbe provisions of tbe constitution of 1869, in question, were doubtless borrowed, and so sec. 13 of art. 12 was put in tbe organic law of tbe land, beyond tbe reach of legislative control, for tbe express purpose of formulating a fundamentally great line of public policy prohibiting any difference in tbe exercise of tbe taxing jiower between tbe property of individuals and tbe property of private corporations for pecuniary profit. TEe court in Mississippi Mills v. Cook at pp. 51, 52, looked too narrowly at tbe mere word, “subject.” It should have taken broadly tbe whole section into view, and deduced from all its terms the meaning of tbe provision. Judge Campbell, in Beck v. Allen, 58 Miss., 177, most wisely said: “Subtlety and refinement and astuteness are not admissible to explain away tbe expression of the sovereign will. The framers of tbe constitution, and the people who adopted it, must be understood to have intended tbe words employed in that sense most likely to arise from them on first reading -them.” This is tbe doctrine announced by Cooley and Story, and our construction of tbe meaning of sec. 18. to wit: that it required tbe property of private corporations for pecuniary profit to be taxed just as — “the same as” — tbe property of individuals, so that one would not be exempt and the other taxed, is the identical construction placed upon the same words by tbe supreme court of tbe United States, and the supreme courts of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, and Iowa. We prefer now to distinctly align ourselves with the supreme court of the United States on this important question, and overrule Mississippi Mills v. Cook in so far as it held that tbe property of private corporations for pecuniary profit was not, by tbe constitution of 1869, secs. 13 and 20, of art. 12, expressly directed to be taxed just as tbe property of individuals. The decisions of the United States supreme court, to which we refer, are as follows: Louisville v. Palmes, 109 U. S., 248; St. Louis, etc.. Railroad Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S., 475; Schurz v. Cook, 148 U. S., 408; Keokuk, etc., Railroad Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 303, and 310-312.

Tbe decisions of the state supreme courts to which we have referred are as follows: 38 Iowa, 635; 34 Cal., 432; 25 Ark., 289; 19 Fla., 231, which collates the constitutions'of Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, Nansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, and Louisiana. In Mobile v. Stonewall, 53 Ala., 570, Judge Brickell, in a most masterly opinion, says: “The constitutional provision supposed to have been offended by the enactments under which the appellee claims immunity from the taxation the appellant seeks to recover, has a history which must be consulted in determining its just interpretation. Its purpose .was not an adaptation only of the organic law to the changed political condition of the people, and to conform it to the new relations springing from the amendments of the federal constitution and the conditions imposed by congressional enactment. It was intended also to cure- defects time had developed in former constitutions, to narrow and restrain legislative power in the instances experience had shown it most liable to abuse. Under former constitutions the taxing power was not defined, qualified, or restrained by any other provision than the simple declaration: ‘All lands liable to taxation in this state shall be taxed in proportion to their value.’ There cannot be a just interpretation- — an interpretation which will consummate the intent of the people in the adoption of these and other constitutional provisions — which is not deduced, not only from their language, but- from their history, from the causes to which they owe origin, the mischief they were intended to remedy. In respect to the constitution of the United States, it is said The safest rule of interpretation is to look to the nature and objects of the particular powers, duties, and rights, with all the lights and aid of contemporary history, and to give to the words of each just such operation and force consistent with their legitimate meaning as may fairly secure and attain the ends proposed.’ In the creation of the greater part, if not all, of the private moneyed or comnierciál' corporations which were created prior to 1861, a commutation of taxation was a prominent feature of the charter. Entire or partial exemption from taxation, temporarily, has been frequently granted corporations formed to pursue branches of industry the encouragement of which it was believed a wise public policy required. All exemptions from taxation necessarily increase the burdens imposed on the property not exempt, and- are directly injurious to the taxpayer. The incidental benefits which it is supposed may result to him, in common with the community at large, are speculative, and not often a compensation for the immediate injury sustained. Invidious exemptions or-discriminations, by which the property of an individual or of a corporation is relieved from bearing a just proportion of the common burden taxation is intended to discharge, are violative of the equality of right of the citizen, which is a fundamental principle of our institutions. To prevent any , exemption or discrimination in favor of corporations, to subject their property to the same rate of taxation to which the property of individuals of the same, kind is subject, is the purpose of the constitutional provision, clearly expressed: 'The property of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall forever be subject to taxation the same as property of individuals,’ etc. The argument of appellee, that it was intended only to reserve •to the legislature the power of subjecting corporate property to the taxation imposed on individuals, aud to- avoid the introduction into charters of irrepealable exemptions, or discrim-inations, cannot be supported. Reading these constitutional provisions in the light of their history, and with a due regard to the words in which they are expressed, it is impossible for us to doubt that it was not competent for the general assembly, in the imposition of taxes, to distinguish or discriminate in favor of corporate property subject to taxation. If property of a particular kind is subjected to taxation, and owned by a corporation, it must bear the rate of taxation imposed on individuals. While tbe constitution inhibits the exemption or clis-crimination in favor of corporations, it equally inhibits a discrimination against them. Equality in bearing a common burden, which is natural right and equity, is secured' alike to the corporation and to the citizen.

“The constitution of -Iowa contains a provision identical in meaning, if not in words, with the provision of the constitution of 1868, under consideration. It reads: ‘The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit shall be subject to taxation the same as that of individuals.’ In The City of Davenport v. C. R. J. & P. R. R. Co., 38 Iowa, 633, it was the subject of construction, and was declared mandatory, requiring the legislature to provide for taxation of the property of corporations for pecuniary profit the same as that of individuals. A statute releasing railroad companies from certain taxation to which individuals were subject was declared violative of it. The court says: ‘What are we to understand to be intended by the language “the same as that of individuals?” We need not determine whether this language requires that corporate property shall be taxed in the same manner as that of natural persons. It seems, however, quite clear that it was intended by this language to require the legislature to impose the burdens of taxation upon the property of corporations for pecuniary profit, the same as, or equally with, that of individuals; that each shall be taxed for the same objects, and in the same degree, so that individuals shall not be required to pay any taxes on .their'property which have not also been assessed and laid upon the property of corporations of the class named, or in any greater proportion. '''When the legislature provides for taxing the property of individuals, this clause of the constitution requires it to tax the property of corporations for pecuniary profit to the same extent and for the same purposes. If the' property of individuals be taxed for state, county, school, and municipal purposes, the property of this class of corporations must be subjected to the same taxes, and at the same rates. The one cannot be exempt, and the other liable.’ ”

It will thus be seen that on the particular holding of Mississippi Mills v. Cook, which we now overrule, this court stood absolutely alone: its decision in direct conflict with all the decisions we have just above cited. So much for the mere inaccuracy of that holding.

We turn now to the proposition that the overruling of Mississippi Mills v. Cook, as to the holding which we have particularized, overturns a rule of property and destroys a vested right on which the railroad company has ajright to rely. The alleged vested right is this: That the twenty-first section of the Mobile & Northwestern charter, containing this alleged exemption, has been declared repeatedly in this state by the Mississippi Mills v. Cook, and other cases down to and including the-Lambert case, not to have been violative of the constitution of 1869. This statement is wholly inaccurate, and is the result alone of a careless study of the decisions of this court. There are some primary rules on the subject of stare decisis to which we shall first call attention. They are formulated by the supreme court of the United States as follows:

1. The court is not bound by expressions in former decisions on points which were not contested. Cross v. Burkey, 146 U. S., 86.

2. The doctrine of stare decisis cannot be invoked in favor of decisions on former statutes which were merely similar to but not identical with the one under review. Wood v. Brady, 150 U. S., p. 20. This rule was relied upon by the supreme court of the United States in the celebrated income tax case. Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 157 U. S., 574, the court pointing out that whilst the language of former decisions was sometimes very broad, yet the exact points involved in all former decisions were different.

3 It is expressly held that a decision that a statute constitutes a contract, and that an act repealing it is void, is not an estoppel to a subsequent decision holding that the former statute itself is unconstitutional, and this is the exact case now before us. Boyd v. Alabama, 94 U. S., 645.

Keeping these principles steadily in mind, a review of the decisions of this court will show that no charter identical with that of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad was ever passed on in this state until January, 1891, a period subsequent to the purchase of that road by the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company, from which it necessarily follows that that purchase could not have been made on the faith of that decision rendered in 1891. It will further be seen that the question whether the twenty-first section of the charter of the Mobile & Northwestern Railroad Company violated the constitution of 1869, as we hold it did, has never' been passed on in this state up to this time. The cases in this state relied on to show the opposite of these facts are as follows: Mississippi Mills v. Cook,. 56 Miss., p. 40, decided at the April term, 1878, where the sole question was, according to the opinion, whether exemption under general law, was repealable or irrepealable; the constitutionality of the exemption was not argued or decided. But much more than this is to be said about Mississippi Mills v. Cook. An examination of the original record in Mississippi Mills v. Cook shows that it was a bill for injunction by the Mississippi Mills against Cook, tax collector, averring the establishment of its factory after and on the faith of the acts of 1872-3, granting an exemption in consideration of the construction of factories, etc., and that Cook was willing to accept the affidavit for the taxes of the mill proper, but refused to accept the affidavit for taxes on outlying land, and the bill prayed an injunction against Cook, prohibiting the sale of its property for these taxes assessed on outlying lands on the ground that they, were essentially part of the mill .property for wood, etc. The bill averred that under the act of 1877, Cook himself insisted on collecting these taxes on these lands. There was a general demurrer to the bill sustained by the court below, and the bill was dismissed, and an appeal taken to the supreme court. The sole question involved, therefore, as thus clearly shown by the record itself, arose under the general exemption law applicable to all the factories of the class described, and not to a special grant of a special exemption to a particular corporation. All, therefore, that appears in the opinion beyond what would relate to the right to collect these taxes on outlying land is mere dictum, for in determining what has been adjudged courts look to the decree and the record, and are not controlled by the mere opinion. Herman on Res Ad judicata, p. 47 0. Another striking difference between the exemption claimed in that case and in this, is that the act of 1872, under which-that exemption was asserted, did not attempt to preserve exemptions granted to corporations or individuals establishing factories under its provision from legislative repeal; whereas, in the act of 1870, this twenty-first section is declared in the Lambert case a miserable attempt to evade the constitution of 1869, and secure-an irrepealable grant of exemption, and that, too, to a particular corporation. The next case is McCulloch v. Stone, 64 Miss., 378, decided in 1886, in which the only question involved was whether outlying lands of a railroad company were embraced in an exemption contained in that charter, the court holding that they were not. The next case is the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company v. Thomas, 65 Miss., 553, decided in 1887, in. which the only question involved was whether the property was exempt before completion of the railroad to the Mississippi river. The charter provided for a twenty years’ exemption after such completion, the court holding that it was not exempt. The next case is the Vicksburg Bank v. Worrell, 67 Miss., p. 47, decided at October term, 1889, where the legislature had provided for what the court calls a privilege tax on all banks in the state, and the question was whether this violated art. 12, sec. 20, of the constitution of 1869, providing that taxation shall be equal and uniform and in proportion to value, and the court held that it did not. The next case is Attala County v. Kelly, 68 Miss., 44, decided at October term, 1890, a case in which the bank had paid in advance a commutation tax of $1,000, called by the court a privilege tax, and the legislature in the same year repealed that law and provided for an ad valorem tax. The court held it was liable to the ad valorem tax, notwithstanding it had paid the commutation tax, and that was the only point involved. Tire next case is the Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railroad Co. v. Taylor, 68 Miss., 361, decided at October term, 1890; not actually decided, however, till -January 26, 1891, as the records of this court show. No question was raised in that case by counsel or the court as to the constitutionality of the exemption contained in such sec. 21 of the Mobile & Northwestern charter. The sole question involved was the right to exemption of a gravel pit claimed by the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company under the charter of the Vicksburg, Pensacola & Ship Island Railroad Company (afterwards the Mississippi & Ship Island Railroad Company) which never was a part of the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company, and the court decided that the exemption should be allowed under that charter! This was a most extraordinary mistake, for it is now conceded by counsel for the railroad and everybody else that the charter of the Vicksburg, Pensacola & Ship Island Railroad Company (afterwards the Mississippi & Ship Island Railroad Company) had nothing on earth to do with the charters of the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company. Nor was that railroad any constituent of the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company. It appears that tire court was led into this mistake by an assumption of counsel to that effect in the case. Certain it is that it was a tremendous mistake of fact, and one against the sovereign right of taxation. It is perfectly obvious that this case is wholly fictitious, and is of no authority for any purpose. It is further to be observed, however-,-that inasmuch as the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company purchased the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company in March, 1890, and the decision in the Taylor case was not rendered until January, 26, 1891, the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company could not possibly have made said purchase on the faith of the Taylor ease, nor on the faith of sec. 181 of the constitution'of 1890, because that was not adopted until November 1, 1890, and then continued only legal exemptions to corporations retaining the precise identity they had before the constitution was adopted. The next case is Stale v. Simmons, 68 Miss., 361, decided at October term, 1890, which involved the mere question as to whether the capital stock was exempt under the charter, and the court held that it was not. The next case, and the last, is the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company v. Lambert, 70 Miss., 779, decided at the March term, 1893, and the question contested in that case was whether the exemption of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company v. Lambert, which had been purchased by the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company, passed to the T. & M. Y. Railroad Company, the court deciding that it did. The question whether that exemption violated the constitution of 1869 was not argued by counsel or considered or'decided by the court. These are the cases on which so much reliance has been placed to show a vested right, a rule of property, and it is perfectly manifest that in none of them was it proper to have decided upon the constitutionality of this sec. 21, unless in the Taylor case and the Lambert case, because in none of the other cases was that question involved, and they could all have been decided without reference to that question, and consequently, under the authority of Pollock v. Trust Company, 157 U. S., and Boyd v. Alabama, 194 U. S., supra, they are not binding, under the doctrine of stare decisis even, on this court in this case; and while the question of the constitutionality of said sec. 21 was involved in the Taylor case and the Lambert case, the constitutionality of the exemption was conceded on all hands, and not contested, and not having been contested, these cases, as held in Cross v. Burk, 146 U. S., supra, are of no force on us in this case under the doctrine of stare decisis. It will thus be clearly seen (1) that the exemption claimed in the Mississippi Mills v. Cook was one claimed under a general law, applicable to all the factories in the state of the same class; whereas, the exemption claimed here, to wit. sec. 21 of the charter of the Mobile & Northwestern Nail-road Company, is an exemption attempted to be granted to this special corporation, and not to all the other railroads in the state — a special privilege tinder a special charter to a special corporation; (2) that the Mississippi Mills had established their factory after the passage of the act of 1872-1873, on the fáith of those acts as a rule of .property; whereas, the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company never came into existence, as admitted by counsel for the railroad, until the 12th day of August, 1884, by the consolidation of the Baton Rouge Railroad and the Vicksburg & Memphis Railroad, after the construction of the road had been practically finished in July, 1884; (3) that the exemption claimed in Mississippi Mills v. Cook had no irre-pealable feature, whereas the exemption set up under the said sec. 21 is, on its face, irrepealable, and was so judicially declared to be in the Lambert case itself; (4) that the L., N. O. & T. Railroad Company claims under charters granted in 1882 and 1884, asserting as its exemption this sec. 21, the unconstitutionality of which, as violative of sec. 13 of art. 12 of che constitution of 1869, was not only not considered, argued, or decided in Mississippi Mills v. Cook, but which, by virtue of its irrepealable feature and its special grant of an exclusive privilege to a special corporation, would have been condemned by the reasoning of that very case; (5) and not only is it true that the particular exemption claimed here, under this sec. 21, was not argued or decided in Mississippi Mills v. Cook, but no other decision was ever rendered in this state in which the constitutionality of this sec. 21 was even involved until McCulloch v. Stone, decided in 1886, four years after the grant of the charter of the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad Company; (6) from which it necessarily follows that that road was not built on the faith of any decision ever rendered in this state up to the time of the grant of its charter, which even involved the constitutionality of said sec. 21, and that the claim that it was organized or built on the faith of such decision operating as a rule of property is utterly unfounded and absurd; (Y) that the Taylor case was neither more nor less than a fictitious case, which misled the court by the misstatement of fact that the Vicksburg, Pensacola & Ship Island Railroad, afterwards Gulf & Ship Island Railroad, was one of the constituent members of the L., N. 0. & T. Railroad, and its charter was a constituent charter of that railroad, and that the Taylor case is authority for nothing; (8) that the Lambert case was decided at the March term, 1893, eleven years after, not before, the grant of the charter of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co., and it is hence utterly incomprehensible to the legal mind howr anybody could invoke that case under the doctrine of stare decisis as affording a rule of property to a company constructed under a charter granted before it was rendered. Such claim becomes more incomprehensible still when the further facts are recalled that the consolidation of the L., N. 0. & T. and Y. & II. V. into the present Y. & M. V. R. R. Co. took place October 24, 1892, long before the decision in the Lambert case.

Let us get out of the realm of idle and reckless assertion into the realm of fact, and inquire more particularly and accurately exactly what was decided, even in the opinion of the court, which went far beyond the record, in the Mississippi Mills v. Cook. The vice of that decision is that it looked exclusively to the word ‘‘subject” in sec. 13, art. 12, and failed to give force and effect to the words “the same as that of individuals.” When we say that the court’s construction of the word “subject” attributed to it some supposed magical effect, we are simply reiterating the language of Chalmers, justice. He said (56 Miss., p. 59) :

“I find no such magic as my colleague in the words ‘shall bo subject to taxation the same as that of individuals.’ To me they have no meaning other than that which would be conveyed by.the equivalent phrases shall be treated or shall be dealt with the same as that of individuals, or shall bo liable to taxation the same as that oí individuals. This, and many similar phrases which might perhaps be suggested convey one 'and the same idea — namely, that the lawgiver, in the imposition of taxes, shall know no difference between the property of individuals and that of corporations for pecuniary profit.”

The opinion of the court declares as its gist that see. 13 was not mandatory upon the legislature to tax the property of private corporations for pecuniary profit whenever the property of individuals was taxed. It distinctly put the property of such private corporations, as to the power to tax them or exempt them, in a class by themselves distinct from the class of individuals. In other words, it held that although the property of individuals might be taxed, yet the property of such corporations might be at the same time exempted by the legislature from taxation, provided such exemption extended to all corporations of the same class in the state. We think it is perfectly manifest that the language, “the same as the property of individuals,” imperatively commanded the legislature, whenever they tax the property of private individuals, to tax also the property of such corporations, and under the same rules of equality and uniformity. It was well said by Justice Campbell that this provision of sec. 13 “sprang from the experience that corporations were in the habit of asking and obtaining legislative exemption from liability to taxation.” That experience the state had acquired in the thirty-seven years elapsing between the constitution of 1832 and the constitution of 1869, and that experience was wisely availed of to put an end to the grant of exclusive privileges to such corporations. It marked a new era in the history of corporate taxation in this state: it laid down a fundamental new line of great public policy, one that will be found essential to the preservation of the rights of the people, as is abundantly attested by the experience of older states dealing with such corporations. It is that feature of the decision thus bolding that this sec. 13 merely permitted the taxation, of such corporations, but did not require that taxation whenever the property of individuals was taxed, and in just the same manner in all respects as the property of private individuals was taxed, which we now condemn and overrule. In no other respect do we interfere with the decision in that case. That case decided, and properly decided, that under the constitution of 1869 the legislature had the power to select for exemption from taxation certain designated kinds of property, such as the agricultural implements of farmers, the tools of the mechanics, etc. SuetT exemption of particular kinds of property, for reasons of public policy, the constitution allowed the legislature to grant, and, when granted, it applied to such property, whether owned by individuals or such corporations. And to permit such exemptions was perfectly consistent with holding thait said section mandatorily required the legislature to tax the property of such corporations whenever and just as it taxed the property of individuals. The vice of the hoi ding of the court was in disregarding and repudiating the correlation by the constitution of the property of such corporations and the property of private individuals in the same category as to the right to tax and the duty to tax, and in declaring that under that section the legislature might put into operation a scheme of taxation which taxed jDroperty of all the private individuals in the state, and at the same time, at the will of the legislature, exempted all property of such corporations from any taxation whatever. The constitution plainly and clearly yoked together indissolubly the property of such corporations and the property of individuals, and subjected both alike to the same taxation, to be imposed under the same rules of equality or uniformity. The legislature might not exempt all the property of private corporations for pecuniary profit and tax all the property of private individuals, but it might exempt certain selected kinds of property, in pursuance of a wise public policy, whether that property belonged to such corporations or to private individuals. One other observa.tion: The ease before ns most emphatically does not present a claim to exemption under a charter identical with the charter in the Mississippi Mills v. Cook, nor the case of any cor.poration which has acted on the faith of a decision construing a charter identical with the charter in the case of Mississippi Mills v. Cook, and which might thus be said to constitute for such corporation, acting on it and investing its capital on it, a rule of property. It will be time enough to decide that precise question when that question shall be presented. Whence did we get sec. 13, art. 12, of the constitution of 1869 ? It is said in the Mississippi Mills v. Cook that we get it from the constitution of Iowa. The clauses in the constitution of Iowa and constitution of Mississippi, 1869, are identical on this subject, and the supreme court of Iowa, in The City of Davenport v. Railroad Company, 36 Iowa, 635, and The City of Dubuque v. Illinois Central Railroad, 39 Iowa, expressly decided that this identical section prohibited the legislature from exempting the property of corporations from the same taxes imposed on the property of individuals, and that the property of corporations must be taxed whenever that of individuals was taxed. The constitution of Alabama,, in Mobile v. Stonewall Insurance Company, 53 Ala., 70, declared that the provision was in itself self-executing, without the aid, in fact in restraint of, legislative power subjecting corporate property to the taxation imposed on individuals, and expressly declared, further, that if property of a particular kind is subjected to taxation and owned by a corporation, it must bear the rate of taxation imposed on individuals.

The constitution of California contains an identical provision, and in the case of People v. McCrary, decided at January term, 1868, the supreme court of California announced the same construction held in Iowa and Alabama, expressly overruling early decisions to the contrary, just as we do here. The constitutions of Arkansas and Florida contain similar provisions, and the supreme courts of those states announced the same construction 'Hiieh we here announce. When, therefore, sec. 13 of the constitution of 1869 was adopted in this state, it was written in the organic law of our land, bringing with it the same meaning precisely, under well-settled rules of construction, which it had in the state from which it came here; and the same construction was unanimously approved by the supreme court of the United States in four concurring decisions, rendered in November, 1883; March, 1885; April, 1893, and March, 1894, to wit: Louisville, etc., v. Palmes, 109 U. S., 248-254; St. Louis, etc., v. Berry, 113 U. S., 475; Schurz v. Cook, 148 U. S., 408; Keokuk v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 303, 304, 310-313.

Tn overruling this feature of the decision in Mississippi Mills v. Cook, therefore, we were announcing a rule of construction supported by four decisions of the United States supreme court and by the decisions of live state supreme courts, as against a rule of construction announced in no case in this union except Mississippi Mills v. Cook.

We have all proper respect for the doctrine of stare decisis, but it is a doctrine not inflexible and departed from over and over by the wisest courts in proper cases; and if the doctrine of stare decisis can be disregarded in proper cases, where the question is one merely of property rights between individuals, how much stronger is the reason for disregarding it when so to do results, as here, in merely restoring to a sovereign state the right to tax corporations and make them bear their’ just share of the burdens of that government whose protection they so constantly and persistently invoke. This distinction is not one of our invention. It is well settled in the law and it was voiced in words which we quote to approve by Chief Justice George, in Lombard v. Lombard, 57 Miss., 177, who said: “Speaking for myself alone, I would say that on constitutional questions, where the former decision refused a right reserved to individuals as against the power of the government, or where it impaired tbe powers of the people or their repre-. sentatives to prevent maladministration by-their officers and agents, or sanctioned an alienation by the legislature of powers conferred for the public good, I should feel little hesitation in departing from it, when satisfied of its incorrectness.”

And in Beck v. Allen, 58 Miss., 173, Judge George, delivering the opinion of the court, overruled two previous decisions on the same point, justifying departure from the rule of stare decisis by the very distinction here referred to, the case being one involving the taxing power. In concluding this ground of decision we repeat that it is wholly independent of the first ground of decision hereinbefore elaborated, and whether we are right or wrong in the view announced in this second ground, the exemption must be denied, looking to the first alone.

In our summary of the holdings in this case we said there were other views leading to the same conclusion which we might embrace in the opinion. We proceed to notice these. We come, now, to a third ground of decision, and that is this: that the exemption claimed here under said see. 21 of the Mobile & Northwestern charter, whether applied to the property of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus-Railroad alone, or to the other property of the L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co., has been repealed by legislation, certainly since the code of 189'2 went into effect. It was declared in the Lambert case (70 Miss., 787), through Judge Campbell, the author of the code of 1880, that, by the code of 1880, each railroad in this state was subjected to taxation. That code, therefore, repealed all railroad exemptions then existing. The Lambert case further held that by the act of 1884, p. 29, the exemption of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad was restored, and that by the act of 1890, p. 12, if itjhen-existed, it was continued. An examination of all the statutes on the subject (which are as follows: Code of 1880, §§ 596-606, inclusive, and §§ 607, 608; acts of 1886, sec. 6, p. 23: acts of 1888, p. 49; acts of 1390, p. 12; code of 1892, §§ 3379, 3875, 3744), will show that the scheme propounded by the legislature was, up to the code of 1892, this: That railroad companies should pay ad valorem taxes, unless -they should accept the conditional exemption provided in the privilege tax law in lieu of the ad valorem tax and. manifest their acceptance of the law providing- this conditional exemption from ad valorem taxation by putting such acceptance in writing and annually paying the privilege tax specified. The provisions of law respecting such conditional exemption from ad valorem taxation, by accepting the privilege tax imposed in lieu thereof and paying it, run side by side through all the legislation from the code of 1880 to the code of 1892. The scheme was that ad valorem taxes should be paid by all railroads in the state, but that any railroad should be exempt from such ad valorem taxes which would pay the privilege tax provided in the various acts, provided it manifested its acceptance of such exemption in writing and paid such privilege tax. As to the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company, the code of 1880, as shown, repealed its special exemption in its special charter by § 597 through § 60.6, and placed its conditional exemption from ad valorem taxation upon acceptance manifested in writing, and upon payment of the privilege tax thenceforward, under the general law of the state, thus withdrawing any right that railroad company had to claim a special exemption under this special charter; and whether it had an exemption from ad valorem taxes thenceforward was to be determined, not by reference to a special charter, but by reference to the general law on the subject of privilege taxes -enacted from time to time. The act of 1884, in fixing the privilege-taxes, did, however, restore, by recognition, to the Natchez, Jackson <fe Columbus Railroad Company the exemption of its charter, according to the opinion in the Lambert case. As the act of 1884 did not pretend to affect § 597 through § 606, of the code of 1880/ in imposing ad valorem taxes, but only §§ 606-608, relating to tlie privilege taxes, it is to our mind quite doubtful whether the act of 1884 did have the effect to restore the charter exemption ; but conceding that it did, it is strange that the court, in the Lambert case, overlooked'the act of 1886, sec. 6, p. 23, amending the privilege tax chapter, code of 1880, fixing the privilege taxes to be paid by each railroad in the state, and expressly declaring, “that hereafter said railroad companies shall. pay privilege taxes, respectively, 25 per centum greater per mile than is fixed in said acts,” without once alluding to any exemption of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad, or any other railroad.. Clearly, if the exemption of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company was restored by the act of 1884, it was repealed by said act of 1886, and was not in existence from that time until the act of 1890 was passed. The act of 1890,- p. 12, amended the act of 1884 and then re-enacted it as amended. This seems to have been an ingenious effort on the part of some one who knew that,the act of 1886. had repealed the exemption of the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad Company, recognized in the act of 1884, to again restore it by an effort to repeal the act of 1886, without disclosing the fact or referring to the act of 1886. But the holding in the Lambert case is that the act of 1890 continued the exemption, if it existed; and since it is clearly shown that no exemption existed when the act of IS 90 was passed, there was no exemption to be continued, and the act of 1890, under the rules of construction with reference to taxation most certainly cannot be held to have created then anew such exemption. It follows from this that when the constitution of 1890 was adopted the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad had no exemption, and consequently sec. 1,81 of the constitution had no effect to continue the exemption, which was not then in existence. When the code of 1892 was adopted, the legislature, carrying out the mandate of the constitution of 1890, paragraph 90 (h), expressly provided in § 3379 that the privilege tax should be imposed on all railroads, without a suggestion of any exemption to any. and tbis code was a revision of nil general laws on tlie subject and wholly omitted all the provisions of the acts of 1884 and 1890 in respect to exemptions. The scheme of the taxation up to the code of 1892 was that railroad companies might escape ad valorem taxation by accepting the provisions of the law as to privilege taxes, in writing, and paying the same. The scheme of taxation under the code of 1892 changed all this and repealed all former exemptions of all railroads from taxation by said § 3379 and said §3875. A consideration showing that this was the purpose of the legislature is the smallness of the privilege tax under § 3379, no longer in lieu of ad valorem taxes as compared with its amount under former laws. The code of 1892 provides for the exemption of all property, which is to be exempted, in § 3744, and railroads are not mentioned in that section. The provision of that section is as follows: “The following property, and no other, shall be exempt from taxation,’’ which declaration is as positive and emphatic an exclusion of all railroad exemptions as language can furnish. But not only did § 3379 of said code impose privilege taxes, but § 3875 imposed ad valorem taxes. By that section every railroad company in the state, without exception, was required to return all its property, within and without this state, with its value, so that the assessors might know what value should be the basis of state, county, and municipal taxation, and the section further declares as to railroads, that all of its property, real and personal, taxable and nontaxable, shall be included. The word “nontaxable” in this connection does not mean exempt property, but property like government bonds, that are not taxable at all, and this is made plain by the provision at the close of the section. “that if the said property is claimed to be exempt from taxation, it shall be separately stated and the law cited under which the claim is made.” In other words, they were to return three classes of property: taxable property, nontaxable property — that is, property that could not be taxed in its nature — and exempt property, if any, citing tbe law for tbe exemption. Tbe word “nontaxable.” therefore, creates no exemption and does not describe exempt property, wbicb is otherwise provided for, but means merely, as stated, property like government bonds, that cannot be taxed at all. So that we bold that certainly since tbe code of 1892 went into effect, and, as we think, since tbe act of 1886, the. exemptions set up by tbe railroad company in this case were repealed by tbe legislature, and on this ground, independently of any other ground heretofore set out, tbe exemptions must be denied.

4. Counsel for tbe state revenue agent presents another very ingenious view, to this effect: that sec. 21 of tbe Mobile & Northwestern charter was plainly prospective and intended to carry tbe benefit of the exemption therein provided only to a company which should build a railroad after the grant to it of the exemption. We think it is entirely clear that said provision was prospective, and that the consideration to the state for the grant of the exemption was' that recited in the act, to wit: ''‘The construction of the railroads provided for therein, and the great benefit which the state would receive in the development of its agricultural resources by means of said railroads as works of internal improvement, and also tbe increased value which would thereby be added to the property of the state, thus enabling the state to greatly increase, its revenue without burdensome taxation upon the people.” That. was the consideration to the state; that clearly was the reason and object of the statute. So far we agree with counsel. Counsel’s argument tiren proceeds to claim tha,t the act of March 3, 1882, authorized the Memphis & Vicksburg Bailroad Company and Mississippi Valley & Ship Island Bailroad Company to consolidate, and that the object was to construct a railroad from Memphis, through Vicksburg, to Ship Island, a scheme well known to be dearly cherished by the people of Mississippi for years back. Conn-sel then proceeds to claim that sec. 1 of the act of March 3, 1882, in providing that the consolidated company should have all the rights, property, immunities, etc., now possessed by the companies which may enter into such consolidation, merely meant such rights, etc., as belonged to the companies existent at the date of the passage of the act; that as the Baton Rouge Railroad Company was not chartered until March 9, 1882, it was not contemplated that that company should be a constituent member of the consolidation, and that sec. 5 of the acts of 1882, p. 1015, was meant by the legislature to extend the exemption of said sec. 21 to such road only as the consolidated company — the L., N. 0. & T. R. R. Co. — might build after it came into existence; and that as said company did not come into existence until after the road from Memphis to New Orleans was completed, it is a perversion of the spirit and purpose of the legislature to allow the L., N. 0. & T. R. R. Co. to blanket this exemption over a road which was never built by it, and in the construction of which it incurred no indebtedness. This is certainly very persuasive, but we do not now decide whether it is a correct contention or not. Another contention of counsel for the revenue agent worthy of serious consideration, is this: that, taking the charter of the Baton Rouge Company and the Memphis & Vicksburg Company as written into the charter of the L., N. O. & T. Co., as part thereof, the legislation of the state shows that it was the purpose of the legislature to extend this exemption of sec. 21 to the company created by the first consolidation, the L., N. 0. & T.. R. R. Co., but to exclude it from the present Y. & M. V. R. R. Co., the result of the second consolidation. Counsel’s argument on this point is about as follows: That conceding that the first section of the act of March 3, 1882 — ■ the I.., N. 0. & T. charter — contained the word “immunity,” and that by virtue thereof the exemption of the said sec. 21 passed to the L, N. 0. & T. R. R. Co., the only authority for any future consolidation of the said L., N. O. & T. R. R. Co. with the Y. k TVI. Y. R. R. Co. is to be found in sec. 16 of the Raton Rouge charter and sec. 25 of the Memphis k Vicksburg charter, and that in both these sections the legislature intentionally omitted the word “immunity,’’’ and any other words equivalent thereto, and that this omission conclusively shows that it was the purpose of the legislature to limit the existence of the exemption provided by said sec. 21 to the L., N. 0. & T. R. R. Co., the result of the consolidation of the Memphis & Vicksburg Railroad Company and the Baton Rouge Railroad Company, only so long as it retained its existence as the said L., N. 0. & T. R. R. Co., and not indefinitely to pass this exemption along to all future consolidations. Counsel has so succinctly stated the facts on this subject that we cannot do better than to quote that part of his brief, which is as follows:

“All of these sections, thus put in the same charter, demonstrate that it was the purpose of the legislature to pass the exemption into the I,., N. 0. k T. under the wird ‘immunities,’ but to withhold it from any future consolidation by omitting the word ‘immunities’ in said secs. 16 and 25, and by using therein no words to indicate the intention of passing the exemption to any future consolidation. But, in this connection, the court will bear in mind that the act of 1890, as to the sale of the N., <7. & C. R. R., on which the Lambert case is based, used the word ‘immunities,’ as elsewhere shown. "When the legislature passed the act of March 3, 1882, the L., N. 0. & T. charter, it necessarily had in mind the provisions of the charters of the M. & V. Co. and the Mississippi Valley & Ship Island Company, because both of these companies are mentioned in the very beginning of the act,- and it was passed for their express benefit; and the legislature made these charters necessary parts of the act, because, by its terms, it could not be made effectual without the charters of said consolidated company be taken and held to be parts of this act. . . . Said M. V. & S. I. R. R. Co. was incorporated in 1871 (Wets of 1871, p. 237"), as-the Vicksburg, Pensacola & Ship Island Railroad Company. In 1873 its name was changed to M. V. & S. T. R. R. Co. Acts of 1873, p. 562. The fifteenth section of the original charter of this company gave the power of consolidation (Acts of 1.871, p. 247), but omits the word ‘immunities,’ and gires no power to vest in the consolidated company the exemption from taxation contained in' sec. 21 of the charter. Besides the amendatory act of 1873, which vested this exemption from taxation in the charter as amended, uses the word ‘immunities’ in sec. 1, p. 562, acts of 1873. .The charter of the T. & M. V. Co. uses the word ‘immunities’ to embrace exemption from taxation. Acts of 1881, p. 843, sec. 5. The amendment of the Y. & hi. V. Co. charter (Acts of 1884, sec. 3, p. 9851 uses the word ‘immunities’ for the same purpose. The amendment of the L., N. 0. & T. charter (Acts of 1884, p. 936) uses the word ‘immunities’ for the same purpose. All these things were in the mind of the legislature as parts of said act of March 3,. 1882, and show they used the word ‘immunities’ advisedly, and did not intend that any exemption should pass into any future consolidation, after the formation of the L., N. O. & T., and this sec. 15 of the M. & V. & S. T. R. R. Co. expressly provided that any consolidation should form one company and have a joint common stock.”

Certainly the significance counsel seeks to have attached to the omission of the word “immunity,” in the act referred to,seems fully borne out by the opinion of Mr. Justice Peckham in Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 177; but we decline now to pass definitely upon this contention. There is also much force in another view presented by counsel for the revenue agent to the effect that since 1888 the proof in the record shows that the railroad company had been able to declare and pay the annual dividend of eight per centum upon even its fictitious capital stock over and above its fixed charges on the proper construction debt. But to go into this would protract this opinion beyond anything necessary for present decision. There is a rather curious proposition of counsel for the railroad companies in his brief at page 118 et seq. The argument is that what was provided by the twenty-first section of 'the' Northwestern charter was not an ordinary exemption at all, although counsel admits that the Lambert case expressly so decided, but that it was a contract of appropriation irrepealable in its nature, and not an exemption at all. If counsel’s contention as to this is sound, then it is perfectly plain that the claim of rule,of property and vested right under former decisions of this court falls at once to the ground; for no one will contend that this court has ever treated the said twenty-first section as an appropriation by contract irrepealable in its nature. Counsel’s construction is therefore utterly inconsistent with the reiterated claim that the view we take is trenching upon any rule of property laid down in any previous decision rendered by this court. This is the first time that such a construction was ever presented to this court or asserted in any form.

Finally, all the judges concur that because of the inconsistent compromise verdict, the judgment must be reversed both on appeal and the cross appeal.

The judgment is reversed, both on appeal and the cross appeal, and, verdict set aside, nncl the cause remanded for a new trial.