Abusamhadaneh v. Taylor

873 F. Supp. 2d 682, 87 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 627, 2012 WL 2046125, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78195

• Court: District Court, E.D. Virginia
• Decided: June 5, 2012
• Docket: No. 1:11cv939 (JCC/TCB)
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

JAMES C. CACHERIS, District Judge.

Jamal Abusamhadaneh’s Petition for Review of Denial of Application for Naturalization Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) is before the Court following a bench trial held on March 13, 14, and 15, 2012. After considering the relevant evidence, including exhibits and witness testimony at trial, the Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh is a person of good moral character and meets the requirement for naturalization set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act. The Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.

I. Findings of Fact

A. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Background

Jamal Abusamhadaneh is a natural born citizen of Jordan. (March 13, 2012 Tr. [Dkt. 49] (“Tr. I”) 29:9.) After visiting the United States as a student in 1994 through a program run by the Department of State, Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned in 1996 on a visitor visa and then remained in the country on a student visa. (Tr. I 29:21-33:13.) While here, he studied English and obtained a masters degree in information systems. (Tr. I 32:22-33:22.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh has been a lawful permanent resident of the United States since July 10, 2002. (Tr. I 37:17-18.)

From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Abusamhadaneh worked for the American Muslim Foundation (AMF), which sponsored his H-1b visa. (Tr. I 33:25-36:18.) He was AMF’s director of education and then worked for the organization in information systems. (Tr. I 35:14-37:9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh also worked for KForce, Inc. and then CoreStaff Technology Group in information technology technical support. (Tr. I 45:14-23.) In 2005, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was hired by the Fairfax County Police Department as a network analyst. (Tr. I 46:1-13.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh resigned from the Fairfax County Police Department on December 11, 2006. (Tr. I 47:5-9.) He then worked for a contractor in the health care industry until July 2008 when he started working for his current employer, the United Health Group. (Tr. I 47:11-25.) He is a senior network consultant. (Tr. I 48:1-2.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh resides in Falls Church, Virginia with his family. (Tr. I 29:4-7.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh has four children and lives with his wife who obtained citizenship in 2008. (Tr. I 44:17-45:9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh is a practicing Muslim. (Tr. I 52:19-21; 54:13-21.) He primarily prays at the Dar al-Hijra mosque, as it is the closest mosque to his residence. (Id.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh presented two credible witnesses who discussed Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s helpful character and his reputation as someone who is very honest and truthful. (See March 12, 2012 Tr. [Dkt. 50] (“Tr. II”) 85:21-89:13; 95:17-97:5.)

B. Naturalization Proceedings

On February 13, 2008, Mr. Abusamhadaneh submitted his N^tOO Application for Naturalization (the Application) along with appropriate supporting documentation and the required fee. (Appl. [Joint Exhibit (JE) 1] at 10; Stipulation of Uncontested Facts [Dkt. 27] (Stip.) at 1.) In addition to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s signature, the Application contains the signature of his attorney, Ashraf Nubani, as the preparer of the Application. (Id.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh retained Mr. Nubani to assist with preparation of the Application and with the ensuing naturalization proceedings. (Tr. I 48:24-51:11.)

i. October 5, 2009 Interview

The processing of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Application took much longer than the usual six months, so after contacting United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Mr. Abusamhadaneh threatened to file a writ of mandamus. (Tr. I 231:17-232:7.) On October 5, 2009, Mr. Abusamhadaneh finally attended his N-400 naturalization interview at the US-CIS Washington District Office in Fairfax, Virginia. (Stip. at 1.) He was accompanied by Mr. Nubani. (Id.) The interview was conducted by Senior District Adjudications Officer Malgorzata Lutostanski and a portion of it was videotaped.¹ (Id.)

At the start of the hearing Officer Lutostanski stated:

Please let me know at any time if you need to take a break to go to the bathroom or have a drink of water or anything like that. Also if you don’t understand any of the questions that I ask please ask me for clarification. Also just so you know if at any time you choose to stop the interview or you don’t want to answer any questions that I ask you, a negative inference may be drawn from your silence. Present at this interview is your attorney of record, Asraf Nubani. Please understand that your attorney’s role at this interview is to ensure that your legal rights are protected. Your attorney may advise you on points of law, but he cannot respond to questions that are directed at you. These proceedings will be conducted under oath. And all statements you make constitutes (sic) sworn testimony.

(October 5, 2009 N-400 Hearing Partial Tr. [JE 7] (Tr. 2009) 3:17-4:13.) After asking Mr. Abusamhadaneh a series of questions, Officer Lutostanski had him verify that everything stated in the Application was the truth and sign the Application. (Tr. II 48:4-8.) Officer Lutostanski signed the Application herself and conducted a language and civics test. (March 15, 2012 Partial Tr. [Dkt. 51] (“Tr. IIIA”) 48:4-8.)

Officer Lutostanski then asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh numerous additional questions. (Tr. IIIA 48:9-11.) After asking the questions, she informed him that she was going to put in a request for additional evidence. (Tr. I 95:17-19;Tr. IIIA 31:4-9.) A drink of water was requested, and Officer Lutostanski informed Mr. Abusamhadaneh and Mr. Nubani that they could wait in the waiting area. (Tr. IIIA 31:10-15.) This “break” in the interview lasted approximately ten to fifteen minutes. (Tr. I 95:21-24; 245:18-20; Tr. II 233:4-20.)

When Officer Lutostanski returned with the request, Mr. Nubani asked that Mr. Abusamhadaneh have more time to clarify some points. (Tr. I 97:7-98:18; Tr. II 234:5-11.) Officer Lutostanski agreed and reminded Mr. Abusamhadaneh that he was still under oath. (Id.) At that point, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided additional information regarding his response to particular questions. (Tr. I 100:2-6.) During this portion of the interview, Officer Lutostanski took a series of notes, portions of which Mr. Abusamhadaneh initialed at the end of the interview. (Tr. I 143:4; Tr. II 235:13-25.)

On April 30, 2010, USCIS issued a decision denying Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 Application (the 2010 Decision). (JE 11; see also JE 2.) The 2010 Decision concludes Mr. Abusamhadaneh lacked the “good moral character” required for naturalization because he provided false testimony for the purpose of obtaining naturalization. (JE 11 at 2.) The 2010 Decision expresses concern with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s responses to the following topics: membership and association with the Dar al Hijra mosque and the Muslim Brotherhood, association with Abdurahman Alamoudi, and detentions by Jordanian officials.² (JE 11 at 5-7.)

ii. October 5, 2009 Hearing

On June 2, 2010, Mr. Abusamhadaneh filed a Request for a N-336 Hearing on a Decision in Naturalization Proceedings with USCIS. (Stip. at 2.) In support, he submitted a sworn affidavit from himself and from Mr. Nubani to explain and rebut the conclusion by USCIS that he provided false testimony during the N-400 interview. (Id.) On December 29, 2010, Mr. Abusamhadaneh appeared for his N-336 hearing at the USCIS Washington District Office accompanied by Mr. Nubani. (JE 12.) He was interviewed by Senior District Adjudications Officer June Williams and the interview was videotaped. (Id.)

On July 28, 2011, USCIS issued a decision affirming the prior denial of his Application (the 2011 Decision). (JE 13.) The 2011 Decision, drafted by Officer Williams, concludes that “you have failed to overcome the denial of your application dated April 30, 2010, as it pertains to a finding that you are a person of good moral character.” (JE 13 at 5.) The 2011 Decision states that during the N-400 interview Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not initially forthcoming about his “associations with Mr. Alamoudi and various organizations.” (JE 13 at 4.) It states that “the reason you came back and asked for the second portion of the interview was because you knew your earlier minimizations of your associations with various groups and persons would not deceive USCIS.” (Id.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh disputes the determination that he lacks good moral character for purposes of naturalization as required under 8 U.S.C. § 1427. On September 2, 2011, he filed with this Court a Petition for Review of Denial of Application for Naturalization Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) and Request for De Novo Hearing. [Dkt. 1.] The Defendants in this case are: Sarah Taylor, District Director, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Washington District Office; Kimberly Zanotti, Field Office Director, USCIS, Washington District Office; Alejandro Mayorkas, Director, USCIS; Michael Aytes, Acting Deputy Director, USCIS; Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security; and Eric H. Holder, Jr., United States Attorney General. A bench trial was held on March 13, 14, and 15, 2012, and Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Petition is now before the Court.

C. Preliminary Issues

Before examining Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony, it is helpful to first address two overarching issues in this case. Both created confusion during Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 interview and, through no fault of his own, mistakenly contributed to a perception that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not forthcoming.

i. AMF & FBI Memorandum

The first issue is that Officer Lutostanski relied on information in a FBI report that was discredited as inaccurate during the trial.³ Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s first employer in the United States, the American Muslim Foundation, is no longer in existence. (Tr. I 38:11-39:13.) It was dissolved in 2004 after its president, Abdurahman Alamoudi, was convicted of various crimes. Mr. Alamoudi subsequently gave numerous interviews with the FBI, which resulted in “302 reports” prepared by FBI agents. (Tr. II 130:9-133:1.) One of the reports prepared stated that a “source” (i.e., Mr. Alamoudi) identified Mr. Abusamhadaneh as someone who was affiliated with certain organizations, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Muslim American Society. (FBI Report [Defendant Exhibit (DE) 1].) During the trial, Mr. Alamoudi credibly testified that some of the information in the report was inaccurate, particularly the statement that Mr. Abusamhadaneh told Mr. Alamoudi that he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. II 132:13-22; 142:19-143:16.) The evidence presented during the trial eon-firmed that Mr. Abusamhadaneh has never been a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Officer Lutostanski obtained the FBI report prior to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 interview and relied on it as the basis for her questioning. (Tr. II 185:3-5; 222:4-13; 223:4-6.) But she was unaware that the report contained inaccuracies and she never presented it to Mr. Abusamhadaneh for inspection. (Tr. II 183:11— 184:22; 215:3-8; Tr. IÍIA 43:6-9.) Officer Lutostanski submits that her general description of the information in the report sufficed for “inspection,” but as the Court will address later, her description fell far short of capturing the details and context of the report. By failing to provide the report to Mr. Abusamhadaneh, Officer Lutostanski’s actions appear to conflict with the Adjudicator’s Filed Manual, which states that a petitioner must be afforded an opportunity to inspect and rebut adverse information. (Tr. IIIA 41:20-44:20.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s interview was the first time Officer Lutostanski handled a complex case with this type of “positive name check” from the FBI. (Tr. IIIA 5:1-7:1; 22-24.) She explained that she did not have much experience with such an atypical case, and was not aware if there were different procedures she should follow.⁴ (Tr. IIIA 5:25-8:21.) As a result, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was never given the opportunity to examine the report and potentially identify the inaccuracies and explain the source of confusion.

Because Officer Lutostanski believed that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, she formed the mistaken impression that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was trying to deceive her when he did not mention the Muslim Brotherhood during the interview and repeatedly denied being a member of any organization. Officer Lutostanski testified that the information from the FBI report was a significant factor in her decision to deny Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Application. (Tr. IIIA 45:13-17.) She concedes she does not know what she would have concluded regarding Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanations if she was aware that the FBI report, was unreliable and inaccurate. (Tr. IIIA 40:3-9.)

ii. Mr. Nubani

The second issue is the. fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s attorney, Mr. Nubani, advised Mr. Abusamhadaneh not to disclose his relationship with religious organizations. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that when preparing his Application his attorney advised him that religious organizations were not responsive to general questions about membership and associations. More specifically, Mr. Abusamhadaneh understood Mr. Nubani to advise him that he had a right not to list religious organizations, and therefore he was not supposed to list religious organizations.⁵ (Tr. I 53:1-23.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh also understood Mr. Nubani’s advice to apply to answers to the interview questions.⁶ (Tr. I 81:23-82:7; 86:18-87:22; 193:23-24; 194:24-195:1.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he was willing to disclose his relationships with religious organizations and wanted to provide the information, but that he ultimately relied on his attorney’s advice about how the system works.⁷ (Tr. I 53:4-7; 91:12-15; 92:14-18; 96:3-9; 107:16-108:2; 162:8-9.)

As a result, when questioned about membership and association with organizations generally, Mr. Abusamhadaneh narrowly construed the questions in light of his attorney’s advice and excluded all mention of religious organizations in his answers. After Mr. Abusamhadaneh had the opportunity to talk with his attorney during the break in the interview, however, he returned to clarify his answers about his relationships with religious organizations. Officer Lutostanski did not fully credit his testimony provided after the break, as her perception was shaded by the belief that Mr. Abusamhadaneh had already intentionally provided false testimony by attempting to hide his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. IIIA 40:24-41:10; see also Tr. IIIA 25:6-26:5.) Thus, she concluded that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about his relationship with the mosque, the Muslim American Society, and the Muslim Brotherhood after the break converted his earlier omission of that information into intentionally false testimony. Yet, in reality Mr. Abusamhadaneh was just correcting for his attorney’s mistaken advice and attempting to respond to the government’s mistake about the his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood,

iii. Break in Testimony

Finally, before turning to the specifics of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony, the Court takes a moment to preliminarily address the break in his testimony during the N-400 interview. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony was provided in two parts: before and after a ten to fifteen minute break. During the break Mr. Abusamhadaneh and Mr. Nubani conferred outside the presence of Officer Lutostanski. As mentioned, Officer Lutostanski did not fully credit Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony after the break. She disputes whether the additional testimony operated as “clarification,” arguing it was really “partial clarification or expansion on previous testimony” and “additional testimony.” (Tr. IIIA 27:14-29:17.) What is clear is that the testimony was given promptly and voluntarily. cSee Tr. IIIA 52:15-19.)

After a lengthy initial interview and extensive questioning about memberships, both Mr. Abusamhadaneh and Mr. Nubani had concerns about the interview by the time of the break. Mr. Nubani made a comment to Mr. Abusamhadaneh to the tune of — “you are coming through this scrutiny because of your [religious] association,” and it looks like “they have it out for you or there’s something that’s not right here.” (Tr. I 96:13-17; Tr. I 245:18-24.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh was understandably concerned and confused. The interview had lasted a long time, he was asked questions about his relationship with religious organizations which he understood from his attorney not to be included, and he had been informed that the government had information that he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, which he was not. (Tr. I 90:18-91:6; 95:23-96:13.) Thus, Mr. Abusamhadaneh insisted that he was not leaving the building without clarifying his relationship with religious organizations. (Tr. I 96:4-9.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony after the break was made on his own volition. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that during break he again told his attorney that he did not have an issue with discussing his relationship with religious organizations, and that he thought he should do so before he finished the interview. (Tr. I 95:23-96:9; 107:16-108:2.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh also credibly testified that he clarified his attorney’s advice on that point, and that Mr. Nubani apologized for the earlier misleading advice, recommending that Mr. Abusamhadaneh discuss his relationship with religious organizations. (Tr. I 96:12-17.) He also credibly testified that he sought his attorney’s advice on providing additional information on other topics. (Tr. 1123:13-14; 130:8-11; 246:8-9; Tr. II 5:9-17.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned to continue his testimony in order to fully explain the nature of his relationship with religious organizations, to ensure that Officer Lutostanski understood that he was not linked to Mr. Alamoudi’s illegal activities during his time at the AMF, and to provide additional examples of things he had only recently thought out. The Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation and finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony after the break was consistent with, and bolstered, his earlier testimony.

D. Memberships and Associations in Organizations

Turning to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony, Defendants argue Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with an intent to obtain an immigration benefit on the following topics: membership and association with the Dar al-Hijra mosque, the Muslim American Society, and the Muslim Brotherhood; association with Mr. Alamoudi; and, stops by law enforcement. The Court will address each topic in turn,

i. Dar al-Hijra Mosque

The first issue is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony regarding his relationship with the Dar al-Hijra mosque with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit. The Court will first review Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 Application, and then turn to his testimony during the N-400 interview.⁸

1. Application

Question 8(a) of the N-400 Application asks, “Have you ever been a member of or associated with any organization, association, fund, foundation, party, club, society, or similar group in the United States or in any other place?” (Appl.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Application checks the box for “no.” (Id.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh submits he did not list the Dar al-Hijra mosque (or any other mosque where he might have prayed), because he was unsure about the scope of the question, the meaning of the terms member and associated, and because he was advised by counsel not to include relationships with religious organizations. The Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation reasonable and credible.

Question 8(a) does not specify religious organizations or the meaning of the terms member and associated. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he was unsure about the scope of the organizations he should include in response to this question, and unsure about the Application’s intended meaning of the terms member and associated. He credibly testified that in preparing to fill out the Application, he could not locate a definition of membership or association in the instruction book. (Tr. I 52:4-12.) As a result, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was unsure about whether to list the Dar al-Hijra mosque in response to Question 8(a). This confusion is reasonable because Mr. Abusamhadaneh is not formally a member of the Dar al-Hijra mosque, as he has not filled out the form required for membership, nor does he pay the requisite membership dues or vote. (Tr. I 53:25-55:24; Tr. II 94:10-95:1.) Nor does Mr. Abusamhadaneh formally associate with the mosque; he associates with it in the sense that he regularly visits the mosque to pray and attends some gatherings. (Tr. I 54:3-21.)

Recognizing that Question 8(a) was open-ended, Mr. Abusamhadaneh consulted his attorney about what he should include in his response. (Tr. I 52:9-25.) As previously discussed, Mr. Abusamhadaneh understood Mr. Nubani to advise him that he had a right not to list religious organizations and, therefore he is not supposed to list religious organizations in response. (Tr. I 53:1-23.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s reliance on this advice was reasonable. Mr. Nubani was a known attorney in the Muslim community and had a reputation as someone focused on immigration law. And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh understood him to be someone who was trustworthy. (Tr. I 49:15-21; Tr.' II 27:20-28:7.) Mr. Nubani reviewed every section of the Application with Mr. Abusamhadaneh. (Tr. I 226:1-7.) Not only does Question 8(a) fail to specify religious organizations, but there is also nothing else in the Application asking about religious affiliation that would suggest to Mr. Abusamhadaneh, contrary to Mr. Nubani’s advice, that the government had a right to inquire about it. Finally, the reasonableness of interpreting the question to exclude religious organizations is bolstered by Officer Lutostanski’s testimony that she would not generally expect an applicant to answer Question 8(a) listing his church or mosque membership. (Tr. II 192:8-19.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s exclusion of the mosque was not made with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that his rationale for not listing it was twofold. First, he did not interpret the question to inquire about informal relationships with organizations and he believed his relationship with the mosque was informal. Second, his attorney advised him that he was not supposed to list religious organizations. In light of vague terms and his attorney’s advice, Mr. Abusamhadaneh reasonably narrowly construed the question to exclude religious organizations.

It is insufficient to infer intent to deceive from the fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh had heard in the community that being Muslim or listing the Dar al-Hijra mosque on an N-400 Application could result in delays in the processing of the Application. (Tr. I 156:6-157:22; 159:2-6; 160:24-161:22.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that it came to his mind as a concern that this was a possibility for his Application, but that he did not hold the belief that it would. (Tr. I 159:7-160:8; 162:2-4; 163:1-3.) The Court will not assume everything someone generally hears becomes that person’s own personal belief. It is also insufficient to infer intent to deceive from Mr. Nubani’s bias. There is evidence that Mr. Nubani is biased against the FBI based on a concern that Muslims are unfairly targeted in the United States. From his perspective, there is a “wink and a nod” between Muslims that they are subject to greater scrutiny in the United States because of their religious affiliation. (Tr. II 38:16-39:1.) There is no evidence, however, that Mr. Abusamhadaneh held this bias.⁹

The Court assesses credibility based on the content of the witness’ testimony as well as their demeanor, cadence, tenor, tone, and inflection of voice. In addition, it looks to the consistency of the witness’ testimony with the rest of the evidence presented. The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that although it was something he discussed with his attorney in preparing the Application, he did not have an issue with listing his relationship with the mosque on his Application. (Tr. I 53:4-7; 162:8-9.) As discussed below, Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-400 interview supports a finding that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was willing to disclose his relationship with religious organizations and was not withholding information with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit.

2. N-400 Interview Testimony

The notion that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was willing to disclose his relationship with religious organizations is supported by the degree to which he was forthcoming about his attendance at the mosque during the N-400 interview. At the outset of the interview, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was asked substantially the same question as Question 8(a) on the Application by Officer Lutostanski. It was the first time he was asked about membership or association dxxring the N-400 interview. Officer Lutostanski asked:

Have you ever been a member of or associated with any organization, association, fund, foundation, party, club, society or anything similar to those? You don’t belong to any organizations?

(Tr. 2009 24:21-25:8.) Consistent with his Application answer, Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied “no.” (Tr. 2009 25:4.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s negative response as it pertains to the mosque was reasonable for the same reasons why it was reasonable when Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not list the mosque in response to Question 8(a) on the Application. And the Court credits his explanation that his answers resulted from vague questions and his attorney’s advice — not from intent to deceive to obtain an immigration benefit. In fact, his response during the interview was made more reasonable by the way Officer Lutostanski combined her version of Question 8(a) with the second question of, “you don’t belong to any organizations?” (Tr. 2009 24:21-25:3.) It is sensible to interpret the first question in light of the second question, and here the second question implied that Office Lutostanski was asking about something akin to a formal relationship. The phrase as “belong to” suggests a meaning that is closer to “being a member of’ than to “informally associate with.” Mr. Abusamhadaneh had a reasonable impression that the question pertained to formal membership and association, neither of which he believed he had with the mosque. This impression was also understandable in light of the fact that Officer Lutostanski never defined the terms member or associated.

Next, Officer Lutostanski asked, “Are you member (sic) of a church or a mosque or anything like that?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh, not being a formal member, replied “no.” (Tr. 2009 25:5-8.) Mr. Nubani then asked, “Not a member of any of the mosques?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated, “No. I visit the mosque, but I am not a member.” (Tr. 2009 25:10-13.) Thus, before any other questions about membership or associations were asked, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was forthcoming with the fact that he visits a mosque. Far from deceitfully withholding the fact that he had a relationship with the mosque, Mr. Abusamhadaneh disclosed it up front at the beginning of the interview.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s response also demonstrates that he had a precise interpretation of the meaning of the word member. By disclosing this fact, Mr. Abusamhadaneh demonstrated that he was not attempting to deceive anyone in his responses to Officer Lutostanski’s questions. This response is consistent with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony throughout the interview regarding repeated questions about membership. And, it is particularly consistent with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s response when Officer Lutostanski asked, “Can you honestly say that you are not a member of any organization?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded that he had already answered that question in the negative. He went on to explain:

“I go to the mosque. I participate in the community events. I’m a conservative person. I do pray. I do any activity that has to do with the family. I take my family. I take my kids to the school. They have picnics. They have things. So I go to all these kind of activities like anyone in any other community. But I’m not a member of any association or any club. I’m not even a member of the mosque that I go to.”

(Tr. 2009 66:15-67:9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-400 interview demonstrates he was both willing to discuss his relationship with the mosque and was careful to make a distinction about his use of the word member. In light of all the evidence presented, the Court finds this testimony forthright and truthful.

Officer Lutostanski also asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh - two general questions pertaining to association: (1) whether he was “associated with any organization,” and (2) whether the Jordanian student council (of which he was a formal member) was “the only thing that you can remember as far as your associations with any clubs?” (Tr. 2009 28:12-18.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded “no” and “yes,” respectively. The Court finds these responses as they pertain to the mosque reasonable for the same reasons they were reasonable when Mr. Abusamhadaneh answered “no” to Officer Lutostanski’s version of Question 8(a). That question included “associated” in the list of relationships she was inquiring about. , Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly explained that he did not include MAS because of the vague question and his attorney’s advice that religious organizations were not responsive. The Court also finds that his answers were not made with any intent to deceive, as he had already disclosed the fact that he attended a mosque earlier in the interview. The fact that these responses were made after Mr. Abusamhadaneh had already revealed that he prays at a mosque, bolsters his credibility that he interpreted the word associate to imply a more formal relationship.

Additional testimony from the N-400 interview lends credibility to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s assertion that he did not have any issue with disclosing his relationship with the mosque. When specifically asked, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was forthcoming about the fact that he is a Muslim who attends a mosque and community events hosted by it. For example, when asked how he found his job with the AMF, he discussed how he located the employment through the mosque. (Tr. 2009 50:9-51:18.) And, when asked later whether he attended any informal meetings or gatherings, Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated that he attended picnics and “any activities that they do on the outside.” (Tr. 2009 53:12-54:12.) (The “they” appears to be referencing the mosque.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh demonstrated that he was willing to discuss his relationship with the Dar al-Hijra mosque before the break in testimony and provided truthful answers to questions as he understood them.

After the break in testimony, Mr. Abusamhadaneh came back in to clarify that he visits and attends activities at the mosque, and so if that is the type of association Officer Lutostanski was interested in, then he did associate with the mosque. (Tr. I 100:2-18.) USCIS found this “explanation after the fact [ ] not believable.” (JE 11 at 6.) The Court disagrees. Not only is confusion about the term associate reasonable, but his explanation is entirely consistent with, and supported by, his actual testimony during the N-400 interview. A careful review of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-400 interview strongly bolsters his credibility when he claims that he was willing to discuss his relationship with the mosque, but was narrowly construing his answers in light of vague questions and his attorney’s advice about religious organizations.

The Court finds that the credibility of USCIS’s conclusions is undermined by inaccurate descriptions of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony and generalized findings about Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s truthfulness. To start, it is difficult to determine whether the USCIS decisions even conclude that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with respect to the mosque. The final 2011 Decision does not make any specific determinations, as it provides Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony and only concludes “you minimized your associations with Mr. Alamoudi and various organizations in the opening portion of your initial interview” and that such testimony was “deceptive.” (JE 13 at 4-5.) The April 30, 2010 Decision states that his Application was denied “[b]ased on [Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s] overall conduct and testimony during the interview.” (JE 11 at 6.) And, although the 2010 Decision evaluates his testimony about the mosque, it does so inaccurately.

The 2010 Decision states that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was “asked numerous times in many different ways whether [he was] a member, or associated or affiliated, directly or indirectly, with any organizations, associations, or churches” and that “only later did you testify, after prodding from your own attorney, that you and your family attended a mosque of which you were not a member.” ¹⁰ (JE 11 at 6.) Yet, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was up front with the fact that he visited a mosque, but was not a member, at the outset — in the exchange that occurred right after Officer Lutostanski asked her version of Question 8(a). To suggest that Mr. Abusamhadaneh withheld his relationship with the mosque through numerous pertinent questions is inaccurate. USCIS’s determination to group all of the questions throughout the interview without respect to timing undermines the credibility of its conclusions. It is also inaccurate to suggest that he was asked whether he was “indirectly” associated with any organizations. The only time Officer Lutostanski used the word indirect is when she asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh if he had “ever advocated either directly or indirectly the overthrow of any government by force.” (Tr. 2009 29:1-3.) Finally, the 2010 Decision also states that “supposedly” Mr. Abusamhadaneh does not consider himself a member of the mosque. The Court finds there is no basis for doubting the testimony that Mr. Abusamhadaneh is not a formal member of the mosque.

The Court notes that Officer Lutostanski did not testify that she thought he provided false testimony about the mosque. In fact, she confirmed that she would not expect Mr. Abusamhadaneh to answer Question 8(a) listing his mosque membership. And, to the extent that Officer Williams concluded that Mr. Abusamhadaneh lacked good moral character on the basis that he was not forthcoming with Officer Lutostanski about his relationship with the mosque, the Court gives very little weight to her determination. First, her conclusion was based on the N-400 interview testimony, which, as described above, the Court finds to be truthful. Second, she repeatedly mischaracterized the record of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-400 interview. For example, during the N-336 interview, Officer Williams stated that Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified during the N-400 interview that he sometimes attended the mosque, but “did not participate in any other meetings or gatherings.” (December 29, 2010 N-336 Hearing Tr. [JE 12] (“Tr. 2010”) 8:2-11.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh had to object to the misstatement and clarify his testimony from the N-400 interview for Officer Williams. Officer Williams’ mistakes about the N-400 interview record — the record that forms the basis for her conclusion that he provided false testimony to Officer Lutostanski — demonstrates that she did not undertake a thorough and careful review of it.

Finally, Defendants submit that

This case is not about whether or not Mr. Abusamhadaneh is a member of or associated with the Dar al-Hijra mosque. This case is about that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not forthcoming when he was asked time and time and time and time again about his memberships and associations, his arrests and whether or not he had ever been subjected to investigations.

(March 15, 2012 Partial Tr. [Dkt. 48] (“Tr. IIIB”) 175:10-16.) Defendants are correct that this inquiry turns on a determination of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s subjective intent, but they err in suggesting that whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh is a member of, or associated with, the mosque has no bearing on this case. An evaluation of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s truthfulness rests very heavily on a determination of whether he was actually a member of, or associated with, a mosque. Simply, if he is not a member, he cannot be found to be lying or unforthcoming when he states he is not a member. And, if he is not reasonably associated with an organization, he cannot be found to be lying or unforthcoming when he states he is not associated with an organization.

ii. Muslim American Society

The second topic is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony regarding his relationship with the Muslim American Society (MAS) with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit. Before reviewing Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Application and testimony during the N-400 interview, the Court will first address Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s relationship with MAS.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh reasonably understood MAS to be a non-profit religious organization.¹¹ (Tr. I 43:16-18.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh is not a formal member of MAS, not on the national level, not on the chapter level, and not as an affiliate member. (Tr. I 57:11-58:4; Tr. II 152:16-153:14.) He did not fill out a membership form, nor does he pay monthly dues, vote for leadership, enjoy privileges of membership in the organization, or participate in member outreach.¹² (Id.) With respect to association, Mr. Abusamhadaneh and his family attended community events sponsored by MAS and his children attended a religious school run by MAS. (Tr. I 56:19-57:1.) And, MAS interacted with the AMF on some community projects. (Tr. I 43:16-19.) The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s determination that his interactions with MAS amounted to a less formal relationship with the organization is reasonable.

1. Application Questions

Regarding the Application, Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that as a result of his confusion about the scope of Question 8(a), confusion about the terms member and associated, and advice of counsel not to include religious organizations in response to the question (including MAS, which he discussed with Mr. Nubani), he did not include MAS on the Application. (Tr. I 49:1-13; 56:19-57:3; 58:7-17; 81:23-82:7.) The Court finds this explanation reasonable and credible. And, again, although Mr. Abusamhadaneh was aware that his relationship with MAS, like the mosque, could bring scrutiny on his Application, he credibly testified that he did not have any issue with listing his religious organizations on the Application. (Tr. I 53:1-9; 163:4-18; 165:22-168:4.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh understood that being part of the Muslim community could bring such scrutiny, and so his willingness to establish himself as a person who attends a mosque and its community events during the interview undermines the suggestion that he wanted to hide the fact he was Muslim. (Tr. I 49:1-13; 156:18-23.)

Regarding the N-400 interview, as a preliminary matter, Defendants place a great deal of weight on the argument that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was repeatedly asked questions about membership and association and thus, they assert, he repeatedly lied during his interview when he did not discuss MAS or other religious organizations. Defendants argue that Mr. Abusamhadaneh should have mentioned MAS in response to Officer Lutostanski’s membership and association questions. For example, Defendants argue that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s most “egregious” conduct was failing to answer such questions when they were asked “14 times.” (Tr. IIIB 170:19-24.) Before addressing his testimony, the Court notes that it will not be deceived by that fact that Defendants’ counting overlooks the following points: (1) the terms member and associate can have distinct meanings and (2) certain questions are pertinent only for certain topics of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony.¹³ Defendants’ attempt to conflate Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony casts doubt on their conclusion about his truthfulness. In order to properly inquire into Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s subjective intent and whether his answers to certain questions were reasonable, the Court must consider the specific questions, the specific topics, and the specific answers.

a) Questions about Membership

Turning to the questions during the N-400 interview, Mr. Abusamhadaneh is not, and has never been, a formal member of MAS. (Tr. I 57:11-12.) The Court finds this to be a credible explanation as to why he did not mention MAS in response to Officer Lutostanski’s version of Question 8(a) and her statement that, “The question states have you ever in the past or now been a member of any organizations including student organizations, including religious organizations,” and question of, “You’re not a member of any organizations in the United States or in any other country?” (Tr. 2009 26:21-27:3; 73:14-16.) And, it is a credible explanation for why when asked by Officer Lutostanski, “So your statement is that you’re not a member of any organization other than you were member of student counsel (sic) when you were in college in Jordan?,” Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied, “Not as a member at all.”¹⁴ (Tr. 2009 72:13-19.) When Mr. Abusamhadaneh was asked about membership per se, he answered specifically about membership. (Tr. I 209:16-22.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility on this point is bolstered by the fact that he was clear early in the interview that he distinguished the term member from less formal interactions, like visiting a mosque.¹⁵ Defendants’ emphasis on the fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh is educated and proficient in English (see Tr. I 169:17-170:16), comports with the fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh repeatedly demonstrated himself to be someone who was precise in his use of words.

b) Questions about Association

There were also three questions that could potentially be construed as asking about Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s association with an entity like MAS. First, as discussed earlier, Officer Lutostanski’s version of Question 8(a) inquired into associations, although it was shaded by the notion of “belonging to” organizations. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s negative answer to this question regarding MAS is reasonable for the same reasons it was reasonable when he answered no to Question 8(a) on the Application. As already discussed, the scope of Question 8(a), confusion about the term associated, and advice of counsel not to include religious organizations were all factors. The Court finds that this is a credible explanation for his answers.

Later in the interview, he was asked the other two questions: (1) whether he was “associated with any organization,” and (2) whether the Jordanian student council (to which he was a member) was “the only thing that you can remember as far as your associations with any clubs?” (Tr. 2009 28:12-21.) As already mentioned, Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded “no” and “yes” respectively. The Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh credible in his testimony that he did not have an issue with disclosing his relationship with MAS. Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided a credible and reasonable explanation that he answered no to these questions because of a lack of clarity about the term association and reliance on his attorney’s advice. (Tr. I 107:16-108:2.) The Court will now more closely review both of these explanations.

Turning first to the term associated or association, Defendants, relying on Supreme Court precedent, assert the question is not about meaningful association, rather it is about any association. (Tr. IIIB 172:20-25.) Yet, there is no evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was made aware of the Supreme Court case Defendants cite. And Officer Lutostanski, unaware of any specific definition of the term associate, never defined it during the interview. (Tr. IIIA 15:5-14.) Instead, she testified that the meaning of it is the commonsense understanding, which is dependent on the applicant’s interpretation. (Id.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s interpretation that the word associated implied a formal relationship was reasonable in light of Officer Lutostanski’s questions during the interview. Toward the beginning of the interview, when referencing Question 8(a), she stated, “The question says have you ever in the past or now been a member of any organization including student organizations, including religious organizations.” (Tr. 2009 26:21-27:3.) Thus, her summarized description of Question 8(a) explicitly stated that the question was interested in membership despite its inclusion of the word associated. And, the only time it can be said that Officer Lutostanski even implied that the term associate was related to informal interactions is much later in the interview when she said, “Did you ever attend any meetings of any organizations like informational meetings, gatherings, anything like that? You said you are not associated at all with any organizations.” (Tr. 2009 53:12-17.) But the other time her questioning implied a meaning was when she stated, “But before we do that I just want to ask you again about your association with any organizations in the United States. Can you honestly say that you are not a member of any organization?” (Tr. 2009 66:11-16.) Thus, the first time she potentially indicated that the word associate related to informal interactions and then the next time she suggested it was equivalent to membership.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is bolstered by his truthful answers when Officer Lutostanski inquired later about less formal relationships with organizations. She asked, “Did you ever attend any meetings of any organizations like informational meetings, gatherings, anything like that?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated that he attended picnics and activities that “they do on the outside.” (Tr. 2009 53:12-54:12.) “They” appears to reference the mosque, but this testimony is consistent with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation at trial that the mosque and the Muslim American Society do activities, such as a prayer time and picnics in the park. (Tr. I 43:20-25; 169:5-23.) And it is consistent with his testimony later in the N-400 interview when Officer Lutostanski asked, “Can you honestly say that you are not a member of any organization?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded that he had already answered that question in the negative. He went on to explain:

“I go to the mosque. I participate in the community events. I’m a conservative person. I do pray. I do any activity that has to do with the family. I take my family. I take my kids to the school. They have picnics. They have things. So I go to all these kind of activities like anyone in any other community. But I’m not a member of any association or any club. I’m not even a member of the mosque that I go to.”

(Tr. 2009 66:11-67:9.) Finally, with respect to the reference of “the school,” toward the end of the interview, but before the break, Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated that “MAS is governing the school.” (Tr. 2009 75:4-5.) Officer Lutostanski testified that she assumed that MAS was running the school that his daughter attended. (Tr. II 231:5-7.) The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided an accurate description about the less formal associations Mr. Abusamhadaneh had in the community during the N-400 interview. The fact he provided the information before the break, although not in direct response to general questions about associations, bolsters Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility that he was willing to disclose information about his relationship with MAS.

It is notable that at no point did Officer Lutostanski follow-up about informal associations, ask him about the community activities, or ask him about his relationship with MAS. Had she attempted to obtain more detail from Mr. Abusamhadaneh, it is likely he would have overcome his concern about the advice of his attorney on religious organizations and more fully detail his activities before the break in testimony. The absence of detailed answers in the absence of detailed questions cannot be held against Mr. Abusamhadaneh.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony to Officer Lutostanski prior to the break is consistent with his statements when he returned from break, when he explained that his family participates in community services offered by MAS and that, if this the “kind of religious association” that Officer Lutostanski was talking about, then he does in that sense “associate” with MAS. (Tr. I 100:11-18.) And, Mr. Nubani explained that if what she meant by “association” was the notion that he has had contact with people from MAS, then he does in that sense “associate.” (Tr. II 14:5-8.) The Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh was accurate when he stated that he was not changing his testimony after the break, rather he was providing additional information as a clarification to his earlier testimony. (Tr. 1 107:8-22.)

c) Advice of Counsel

Turning to the issue of advice of counsel, Mr. Abusamhadaneh recognized that he had an informal relationship with MAS, and recognized that Officer Lutostanski was asking questions about religious organizations. This led to understandable confusion on Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s behalf, in light of Mr. Nubani’s advice that he was not supposed to include religious organizations in his responses. (Tr. I 90:14-92:18.) In response to a question from Mr. Nubani as to whether Question 8(a) included churches and mosques, Officer Lutostanski stated that it included “pretty much everything including PTA and all organizations.” (Tr. 2009 25:15-19.) Defendants argue that this should have dispelled any doubt that Mr. Abusamhadaneh should rely on the advice of counsel regarding disclosure of religious organizations. (Tr. IIIB 171:12-17.) The Court finds it reasonable, however, that this exchange only added to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s confusion about the role of his attorney and answers about religious organizations.

First, Mr. Abusamhadaneh points out that he did not understand Mr. Nubani to agree with Officer Lutostanski’s interpretation of the question. (Tr. I 192:6-8.) Second, contrary to Defendants’ assertion, Officer Lutostanski’s statement at the beginning of the interview did not address Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s predicament. At the start of the interview, Mr. Abusamhadaneh had been told that his attorney could “advise [him] on points of law, but he cannot respond to questions that are directed at you.” (Tr. 2009 4:11-13.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s confusion as to whether he could, or should, ask his attorney in the presence of the interviewer about how he should answer a question, given his attorneys earlier advice, is reasonable. (Tr. I 91:4-92:18; 169:3-12.) Defendants argue that Mr. Abusamhadaneh should have asked Officer Lutostanski for clarification about the meaning of the word associate. But Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s confusion was not just about the question, it was also about how to handle his attorney’s advice. Moreover, it is reasonable that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was concerned about interrupting the proceedings given the statement at the beginning that a negative inference might be drawn from stopping the interview. (Tr. I 91:2— 4.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that despite the exchange between Mr. Nubani and Officer Lutostanski, he still believed that she should not include religious organizations in response to general questions. (Tr. I 86:18-87:22.)

Finally, neither USCIS decision makes any specific conclusion regarding the truthfulness of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about MAS. Officer Williams’ did not provide any specific testimony on this point and there are substantial concerns about the credibility of Officer Lutostanski’s conclusions about MAS. First, as discussed above, Officer Lutostanski did not have all of the relevant information about the FBI report and the relationship between MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood during the N-400 interview. Second, her recollection of her questioning during that interview is less than precise in areas where precision makes a great deal of a difference. For example, during the N-400 interview she asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh, “can you honestly say that you are not a member of any organization.” (Tr. 2009 66:15-16.) But at trial she stated that she asked him, “can you honestly tell me that you are not a member of or associated with any organization.” (Tr. II 214:10-11.) And she testified at trial that “[h]e said that he already answered that question, and that ... he was not a member of or associated with any organization” (Tr. II 214:21-23), when in reality he never said anything about being associated with organizations. Mr. Abusamhadaneh had explained that although he participates in community activities, he was “not a member of any association or any club.”¹⁶ (Tr. 2009 66:17-67:9.) It appears Officer Lutostanski’s recollection of the interview is shaded by an impression that she was asking him about association when she was not.

The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he had no issue with disclosing his relationship with MAS at the outset, but decided not to during the initial part of the interview as a result of his interpretation of the term associated and advice from his attorney. The Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation and finds his answers were not made with intent to deceive in order to obtain an immigration benefit. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s decision to narrowly construe answers to vague questions in order to comport with his attorney’s advice was reasonable.

iii. Muslim Brotherhood

The next issue is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with an intent to obtain an immigration benefit on the topic of his relationship (or lack thereof) with the Muslim Brotherhood.

1. Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood

Before turning to Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony, the Court will first address his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he is not, and never has been, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. I 92:19-93:1.) Not here and not in Jordan. (Id.) Nor has he ever been associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in any formal way. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that when he lived in Jordan he attended a tutoring class and lectures sponsored by the' Muslim Brotherhood by virtue of the fact that in Jordan it is an active political party. (Tr. I 93:4-25.) And, he credibly testified that here in the United States he possibly comes in contact with people who, unbeknownst to him, consider themselves to be members of the Muslim Brotherhood by virtue of the fact that he lives in a Muslim community.¹⁷ Certainly not all American Muslims who participate in their community and who once attended a few lectures in Jordan can be said to be or have been “associated” with the Muslim Brotherhood. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s near complete lack of membership in, and association with, the organization is a credible explanation for why he did not mention it in the range of membership and association questions he was asked.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is supported by the fact that he reasonably considers the Muslim Brotherhood and the MAS to be two different organizations (Tr. I 103:25-104:3), and there is no evidence establishing that Mr. Abusamhadaneh should have thought his attendance at the Dar al-Hijra mosque made him a member of, or associated with, the Muslim Brotherhood.¹⁸ Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is also bolstered by the fact that he did not mention it in discussions with Mr. Nubani when preparing to fill out the Application.

Defendants’ emphasis on the notion that Mr. Abusamhadaneh subsequently used the word associated to describe his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood rings hollow. The record demonstrates that Mr. Abusamhadaneh used the word associated only after explaining the limited nature of his relationship with the organization, and only after adopting Defendants’ assertion that the term should be applied to his relationship. The relevant inquiry is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh reasonably believed that he was not associated with the organization when he answered Officer Lutostanski’s questions. When Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned from the break during the N^fOO interview he explained his confusion about the reach of the term associate to Officer Lutostanski and stated that he was not a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. And during the interview with Officer Williams, he said he was associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, but only insofar as he explained his limited interactions with the organization to her earlier. (Tr. 2010 64:20-65:3.)

2. FBI Report

The underlying issue that eventually led to Officer Lutostanski’s confusion is that different people have different understandings of the relationship between MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood.¹⁹ (See Tr. II 107:20-108:3.) This was made evident by testimony throughout the immigration proceedings and during the trial. Mr. Abusamhadaneh reasonably considers the Muslim Brotherhood and MAS to be two different organizations. (Tr. I 103:25-104:3.) This is supported by the fact that MAS does not hold itself out as the Muslim Brotherhood and testimony that the Muslim Brotherhood simply no longer exists in the United States. (Tr. II 107:20.) But because of how the Muslim Brotherhood evolved in the United States and because it shares the same theology as MAS, some consider MAS to effectively-be the United States Muslim Brotherhood.²⁰

The particular issue in this case is that Mr. Alamoudi has at times understood MAS to be equivalent to what he considers to be the United States Muslim Brotherhood and has discussed them interchangeably. (Tr. II 135:9-15; 143:5-16.) The FBI report upon which Officer Lutostanski relied states that a source (i.e., Mr. Alamoudi) said that Mr. Abusamhadaneh told him “he was a member of the [Muslim Brotherhood] since his days in the student movement in Jordan, which is sponsored by the [Muslim Brotherhood] in Jordan.” (Defs.’ Ex. 1.) Yet, Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony at trial effectively impeached that portion of the report. He explained that he gave more than 50 interviews, and has been subsequently skeptical of the FBI 302 reports because some of them have contained inaccuracies. (Tr. II 130:15-16; 132:5-7.) He testified that for the particular report in question, he does not believe that Mr. Abusamhadaneh would have told him that he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.²¹ (Tr. II 132:13-22.) Instead, the report reflects the facts that Mr. Alamoudi thought Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of MAS, and that Mr. Alamoudi referred to MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood interchangeably. (Tr. II 134:23-135:15.)

Officer Lutostanski was unaware that Mr. Alamoudi was the confidential source in the FBI report and that there were issues as to the accuracy of the information in the report. She simply thought Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and that he was lying by not admitting he was a member. (Tr. II 184:16-22.) From her perspective, she was repeatedly trying to give Mr. Abusamhadaneh an opportunity to mention his membership in the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. II 192:11-19; 205:3-7; 216:8-19; 217:15-17; 218:7-10.) And that is why she persisted in her questions, particularly about membership. (Tr. IIIA 32:22-33:12.) The 2010 Decision states that “even after [questions by Officer Lutostanski about membership and associations] and after being confronted about your membership in the Muslim Brotherhood, you still denied membership or association with the Muslim Brotherhood.” (JE 11 at 6.) As previously stated, Officer Lutostanski concedes she does not know what she would have concluded regarding Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanations if she was aware that the FBI report was unreliable and inaccurate.²² (Tr. IIIA 40:3-9.) Now with the benefit of all the evidence, the Court concludes that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was entirely truthful in his testimony regarding the Muslim Brotherhood.

3. N-400 Interview Testimony

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-400 interview is consistent with his explanation that he did not mention the Muslim Brotherhood in response to the general questions from Officer Lutostanski because he did not believe himself to be a member of, or associated with, the Muslim Brotherhood.

Toward the end of the interview before the break, and relying on the information in the FBI report, Officer Lutostanski asked, “Is there any reason that other government agencies have information that you’re a member of Muslim Brotherhood?” (Tr. 2009 72:20-73:1; Tr. II 223:2-6.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh, confused, stated “[t]hey have information about ...” Mr. Nubani then cut in to state, ‘You know for Jordan any kid with a beard and a Muslim is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.” (Tr. 2009 73:2-8.) Officer Lutostanski then asked, “Well, have you ever admitted to anybody in your Muslim community that you were a member of the Muslim Brotherhood?” (Tr. 2009 73:9-12.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied, “Not at all.” Officer Lutostanski later asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh, “Do you know anybody who is a member of an organization like that?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh asked, “What organization?” She replied, “The Muslim Brotherhood?,” to which he responded “No.” (Tr. 2009 73:9-17.) Mr. Nubani then explained that the Muslim Brotherhood no longer exists in the United States, but that MAS shares the same theology as the Muslim Brotherhood, and that for some, their organization can be said to be MAS. (Tr. 2009 74:8-75:3.)

Defendants argue that Mr. Abusamhadaneh should have explained the extent of his associations with the Muslim Brotherhood at this point in the interview. Officer Lutostanski also concluded that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not truthful because he did not he did not venture to explain why the FBI thought he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. IIIA 25:10-26:15.) And, Officer Williams testified that she concluded that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not truthful to Officer Lutostanski because he did not explain his “association” resulting from his time in Jordan before the break in the interview. (Tr. IIIA 97:6-98:18.) Yet, nothing in Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s reaction suggests that his confusion or lack of discussion is unreasonable, much less that it amounts to false testimony.

The Court finds that declining to immediately speculate about the government’s information does not equate to intent to deceive, particularly in light of the following facts. First, as already discussed, he was not a member of the Muslim Brotherhood nor was he associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in any meaningful way. His resulting confusion was reasonable. Second, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not given the FBI report to inspect and attempt to explain. The fact that Officer Lutostanski’s general description was met with a fairly general response is unsurprising. Officer Lutostanski testified that her description to Mr. Abusamhadaneh was that the FBI has information that indicates he was active in MAS, a United States Muslim Brotherhood organization. She testified that was “the main of their information,” and so that description sufficed for “inspection.” (Tr. IIIA 45:18-46:12.) The record is unclear as to whether Officer Lutostanski even provided this description of the report to Mr. Abusamhadaneh. The DVD recording of the interview shows that Officer Lutostanski asked, “Is there any reason that other government agencies have information that you’re a member of Muslim Brotherhood?” (Tr. 2009 72:20-73:1.) Either way, such description falls far short of capturing the detail of the information in the report and the context of the report. The Court notes that if Mr. Abusamhadaneh had in fact been presented with the document, it is likely much of this misunderstanding could have been avoided.

Third, before the break Mr. Nubani clarified that having lived in Jordan one might in some sense be associated by default, and Mr. Abusamhadaneh confirmed it answering questions about the ideologically similar MAS. (Tr. 2009 73:6-75:11.) Fourth, Mr. Abusamhadaneh reasonably considered the Muslim Brotherhood to be a religious organization.²³ (Tr. I 94:1-3; 204:6-17.) And, as previously discussed, before the break he relied on the advice of his attorney that he was not supposed to discuss religious organizations. (Tr. I 203:22-204:5.)²⁴ Thus, there is no reason to find that because Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not provide detailed speculation about why the FBI might think he was a member of Muslim Brotherhood, he provided false testimony.

Defendants also argue that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony in his response because he did not mention that Mr. Alamoudi was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.²⁵ As already discussed, what constitutes being a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in the United States is subject to various interpretations. And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he did not know if Mr. Aamoudi was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. I 206:9-12.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is supported by the fact that he had already disclosed that he knew Mr. Aamoudi and thus, he had little incentive to hide the fact that he knew Mr. Aamoudi.

Moreover, the Court finds that there is no evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s answers were made with intent to deceive to obtain an immigration benefit. There is no evidence establishing that Mr. Abusamhadaneh thought, or should have thought, that an association with, much less membership in, the Muslim Brotherhood would create an immigration hurdle. And, when asked if “membership in the Muslim Brotherhood [would] have on its face precluded Mr. Abusamhadaneh from becoming a citizen of the United States,” Officer Lutostanski responded, “[n]ot necessarily.” (Tr. II 205:25-206:3.) Thus, the Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony after the break was consistent with his explanation at trial about his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. Officer Lutostanski’s notations from after the break indicate that, “Applicant stated he did not previously reveal association with Muslim Brotherhood, parenthesis, Muslim American Society, because he is not a member.” (JE 5 at 3; Tr. I 103:15-21.) And later that, “Applicant did not mention this association before because he is not a member. Wanted to clarify the extent of his association with MAS.” (JE 5 at 4; Tr. 1106:14-20.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh initialed both of these. In addition, Mr. Nubani reaffirmed his explanation about the Muslim Brotherhood and MAS after the break in testimony, as Mr. Abusamhadaneh wanted his attorney to clarify the difference between the two organizations. (Tr. I 105:10-20; 250:9-19.) Mr. Nubani explained that people in Jordan by default interact with the Muslim Brotherhood, as one might regularly see and talk to people who are members of the Muslim Brotherhood and so in that sense they might “associate.” And, that type of interaction is different than consciously associating with someone who is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. He explained that if Officer Lutostanski was saying association means being in contact with people, Mr. Abusamhadaneh does have some association with the organization. (Tr. I 251:6-253:17; Tr. II 6:14-16.)

4. N-336 Hearing

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-336 hearing was consistent and the Court finds Officer Williams’ conclusions lacking in credibility. The 2011 Decision prepared by Officer Williams suggests that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not forthcoming during the N-400 interview because he minimized his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. (JE 13 at 2-4.) Yet, at trial, Officer Williams testified, “I’m not saying his statement in regards to Muslim Brotherhood was false.” (Tr. IIIA 97:1-2.) If the alleged “minimizations” were not “false” (putting aside whether they were said with an intent to obtain an immigration benefit), then it is hardly clear how Ms. Williams concluded he lacked good moral character on the basis that he provided false testimony regarding the Muslim Brotherhood.

Also, Officer Williams was not in a position to accurately judge Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility on this topic. First, she did not have the FBI report during her interview and had not read it herself. (Tr. IIIA 92:9-15; 93:15-16.) And, she initially mistakenly thought that Mr. Abusamhadaneh had himself given the statement to the FBI. (Tr. IIIA 93:7-9.) Without the document, it seems unlikely Officer Williams was in a position to clear up what was an apparent misunderstanding about the relationship between MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood and the FBI report’s inaccuracies. Second, Officer Williams’ testimony about her conclusion that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood is conflicting. She testified that she did not rely on the document to determine that he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, but that she believed he was a member. (Tr. IIIA 94:8-10.) She stated she believed he was a member, not because she had any proof, but because of his testimony. (Tr. IIIA 94:11— 95:4.) Yet, he repeatedly testified that he was not a member. It appears Officer Williams simply relied on descriptions from the 2010 Decision, as she repeatedly asked why the FBI would have information stating he was a member. This forced Mr. Abusamhadaneh to try and speculate and create a substantive connection (outside of Mr. Alamoudi), that in reality was lacking. (See Tr. 2010 31:19-32:19.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about the Muslim Brotherhood was consistent and credible in light of all of the evidence. The Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation as to why he did not mention the Muslim Brotherhood in response to Officer Lutostanski’s questions during the N-400 interview and finds he was under no duty to speculate. The Court finds no evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with intent to obtain an immigration benefit. With the benefit of hindsight, it is apparent that USCIS’s conclusion was driven by a mistaken belief that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.

E. Association with Alamoudi

The next topic is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit because he did not detail all of his interactions with Mr. Alamoudi before the break in testimony.

1. N-400 Interview Initial Testimony

During the first part of the interview, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was asked two questions related to Mr. Alamoudi. The first: “Tell me a little bit about the American Muslim Foundation. Did you know the president personally?” (Tr. 2009 70:14-17.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded,

I knew him as like I know my director right now. He’s actually — He was a frequent traveler. So truly I would rarely see him in the office. Because most of the time he comes a little bit late like when I’m about to leave like 3:00 p.m., 3:30 p.m. He comes to the office. Most of the time he was not in the country. So I don’t really know him in a way that you could say — He was a very nice person to me and to anybody, you know, anybody in the office. That’s

(Tr. 2009 70:18-71:6.) Officer Lutostanski then asked, “Did you associate with him outside of work?,” to which Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied, “Not really.” (Tr. 2009 71:7-9.) The 2010 Decision following Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 interview states that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s response to this question was “not really, no.” (JE 11 at 4.) The transcript and the video confirm, however, that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s answer was simply “not really.” (Tr. 2009 71:9.) Officer Lutostanski did not follow up with any additional questions seeking detail or asking what Mr. Abusamhadaneh meant by “not really.”

The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided an accurate description of his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi and that “not really” was a reasonable answer given Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s relationship with Mr. Alamoudi. Mr. Alamoudi was not Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s direct supervisor at AMF. (Tr. I 40:15-17.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he did not have a personal relationship with Mr. Alamoudi, as it was instead a typical office relationship. He explained that as president of AMF, Mr. Alamoudi was not someone who was involved in the daily business of AMF and was someone who spent a lot of time traveling. (Tr. I 40:11-15.) Mr. Alamoudi corroborated this, testifying that he had a normal working relationship with Mr. Abusamhadaneh, but that he did not have more than a working relationship with Mr. Abusamhadaneh. (Tr. II 106:10-14; 115:2-4.) And, he confirmed that he traveled often and at length. (Tr. II 105:7-106:4.) Mr. Alamoudi also noted that on some level there “has to be a brotherhood in the religious relationship,” but Mr. Alamoudi never felt like it was a very close or intimate one. (Tr. II 124:17-22; 139:8-10.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh also provided credible testimony as to why he did not really think he associated with Mr. Alamoudi outside of work. He explained that he had been to Mr. Alamoudi’s house a handful of times and noted that he was always one of dozens of people in attendance at events. (Tr. I 44:1-5.) And he explained that his attendance at these events was a direct consequence of his employment with the American Muslim Foundation.²⁶ (Tr. I 42:1-24.) Again, Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony confirmed that their interactions outside of the office were minimal. He recalled seeing Mr. Abusamhadaneh at the mosque or at functions. But he did not recall whether or not he saw Mr. Abusamhadaneh at his home and stated that, if he did, Mr. Abusamhadaneh would have been part of a large group. (Tr. II 106:16-107:16; 123:7-24.) He noted that he had a function for Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s father-in-law as a cultural welcoming, but there is no evidence indicating. Mr. Abusamhadaneh attended the function. (Tr. II 144:23-145:9.) Mr. Alamoudi recalled seeing Mr. Abusamhadaneh at functions for MAS, which included members of MAS, associates of MAS, invitees, and other people generally. (Tr. II 111:3-8; 113:4-9; 119:6-15.) Finally, other parts of Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony generally confirm that the nature of their relationship was limited. For example, he could not recall Mr. Abusamhadaneh working for the AMF, and instead thought he worked for another organization. (Tr. II 103:24-104:25.) Nor did he have a relationship with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s wife or know that Mr. Abusamhadaneh had children. (Tr. II 145:21-25.)

Thus, the Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not provide false testimony related to Mr. Abusamhadaneh. Before the break, he accurately explained his office relationship with Mr. Alamoudi. And, “not really” was a reasonable response to the question of whether he associated with Mr. Alamoudi outside of work.

2. Testimony After the Break

The Court also finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s responses were not provided with any intent to deceive, as Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he interpreted the questions related to Mr. Alamoudi to be inquiring about a personal relationship. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that during the break he explained to Mr. Nubani that he thought Officer Lutostanski’s questions regarding Mr. Alamoudi were about a personal relationship. He determined that if Officer Lutostanski was interested in more general association, he should clarify his response because he had attended events outside the office hosted by Mr. Alamoudi and he knew Mr. Alamoudi as someone who was active in the community. (Tr. I 137:14-138:23.) He also determined that he should clarify his role during the raid on the AMF, as Officer Lutostanski had also asked about that and Mr. Abusamhadaneh wanted to provide additional detail to that answer too. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that Mr. Nubani encouraged him to provide that clarification to Officer Lutostanski.²⁷ (Tr. I 138:25-139:6.) As a result, after the break, Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained to Officer Lutostanski that he had attended several functions at Mr. Aamoudi’s house, including a fundraiser for a congressperson, and that he may have seen him at the mosque. (Tr. I 139:18-140:9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh also provided details of the raid on AMF. (Tr. 1140:1-13.)

There is no basis for finding that this additional detail after the break suggests that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s earlier testimony was either false or intentionally false. First, the Court has already reviewed at length the subjectivity inherent in the word “associate.” And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that his understanding of the question of whether he associated with Alamoudi outside of work was that it was directed at a personal one-to-one relationship, which he reasonably considered himself not to have. (Tr. I 190:2-4.) It was not that he forgot about attending events, but rather that he did not initially think that such loose interaction was the type of “association” Officer Lutostanski was asking about.²⁸ This is consistent with his interpretation that the word “associate” implied a more formal relationship. Also, it is particularly reasonable in light of the fact that Officer Lutostanski asked if he knew Mr. Alamoudi personally. Second, at least some of the events Mr. Abusamhadaneh attended where Mr. Alamoudi was present were in a sense within the scope of his work. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he often attended them because he considered them career related. (Tr. I 42:1-24.) Third, the response of “not really” implies that there was some association, but that it was minimal. And that description reasonably accords with Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s experience with Mr. Alamoudi outside of work. To the extent that Defendants misinterpreted Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony to be “not really, no,” and base their argument on the notion that Mr. Abusamhadaneh said “no,” they are simply in error.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about Mr. Alamoudi during the N-400 interview was not made with the intent to obtain an immigration benefit. Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible testimony that he had nothing to hide about his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi. And, he provided credible testimony that he expounded upon his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi and upon the raid of the AMF after the break to ensure that Officer Lutostanski had all of the details and did not mistakenly think he was associated with Mr. Alamoudi’s illegal activities. Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained to Officer Williams that his relationship with AMF and Mr. Alamoudi was old and already known to law enforcement. As a result, Mr. Abusamhadaneh had nothing to hide about that period of time. (Tr. 2010 42:18-22.)

The Court also finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not provide the additional detail in response to any actual or imminent exposure of a false statement. Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that it would not make sense for him to try and disassociate himself from Mr. Alamoudi, as he worked for AMF for a number of years, they sponsored his green card and H-lb visa, and Mr. Alamoudi signed his application. (Tr. I 139:3-14.) Rather he wanted to come back and explain the nature of his limited relationship with Mr. Alamoudi, and his lack of involvement when AMF was raided, so he would not be “labeled with” Mr. Alamoudi’s illegal activities. Nothing about Officer Lutostanski’s questions suggests that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was caught in a lie about his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi.

Finally, Officer Williams’ conclusion that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was trying to hide his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi is lacking in credibility. The Court emphasizes its concern that she did not conduct a thorough review of the record below. For example, she told Mr. Abusamhadaneh that during the N-400 interview he said that he was “questioned about Mr. Alamoudi for approximately five minutes.” (Tr. 2010 16:11-12.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh again had to stop her to clarify that he was never questioned about Mr. Alamoudi. And, Officer Williams relied on the 2010 Decision letter’s inaccurate description of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony as “not really, no.” (Tr. 2010 17:15.) She did not address the fact that his testimony was “not really” or credit the implication that he had some relationship with Mr. Alamoudi outside of work.

The Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided truthful responses to the two questions related to Mr. Alamoudi during the first part of the N-400 interview. The Court also finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s determination to clarify those answers by providing additional detail after the break to be just that: additional detail. And, the Court credits his explanation after the break as to why he provided more detail.

F. Detentions and Stops by Law Enforcement

The next topic is whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony with intent to obtain an immigration benefit when he did not tell Officer Lutostanski about two incidents involving law enforcement in Jordan until after the break.

Turning to the questions at issue, Question 16 of the Application asks: “Have you ever been arrested, cited or detained by any law enforcement officer (including US-CIS or former INS and military officers) for any reason?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh answered “yes” and cited an alleged shoplifting incident. (JE 1 at 8.) During the N-400 interview, Officer Lutostanski repeated a version of Question 16 when she asked, “Have you ever been arrested or detained by any law enforcement officer?” (Tr. 2009 29:20-22.) Consistent with his Application answer, Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied “Yes, once,” and explained that it was for alleged shoplifting. (Tr. 2009 30:1-31:19.) Officer Lutostanski followed up and asked, “Was that the only time that you were ever stopped by law enforcement?” Mr. Abusamhadaneh replied, “yes.”²⁹ (Tr. 2009 31:19-22.)

Later in the interview she asked, “Have you ever been arrested in Jordan?,” to which he replied “no.” (Tr. 2009 59:21— 60:1.) Again, the 2010 Decision contains a significant error. It incorrectly states that the question Officer Lutostanski asked was, “Have you ever been arrested or detained in Jordan?” (JE 11 at 5.) In actuality, Officer Lutostanski only asked Mr. Abusamhadaneh if he had been “arrested in Jordan.” Both the N-400 hearing transcript and the video make this clear. This is the second significant error in USCIS’ description of the record and it undermines the credibility of USCIS’ conclusions.

Officer Lutostanski then followed-up with: “Have you ever been questioned about, excused of or investigated for a crime other than a minor traffic violation?” to which he replied “no,” other than the one he had on the application for shoplifting. (Tr. 2009 60:9-15.) Finally, Officer Lutostanski also asked, “Have you ever been contacted or interview (sic) by law enforcement agency in the United States or any other country? That includes FBI, CIA, immigration,” and he replied “no.” (Tr. 2009 60:16-21.)

After the break in testimony, Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned and explained to Officer Lutostanski two incidents involving law enforcement in Jordan. One occurred after he returned to Jordan from the visit to the United States as a student. Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that intelligence officers visited his house and asked him to come in for questioning the next morning. When he did not because he had an exam, the police stopped the bus he was on and asked him to come in. (Tr. I 126:4-9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh did and answered questions from intelligence officers. (Tr. 1 123:9-125:3.) The other incident did not involve the questioning of Mr. Abusamhadaneh, but it did again involve a bus being stopped. Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that when he was riding a bus to the university, police stopped it and questioned some of the passengers. Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that he was not questioned, but that the bus was stopped for half a day. (Tr. I 126:12-128:21.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that nothing came of the incidents and that neither involved crimes. Officer Lutostanski’s notes confirm that these descriptions were provided after the break. (JE 5 at 2; Tr. I 130:19-6; 133:17-134:3.) And the testimony was corroborated by Mr. Nubani’s testimony at trial. (Tr. I 247:3-250:6.) Officer Lutostanski did not ask any followup questions. (Tr. II 238:22-24.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible testimony that he initially failed to recall these two incidents in Jordan. Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that when he read Question 16 on the Application he thought about it seriously and interpreted it to be inquiring about any kind of criminal activities. (Tr. I 59:12-20.) Thus, he focused on his alleged shoplifting offense because it was the only time he had been arrested, and he simply did not think of the incidents in Jordan. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is bolstered by the testimony that he never discussed the incidents with Mr. Nubani in preparing the Application. And Mr. Nubani did not think Mr. Abusamhadaneh had previously thought about the incidents. (Tr. II 63:4-64:23.) And, the notion that incidents from his time in Jordan never crossed his mind when preparing the Application is supported by the fact that he also did not recall membership in student council organization in Jordan until the interview (which he noted during the interview). (Tr. I 229:12-17.) Defendants argue that his testimony is contradicted by Mr. Alamoudi’s recollection of Mr. Abusamhadaneh telling him he had gotten into some trouble in Jordan. (Tr. IIIB 167:13-20.) Not only is Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony on this count uncertain and lacking in detail,³⁰ but it also fails to place the conversation anywhere near the time of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s Application preparation.

When asked a version of Question 16 during the N-400 interview, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided the same response he provided on the Application, understanding the question the same way he did when he filled out the Application. Defendants argue that it is not credible that one would have a lapse in memory about a twelve to thirteen hour detention “when asked the question five times.” (Tr. IIIB 168:12-15.) But again, Defendants’ counting is misleading. The first question was the same as Question 16 on the Application, and the second question, although inquiring into “stops,” was asked as a follow-up to the Question 16 question. The next two questions — whether he had ever been arrested in Jordan and whether he had ever been investigated for a crime — confirmed the impression that Officer Lutostanski was interested in crime and arrests. The Court notes he answered those questions truthfully, as he had never been arrested in Jordan and was not questioned about any crime other than the alleged shoplifting incident. Instead, it is reasonable to infer that the questioning was aimed at what Mr. Abusamhadaneh interpreted to be Questions 16’s purpose: arrest and alleged crimes.

Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not provide intentionally false testimony regarding the incidents in Jordan during the first part of the interview. He credibly testified that the first time it even crossed his mind that the incidents in Jordan might be pertinent was when Officer Lutostanski asked about arrests in Jordan. (Tr. I 123:9-14.) At that point, Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he answered “no” to the question of whether he was arrested in Jordan, because he had never been arrested in Jordan. (Tr. I 178:11-20.) And, he credibly testified that after that question, while the interview was proceeding, he started to consider whether the two incidents qualified as detentions. (Tr. I 130:2-7.) It was clear to Mr. Abusamhadaneh that they were not arrests, but it was not clear whether they constituted detentions.³¹ (Tr. I 134:11-135:22; 179:6-9.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh also credibly testified that he was not sure about the right time during the interview to possibly disclose the two incidents. (Tr. I 130:6-7.) And he credibly testified that he was unclear about the meaning of detention and wanted to talk about it with his attorney and did not know the best time to do so. (Tr. I 123:11-14; 183:16-25.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh credibly testified that he was under the impression not to stop the interview. (Tr. 1 135:23-136:12.) This testimony was bolstered by the fact that he did not seek his attorney’s advice on answering questions before the break.³² (Tr. I 180:20-24.)

Finally, there is no evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh withheld information about the incidents during the first part of the interview to obtain an immigration benefit. During the break Mr. Abusamhadaneh mentioned the incidents to Mr. Nu-bani and asked for advice about whether he should mention them to Officer Lutostanski. (Tr. I 123:13-14.) Mr. Nubani recommended disclosing them both to err on the safe side. (Tr. I 246:8-14.) This is what Mr. Abusamhadaneh did and the Court finds he credibly testified that he had no issue with those incidents being included. (Tr. I 130:8-11; 136:7-12; 177:6-8.) The Court credits his explanation that he did not mention them before the break because the incidents did not initially cross his mind and then when they did, he was not sure if they were responsive and was waiting for the appropriate time to discuss them or obtain his attorney’s advice. That Mr. Abusamhadaneh may have also had a concern about disclosing the incidents because of a fear of Jordanian intelligence, or because we was embarrassed, does not amount to something related to an immigration benefit.³³ There is no evidence that the incidents in Jordan would have delayed Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s application or created any sort of immigration hurdle, much less that Mr. Abusamhadaneh thought that to be the case. The Court credits his explanation that he came back and discussed them because he believed they were potentially responsive and wanted to provide a full disclosure. (Tr. I 135:20-136:12.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony during the N-336 hearing was consistent. Again, Officer Williams’ credibility is hurt by her failure to accurately understand Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s N-400 testimony. For example, she stated that in response to the question, “have you ever been arrested or detained in Jordan, you said no, but then you came back and said you had two arrests in Jordan.” (Tr. 2010 46:7-12.) The first problem with her description is the fact that the question was “have you ever been arrested in Jordan.” Officer Williams’ reliance on an error in the 2010 Decision again suggests that she did not go back and conduct a studied review of the transcript or video, as they both made clear that the question did not include the word detained. The second problem is the fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh never came back and said he had two arrests. Mr. Abusamhadaneh described the incidents in Jordan, but never stated that they were arrests. He pointed this out to Officer Williams, and said he did not think it could be considered an “arrest.” Despite this, Officer Williams persisted in characterizing them as arrests and confused the interview by repeatedly stating that Mr. Abusamhadaneh had been arrested in Jordan. As a result, it appears Mr. Abusamhadaneh, at points during the N-336 interview, adopted her conclusion that one or both of the incidents, were the equivalent to an arrest. Mr. Abusamhadaneh, however, consistently explained the details of both of the incidents and the Court credits his testimony as being consistent, understanding that Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that there is no record of an arrest for him in Jordan.

Thus, the Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation that he had a delayed recollection credible. And, the Court credits his correction, particularly because there is no evidence Mr. Abusamhadaneh had any incentive to initially withhold the information to obtain an immigration benefit.

G. Investigations

Finally, the Court takes a moment to address the alleged shoplifting incident and the subsequent investigation by the Fairfax County Police Department (the Department). In October 2006, Mr. Abusamhadaneh was involved in an alleged shoplifting incident unrelated to his employment at the Fairfax County Police Department. But because he was arrested, the Department launched an internal investigation and Mr. Abusamhadaneh was put on paid administrative leave. Mr. Abusamhadaneh resigned from the Department in December 2006. (Tr. I 117:5-11.) The incident was dismissed by order of nolle prosequi and expunged in 2008. (Tr. I 60:9-15; Pl.’s Ex. 9.)

Mr. Abusamhadaneh disclosed the incident in his Application and answered Officer Lutostanski’s questions pertaining to it during the interview. When Officer Lutostanski asked, “Have you ever been questioned about, excused of or investigated for a crime other than a minor traffic violation,” Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated “no” other than the one he had on the application for shoplifting. (Tr. 2009 60:9-15.) The Court finds that he was forthcoming about the incident and did not provide any false testimony pertaining to it during the naturalization interview.

At trial, Mr. Abusamhadaneh detailed the investigation by the Fairfax County Police Department that resulted and explained that it had a criminal and an administrative component. (Tr. I 185:4-10.) He explained that, while employed by the Fairfax County Police Department, Mr. Abusamhadaneh worked on the department servers, desktops, and things generally related to their network at various locations within Fairfax County. (Tr. I 46:17-47:4.) He noted that as part of the investigation, the police obtained thumb drives and a laptop of his. (Tr. I 186:2-24.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that he was not aware of any images of suspected terrorists downloaded from the drives or laptop and that if there were such images, he was not responsible for them. (Tr. I 186:7-9; 187:19-25; 188:1-9.) He testified that he did not have access to personal information of other employees outside the scope of his work as a network analyst. (Tr. I 188:7-9.) Finally, Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that he was never accused by the Department of downloading images of terrorists or improperly accessing confidential information. (Tr. I 187:16-188:6.) The Court credits this testimony, as nothing Defendants introduced at trial suggests it is inaccurate.

i. Admissibility of Supplemental Investigative Reports

During trial, Defendants attempted to move supplemental police reports into evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8). The reports — contained in Defendants’ Exhibits # 4 and # 5— were prepared by Detective Comfort who testified as a rebuttal witness for Defendants. Detective Comfort was assigned to the Criminal Investigations Division of the Fairfax County Police Department in 2006, where he conducted the criminal side of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s investigation, but not the parallel internal investigation. (Tr. IIIA 109:12-110:6.) He described his investigation as a “subinvestigation,” stating that it was not the primary investigation and that he was not the original reporting officer. (Tr. IIIB 141:19.) Plaintiff objected to the admissibility of the reports and the Court took the objection under advisement during the trial.

In civil actions, “factual findings from a legally authorized investigation” are admissible, if “neither the source of information nor other circumstances indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” Fed. R. Ev. 808(8). The party opposing the admission of such a report bears the burden of establishing its unreliability. Ellis v. Int’l Playtex, Inc., 745 F.2d 292, 300 (4th Cir.1984); Kennedy v. Joy Techs., Inc., 269 Fed.Appx. 302, 309-10 (4th Cir.2008). In determining admissibility, the court should assess and weigh factors such as: (1) the timeliness of the investigation; (2) the special skill or experience of the investigators; and (3) any possible motivation problems. Ellis, 745 F.2d at 300-01. Other factors that may be relevant include “unreliability, inadequate investigation, inadequate foundation for conclusions, [and] invasion of the jury’s province.” Distaff, Inc. v. Springfield Contracting Corp., 984 F.2d 108, 111 (4th Cir.1993). The trial judge has “the discretion, and indeed the obligation, to exclude an entire report or portions thereof ... that she determines to be untrustworthy.” Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 167, 109 S.Ct. 439, 102 L.Ed.2d 445 (1988); see also Distaff, 984 F.2d at 111 (trustworthiness is properly determined by trial court).

First, the findings contained in Detective Comfort’s reports do not constitute “factual findings” within the meaning of Rule 803(8). Factual findings must be final statements made at the end of the investigative process. See United States v. Gray, 852 F.2d 136 (4th Cir.1988) (tentative internal IRS report, which did not purport to contain agency factual findings, not admissible); Brown v. Sierra Nev. Mem. Miners Hosp., 849 F.2d 1186 (9th Cir.1988) (preliminary staff reports and interim reports by outside consultants are not reports containing factual findings because they are not final determinations); City of N.Y. v. Pullman Inc., 662 F.2d 910 (2d Cir.1981) (report inadmissible because it “did not embody the findings of an agency, but the tentative results of an incomplete staff investigation”). The reports at issue here effectively constitute a log of Detective Comfort’s ongoing activity in the investigation. They largely contain hearsay and information that is preliminary in nature. They do not appear to contain final conclusions about Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s conduct that resulted from a complete investigation. Moreover, Detective Comfort testified that the reports were “all supplements” in the case because he was not the “original reporting officer.” (Tr. IIIB 130:22-131:1.) He testified that he did not read the initial report before preparing his supplements, and that he had never seen the original report. (Tr. IIIB 131:2-12.) As a result, the Court finds that such reports cannot be said to be the final determinations of the Department’s investigation.³⁴

Second, assuming the reports did contain “factual findings” within the meaning of the rule, they are untrustworthy. As already discussed, Detective Comfort was not the original reporting officer and did not review the original report. The reports are full of third-party statements and Plaintiff established at trial that much of the information contained in the reports does not result from Detective Comfort’s own observations or personal knowledge. Detective Comfort’s testimony at trial also demonstrated that he did not have any special skill or experience that positioned him to make conclusions about violations of information security policies within the department. (Tr. IIIB 144:10-147:21.) In fact, he testified that he did not “know that much about computers.” (Tr. IIIB 147:10.) And, Detective Comfort did not know answers to basic questions like whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh was issued a used or new hard drive, whether the hard drive was wiped clean before he obtained it, and whether access to the drive had been limited to Mr. Abusamhadaneh. (Tr. IIIB 144:6-147:10.) Finally, the testimony at trial revealed that the investigation was inadequate and incomplete. Detective Comfort never spoke with Mr. Abusamhadaneh and was not fully aware of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s official duties in the Department. (Tr. IIIA 122:7-9; 124:4-7.) For example, Detective Comfort agreed that depending on what section Mr. Abusamhadaneh was in, images he thought to be suspicious could have been the Department’s images. (Tr. IIIB 145:5-10.) And he agreed that the presence of IP addresses he found to be suspicious, “could have been part of [Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s] job.” (Tr. IIIA 124:2-7.)

For the above reasons, the Court finds that Detective Comfort’s reports contained in Defendants’ Exhibits # 4 and # 5 are not admissible as public reports under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8). Finding no other basis for their admissibility, they are excluded.³⁵

ii. Detective Comfort’s Testimony

The only portion of Detective Comfort’s testimony that arguably impeached Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony was hearsay, and is thus excluded. Detective Comfort provided a description of events surrounding Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s alleged shoplifting based on the hearsay of other individuals. It was not a part of the investigation that Officer Comfort personally conducted, nor was it a prior consistent or inconsistent statement by Mr. Abusamhadaneh. As a result, that testimony is excluded.

Not only did the remainder of Detective Comfort’s testimony suffer from serious credibility issues as discussed earlier, but it quite simply failed to contradict or challenge any of the prior testimony the Court heard. The most glaring issue with the testimony is that fact that Detective Comfort never spoke with Mr. Abusamhadaneh. Nor did he testify that anyone told Mr. Abusamhadaneh about any of the details of the investigation that Detective Comfort discussed — downloading images of terrorists or improperly accessing confidential information. Without evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was aware of Detective Comfort’s findings, the Court finds Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony regarding the alleged shoplifting incident and subsequent investigation credible.

II. Conclusions of Law

A. Jurisdiction

The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c), 28 U.S.C. § 2201, and 28 U.S.C. § 1331. And, venue is proper as Petitioner resides with the Eastern District of Virginia and the events giving rise to this claim arose within this district.

B. Standard of Review

District courts review USCIS’s denial of a naturalization Application de novo. See 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c); see also Kai Tung Chan v. Gantner, 464 F.3d 289, 291 (2d Cir.2006) (“Judicial review of naturalization denials is always available and is de novo, and is not limited to any administrative record.”); Aparicio v. Blakeway, 302 F.3d 437, 440 (5th Cir.2002) (“Rather than conducting an administrative review, the district court reviews the case de novo and makes its own findings of fact and conclusions of law.”) “That system of de novo review for naturalization applications stands in ‘sharp contrast’ to the more deferential review that courts provide in the context of other immigration appeals: ‘whereas judicial review in other immigration contexts, such as removal or asylum, is highly deferential and expressly limited by statute,’ in the naturalization context, the Court is not limited to the facts in the administrative record, and in fact is permitted to engage in its own de novo fact finding.” Nesari v. Taylor, 806 F.Supp.2d 848, 867 (E.D.Va.2011) (Brinkema, J.) (quoting Mobin v. Taylor, 598 F.Supp.2d 777, 780 (E.D.Va.2009) (Ellis, J.)); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c).

“[E]ven if the INS is allowed to make the initial decision on a naturalization application, the district court has the final word and does not defer to any of the INS’s findings or conclusions.” United States v. Hovsepian, 359 F.3d 1144, 1162 (9th Cir.2004) (emphasis omitted). But courts “have the power to confer citizenship only ‘in strict compliance with the terms of an authorizing statute.’ ” Cody v. Caterisano, 631 F.3d 136, 142 (4th Cir.2011) (quoting Pangilinan, 486 U.S. at 884, 108 S.Ct. 2210).

C. Burden of Proof

An applicant seeking to obtain the privilege of United States citizenship bears the burden of proof to establish that he is eligible for naturalization. INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 886, 108 S.Ct. 2210, 100 L.Ed.2d 882 (1988) (“it has been universally accepted that the burden is on the alien applicant to show his eligibility for citizenship in every respect”) (quoting Berenyi v. Dist. Dir., INS, 385 U.S. 630, 637, 87 S.Ct. 666, 17 L.Ed.2d 656 (1967)). Any doubts regarding an applicant’s eligibility for naturalization “should be resolved in favor of the United States and against the claimant.” Berenyi, 385 U.S. at 637, 87 S.Ct. 666 (citing United States v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605, 626, 51 S.Ct. 570, 75 L.Ed. 1302 (1931)); see also 8 C.F.R. § 316.2.

In particular, the applicant has the burden of proving that he is of good moral character. See 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(a)(1) (“[A]n applicant for naturalization bears the burden of demonstrating that, during the statutorily prescribed period, he or she has been and continues to be a person of good moral character.”).

Regarding the standard of proof, 8 C.F.R. § 316.2(b) states:

The applicant shall bear the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she meets all of the requirements for naturalization, including that the applicant was lawfully admitted as a permanent resident to the United States, in accordance with the immigration laws in effect at the time of the applicant’s initial entry or any subsequent reentry.

As a result, some courts follow the regulation and apply a preponderance of the evidence standard of proof. See Hovsepian, 359 F.3d at 1168; Nesari, 806 F.Supp.2d at 867 (preponderance of the evidence).

Despite the regulation, a few courts have concluded that the standard for establishing good moral character is heightened to one of clear and convincing evidence. See Dicicco v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice INS, 873 F.2d 910, 915 (6th Cir.1989) (citing Berenyi, 385 U.S. at 636-37, 87 S.Ct. 666) (requiring “clear, convincing and unequivocal evidence”); El-Ali v. Carroll, 83 F.3d 414 (Table), [published in full-text format at 1996 U.S.App. LEXIS 8747] 1996 WL 192169, at *4 (4th Cir.1996) (clear and convincing evidence); Mobin, 598 F.Supp.2d at 780 (clear and convincing evidence).

Defendants urge a clear and convincing evidence standard and rely on the following statement by the Supreme Court in Berenyi: 385 U.S. at 636-37, 87 S.Ct. 666 (internal citations omitted) (footnotes omitted). A reasonable interpretation of this language is that the “shoe is on the foot” comment refers not to the clear and convincing standard of proof, but rather to the fact that the applicant bears the burden when seeking naturalization. In light of this interpretation and the clear wording of the regulation, this Court finds that preponderance of the evidence standard is the appropriate standard of proof for an applicant. Regardless of this dispute though, the Court holds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh meets his burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence and also meets the burden under the heightened standard of clear and convincing evidence.³⁶

When the Government seeks to strip a person of citizenship already acquired, or deport a resident alien and send him from our shores, it carries the heavy burden of proving its case by ‘clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence.’ But when an alien seeks to obtain the privileges and benefits of citizenship, the shoe is on the other foot. He is the moving party, affirmatively asking the Government to endow him with all the advantages of citizenship. Because that status, once granted, cannot lightly be taken away, the Government has a strong and legitimate interest in ensuring that only qualified persons are granted citizenship. For these reasons, it has been universally accepted that the burden is on the alien applicant to show his eligibility for citizenship in every respect. This Court has often stated that doubts ‘should be resolved in favor of the United States and against the claimant.’

D. General Naturalization Requirements

Section 1427 of the Immigration and Nationality Act sets forth the following requirements for naturalization:

(a) An applicant must have resided continuously, as a lawful permanent resident, in the United States for five years immediately preceding his application to naturalize; must have been physically present in the United States at least half of that time, and; must have resided within the state or USCIS district in which he filed his application for at least three months. 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(1); see 8 C.F.R. § 316.5.

(b) An applicant must reside in the United States from the time of his application until the time of his “admission to citizenship.” 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(2); see 8 C.F.R. § 316.5.

(c) An applicant must have been, and remain, “a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(3); see 8 C.F.R. § 316.10-316.11.

E. Good Moral Character Requirement

Turning to the “good moral character” requirement, the Immigration and Nationality Act and regulations promulgated thereunder require an applicant to demonstrate that he or she “has been and still is a person of good moral character” from five years before filing the application until administration of the oath of allegiance. 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(3); 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(a)(1). Congress has erected several statutory bars to a finding that an applicant possesses good moral character. Relevant here is 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6), which states:

No person shall be regarded as, or found to be, a person of good moral character who, during the period for which good moral character is required to be established, is, or was — [ ] one who has given false testimony for the purpose of obtaining any benefits under this chapter.

8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6); see also 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(b)(2)(vi).

The Supreme Court has stated that ‘testimony1 is limited to oral statements made under oath.” Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759, 780, 108 S.Ct. 1537, 99 L.Ed.2d 839 (1988).³⁷ The Supreme Court has also explained that “[ljiterally read, [§ 1101(f)(6) ] denominates a person to be of bad moral character on account of having given false testimony if he has told even the most immaterial of lies with the subjective intent of obtaining immigration or naturalization benefits.” Id. at 764, 108 S.Ct. 1537. Thus, although false statements need not be material to bar a finding of good moral character, they must be made with the subjective intent of obtaining immigration or naturalization benefits. Misrepresentations that are made for other reasons, however — such as “embarrassment, fear, or a desire for privacy” — are not sufficiently culpable to “brand the applicant as someone who lacks good moral character.” Id. at 780, 108 S.Ct. 1537.

F. Advice of Counsel

The affirmative defense of reliance on professional advice “is designed to refute the government’s proof that the defendant intended to commit the offense.” United States v. Miller, 658 F.2d 235, 237 (4th Cir.1981) (citing United States v. Smith, 523 F.2d 771, 778 (5th Cir.1975)); see also United States v. Newport News Shipbuilding, Inc., 276 F.Supp.2d 539, 565 (E.D.Va.2003) (“[G]ood faith reliance on the advice of counsel may contradict any suggestion that a contractor ‘knowingly’ submitted a false claim, or did so with deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard.”).

In the past the Fourth Circuit has explained that to establish the defense of reliance on professional advice, defendants must establish that: (i) the advice was sought and received before taking action, (ii) they in good faith sought the advice of a professional whom they considered competent, (iii) the purpose of securing advice was to determine the lawfulness of future conduct, (iv) a full and accurate report was made to the professional of all material facts which the defendants knew and (v) they acted strictly in accordance with the advice of the professional who had been given a full report. See United States v. Polytarides, 584 F.2d 1350, 1352 (4th Cir.1978). More recently, the Fourth Circuit consolidated these elements. In order to provide reliance on defense of counsel, Mr. Abusamhadaneh must prove that he (a) fully disclosed of all pertinent facts to an expert, and (b) in good faith relied on the expert’s advice. See United States v. Butler, 211 F.3d 826, 833 (4th Cir.2000); Miller, 658 F.2d at 238 (citing United States v. Cox, 348 F.2d 294, 296 (6th Cir.1965)).

Defendants also cite Smith for the position that “reliance cannot be in good faith when the affiant has knowledge contrary to the conclusions of his attorney.” See Smith, 523 F.2d at 778. In that case, the affiant had knowledge that particular reports contained false information and the CPA he retained failed to catch the irregularities. The Court explained that the “reliance defense serves the purpose of negating intent to commit an offense,” and “[i]t will not avail as a means of shifting criminal responsibility.” Id. This example fits squarely within the Fourth Circuit’s requirement that there must be full disclosure of all pertinent facts to an expert.

G. Withdrawing False Testimony

The Ninth Circuit has addressed the issue of the effect of a break in testimony, and explained that the effect turns on the applicant’s subjective intent for coming back and withdrawing false testimony. Llanos-Senarillos v. United States, 177 F.2d 164, 165 (9th Cir.1949). The Court explained that “[i]f the witness withdraws the false testimony of his own volition and without delay, the false statement and its withdrawal may be found to constitute one inseparable incident out of which an intention to deceive cannot rightly be drawn.” Id. But if the applicant changes testimony “only after he knew his false testimony would not deceive” then “[t]he reasons given for the false statements amount to confession and avoidance which we cannot consider.” Id. As explained by other courts, “[a]n alien’s timely, voluntary retraction of a false statement may excuse the misrepresentation if it is not made in response to actual or imminent exposure of the false statement.” Mhanna v. United States Dep’t of Homeland Sec. Citizenship, No. 10-292, 2010 WL 5141803, at *13 n. 11, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131784, at *42 n. 11 (D.Minn. Dec. 13, 2010).

The inquiry “depends upon the facts of the case,” as it is focused on the affiant’s subjective intent. Llanos-Senarillos, 177 F.2d at 165. For example, courts have also addressed the situation where the affiant reasonably relies on the advice of an attorney not to correct a misstatement, but then provides the correction when confronted with the fact that it was a misstatement. See Beckanstin v. United States, 232 F.2d 1, 4 (5th Cir.1956). There courts have found that the affiants willingness to promptly correct a misstatement when confronted may negate a willful intent to swear falsely. Id.

H. Application

1. Mosque & MAS

Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not give intentionally false testimony regarding his relationship with the Dar al-Hijra mosque or the Muslim American Society. First, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible and convincing testimony that he understood the terms member and associated to have some token of formality. The fact that definitions were never provided left Officer Lutostanski’s questions open to interpretation and Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s interpretation was reasonable.³⁸ Second, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible and convincing testimony that he reasonably relied on his attorney’s advice that religious organizations were not responsive to broad questions about membership and association. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s relationship with the mosque and MAS were known to Mr. Nubani and discussed in preparation of the Application. And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh relied on Mr. Nubani’s advice about how the system works in good faith. As a result, it was reasonable that Mr. Abusamhadaneh narrowly construed his answers in light of his attorney’s advice.

If Mr. Abusamhadaneh answered a vaguely worded question inaccurately, he did not do so with the requisite intent to obtain immigration benefit. Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible and convincing testimony that he was willing to disclose his relationship with religious organizations at the outset, but did not do so for the reasons just discussed. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s credibility is substantially bolstered by the fact that he answered specific questions truthfully, discussing his informal relationships with religious organizations. That he had heard that being Muslim might delay his Application is insufficient evidence to overcome Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony. The Court will not simply impute to Mr. Abusamhadaneh everything he has ever heard, particularly in light of credible testimony to the contrary.

Finally, Mr. Abusamhadaneh clarified his testimony regarding his relationship with religious organizations, and the determination to do so was not made in response to actual or imminent exposure of a false statement. Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned voluntarily and without delay. And he returned to clarify his understanding of the term “association” and to correct for his attorney’s mistaken advice. To the extent that these clarifications were made in response to Officer Lutostanski’s confrontation about the Muslim Brotherhood, the Court notes that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was not confronted with the truth, but rather with an erroneous statement from a mistaken FBI report. That he returned to clarify that mistake, and in doing so provided additional details on other topics in an attempt to help explain it, does not suggest that he had been caught in any sort of a lie. Clarification of inaccuracies — whether they be Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s or the government’s — does not somehow automatically convert testimony into intentionally false testimony.

2. Muslim Brotherhood

Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not give intentionally false testimony regarding his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. Again, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible and convincing testimony that he understood terms membership and associated to have some token of formality. And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s responses to Officer Lutostanski’s questions are reasonable because his “association” with the Muslim Brotherhood, if existent, is minimal. The Court finds this a credible explanation for why he did not raise the topic of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Court also finds that he did not withhold any information about the Muslim Brotherhood to obtain an immigration benefit. The Court emphasizes that USCIS’s decision was based on the mistaken belief that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and subsequent confusion about the relationship between MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood.

Furthermore, Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s additional testimony after break regarding the Muslim Brotherhood was not made in response to actual or imminent exposure of a false statement made by Mr. Abusamhadaneh. Rather, it was made in response to an erroneous statement made by Officer Lutostanski. And, that Mr. Abusamhadaneh later ventured to guess why the government might think that he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood does not convert an earlier lack of detail into false testimony.

3. Mr. Alamoudi

Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not give false testimony (or intentionally false testimony) about Mr. Alamoudi during the N-400 interview, as his answers to Officer Lutostanski’s questions about his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi were accurate based on all the evidence the Court heard. Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s decision to return with additional details about their relationship does not convert his response of “not re ally” into false testimony. There is no heightened duty of candor to tell the Government every detail of every topic that the applicant could theoretically guess that the Government might possibly be interested in during the interview. In answering specific questions, the applicant has a duty of correctness and truthfulness.

The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not withhold details with the requisite intent to obtain an immigration benefit. The Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation that he interpreted the question to be about a personal relationship and that he was not trying to hide anything about their relationship.

Moreover, Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about Mr. Alamoudi after the break was not made as a result of the disclosure or threat of disclosure of a false statement. The Court credits Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s explanation that he provided additional testimony in order to ensure that Officer Lutostanski had a clear understanding the nature of their relationship.

4. Incidents in Jordan

Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not give intentionally false testimony regarding the two stops by law enforcement in Jordan. Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible and convincing testimony that he did not recall the incidents until the N-400 interview. “A misstatement or inaccurate answer that results from faulty memory or innocent mistake does not constitute an intentionally false statement.” U.S. v. Hovsepian, 422 F.3d 883, 887 (9th Cir.2005). The delayed recollection of additional facts can be just that; it does not suggest that the initial inability to recall every potential meeting with someone amounts to lying.

And, Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not delay in providing the information with the requisite intent to obtain an immigration benefit. To the extent that he delayed providing the information during the initial part of the interview after he recalled the incidents, he did so out of confusion, embarrassment, and / or fear. He provided credible testimony that he was not sure if the incidents in Jordan were responsive to the questioning and, if so, when he should discuss them. There is no evidence indicating that the incidents in Jordan would have any effect on his naturalization proceedings.

Moreover, Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about the stops after the break was not made as a result of the disclosure or threat of disclosure of a false statement. There was no suggestion that Officer Lutostanski had information about the stops, was about to obtain such information, or that Mr. Abusamhadaneh thought either of those things. Rather, the Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh returned after the break to attempt to provide all details and clarify his testimony before he left the building in an overabundance of caution and a desire to ensure that his testimony was as accurate as possible.

For these reasons, the Court finds Petitioner Jamal Abusamhadaneh has the requisite good moral character for naturalization pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) and is statutorily eligible for naturalization under the Immigration and Naturalization Act.

An appropriate Order will issue.

1 . The DVD used to record the interview only covered the first 60 minutes of the interview. (Tr. II 233:1-3.)

2 . The 2010 Decision mentions Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony about the Muslim American Society, but does make any specific conclusions about it. The 2010 Decision appears to consider the Muslim American Society only insofar as it assumes the society is the equivalent to the Muslim Brotherhood. (See JE 11 at 5.)

3 . Officer Williams submits that she did not rely on the information in the FBI report, but, as discussed below, her testimony was unclear and lacking in credibility.

4 . Further compounding the problem is the fact that Officer Williams also failed to produce the report for Mr. Abusamhadaneh's inspection. (Tr. IIIA 92:12-15; 93:13-14.)

5 . Mr. Nubani testified that, as a matter of practice, he tells clients that religious organizations are not responsive because the question on the application is a broad question, which the government has never clarified to include religious organizations. (Tr. I 218:11-12.) He also believes his clients have a constitutional right not to disclose their religious affiliations. (Tr. II 42:9-43:7.) The Court’s focus, however, is on Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s perspective, and Mr. Nubani corroborated that he told Mr. Abusamhadaneh that religious organizations were not responsive. (Tr. I 235:3-6; Tr. II 37:20-25.)

6 . Mr. Nubani’s advice to Mr. Abusamhadaneh was misleading, if not erroneous. Mr. Nubani concedes he should have done more to clarify his advice regarding religious organizations. (Tr. I 235:22-24; 237:22-25; 239:14-240:9.) He testified that he should have told Mr. Abusamhadaneh in advance of the interview how to respond when asked about them. (Tr. I 235:7-14.) And, that he should have been proactive during the interview to clarify his advice. (Tr. I 240:10-18.)

7 . Mr. Nubani corroborated Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony that he was "ready, willing; and able to [list religious organizations],” but that he decided not to in reliance on Mr. Nubani’s advice. (Tr. I 224:12-18.)

8 . There is no assertion by Defendants that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony during the N-336 interview with Officer Williams. Having reviewed that interview, the Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s testimony is consistent with his explanations to Officer Lutostanski and his testimony during the trial, and that he did not intentionally provide false testimony during that interview.

9 . Mr. Nubani testified that he did not know what Mr. Abusamhadaneh expected or was thinking with respect to whether he would be scrutinized for being a Muslim when they discussed the responsiveness of religious organizations to the Application. (Tr. II 39:4-40:11.) He also testified that he did not generally believe that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was biased toward the United States or was biased about the way some people treat Muslims. (Tr. II 78:8-23.)

10 . The Court does not find anything problematic in the fact that Mr. Abusamhadaneh stated that he visits a mosque, but is not a member after Mr. Nubani’s attempt to clarify the question. Mr. Abusamhadaneh response was consistent, as he confirmed that he was not a member.

11 . Mr. Abusamhadaneh's belief that MAS is predominantly a religious organization is reasonable in light of its 501(c)(3) status and credible testimony at the trial about the limited nature of its political activism. (Tr. II 155:12-156:17.) Furthermore, Mr. Nubani had the same understanding as Mr. Abusamhadaneh. (Tr. I 224:19-225:17.)

12 . Mr. Alamoudi testified that although he had thought Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of MAS, he did not know in fact whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh was a member of MAS. (Tr. II 136:12-23.)

13 . For example, Defendants in their closing argument state that, when asked the question, "five times is not enough to get the truth out of Mr. Abusamhadaneh." (Tr. IIIB 171:18-172:7.) Defendants suggest that the fifth time is when Officer Lutostanski asked "[h]ave you ever in the past or now been a member of any organization, including student organizations, including religious organizations.” (Tr. 2009 26:21-27:3.) The first time was clearly when Officer Lutostanski asked her version of Question 8(a). After that, and before the supposed fifth question, she asked him the following questions: “Are you a member of a church or mosque or anything like that”; "Have you ever been a member of the Communist Party”; "Have you ever been a member of any other totalitarian parties?”; "Have you ever been a member of a terrorist organization?”; "Have you ever provided any support to any terrorist organization?;” and, "So you don’t belong to any associations or any parties in the United States. How about Jordan? Have you ever?” (Tr. 2009 25:5-26:20.) Thus, there were six questions between the first and supposed fifth, all involving membership and association, and the Government counts three of these as being relevant. Yet, none of them are relevant to whether Mr. Abusamhadaneh was truthful when answering questions potentially involving MAS. The Muslim American Society is not a church, not a mosque, not a Communist Party, not a totalitarian party, not a terrorist organization, and is not an association or party in Jordan. And, only Officer Lutostanski’s version of Question 8(a) asked about association, as the vast majority of the questions were specific to membership.

14 . The Court also notes that he was asked if he "belong[s] to any associations [in] Jordan” and Mr. Abusamhadaneh responded "no.” Since there is no evidence that the Muslim American Society is present in Jordan, the Court finds this to be a reasonable explanation for Mr. Abusamhadaneh's negative response.

15 . Officer Lutostanski testified that she did not define the term membership and that she did not know Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s understanding of the term membership. (Tr. IIIA 14:18-25.)

16 . Another example is that Officer Lutostanski thought she asked him if he was "associated with” any parties in Jordan (Tr. II 193:1-5), when in fact she asked him if he "belong[ed] to” any such parties (Tr. 2009 26:16-19).

17 . Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that it is possible that a grocer, doctor, lecturer, or professor might be a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and thus it is possible that he might buy groceries, get physician advice, or attend a lecture by someone who is, unknown to Mr. Abusamhadaneh, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. I 94:11-95:6.)

18 . Mr. Alamoudi testified that he believed that the Muslim Brotherhood was associated with the mosque. (Tr. II 120:23-121:1.) But there is no evidence that this belief was shared with or by Mr. Abusamhadaneh. And, Mr. Nubani explained that he did not consider the Muslim Brotherhood associated with the mosque because no one here in the United States takes on the mantle of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. I 254:17-255:6.)

19 . Not only is there credible disagreement about whether MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood are "associated,” but there is also disagreement about whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that American Muslims associated with the Muslim Brotherhood or MAS in the United States are tied to extremist groups that support terrorism and acts of political violence. (See Pl.'s Ex. 7; Def.’s Ex. 2.) The Court notes, however, that MAS does not appear on any publically available list of extremist or terrorist organizations compiled by the U.S. government. (See Pl.’s Ex. 7.) And that the Muslim Brotherhood does not appear on the Department of State’s list of designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations. (See id.)

20 . There is evidence suggesting that "everyone knows that there’s some sort of relationship between MAS and the Muslim Brotherhood.” (Tr. II 47:16-17; 134:1-8.) There is also testimony from Mr. Alamoudi that "newcomers” to MAS would not know of the history and relationship between the Muslim Brotherhood and MAS. (Tr. II 107:20-108:3.) Assuming that Mr. Abusamhadaneh knew of the historical relationship, such knowledge falls well short of establishing that he should have considered himself associated with the Muslim Brotherhood.

21 . Mr. Alamoudi also testified that he thought the report was inaccurate when it states that Mr. Abusamhadaneh “fund raises for MAS in Dar Al-Hjdra mosque.” (Tr. II 1332:13-16.) Mr. Alamoudi testified that Mr. Abusamhadaneh is a shy person and he does not believe he would have said that about Mr. Abusamhadaneh. (Tr. II 132:13-17.) The Court notes that the credibility of Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony on this point is bolstered by fact there is no evidence that Mr. Abusamhadaneh did in fact participate in fund raising.

22 . Officer Lutoslanski's credibility is also shaded by the fact that she used the internet to try and develop an understanding of the Muslim Brotherhood. She argues it was not an "independent investigation” or "research,” but rather she “looked it up on the Internet.” (Tr. II 185:1-2; 205:8-24; Tr. IIIA 34:9-35:8.) Regardless of how one characterizes her internet exploration, she testified that as a result of it she came to understand that the Muslim Brotherhood may have been linked to terrorist organizations, that some considered it a terrorist organization, and that it "was, to say the least, controversial.” (Tr. 11205:16-24; Tr. III 34:22-35:21.)

23 . Mr. Nubani testified that some might consider it to be both a religious and political organization, as Muslims do not differentiate between religion and state. (Tr. I 253:21-254:16.)

24 . Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not discuss the Muslim Brotherhood with Mr. Nubani in preparing the Application. This fact only confirms the notion that it did not cross Mr. Abusamhadaneh's mind that he might be considered to have a relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. And, to the extent that he was “associated” with the organization, it was only by virtue of the fact that he lived in Jordan and participated in MAS activities and . the Muslim community — facts that were disclosed and known to Mr. Nubani.

25 . Mr. Alamoudi testified that he considers himself to be part of the Muslim Brotherhood. (Tr. II 121:4-6.)

26 . The Court finds that Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided credible testimony that he was not invited personally by Mr. Alamoudi. (Tr. I 43:6-10.) His testimony is in some tension with his testimony to Officer Williams, in which he described Mr. Alamoudi making a verbal invitation, but that was in the context of explaining that as an employee of the AMF, if the president has a function, it is a good career decision for an employee to attend if possible. (Tr. 2010 22:12-15.) The Court’s conclusion is bolstered by the strength of Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s repeated explanation that for immigration purposes he had no reason to provide false testimony about Mr. Alamoudi. And, it is bolstered by Mr. Alamoudi’s testimony that he never specifically invited Mr. Abusamhadaneh over to his home. (Tr. II 145:10-12.)

27 . Mr. Nubani confirmed that the purpose was to clarify the nature of his relationship with Mr. Alamoudi and the AMF’s illegal activities. (Tr. II 5:9-6:3.)

28 . Thus, the Court disagrees with the 2010 Decision that concluded that "it does not seem plausible that you would forget about your association with Mr. Alamoudi outside of work, when you visited his house 'several times.’ It is also not convincing that you just forgot to mention your attendance at the fund-raising event sponsored by Alamoudi, when you remembered that a member of Congress was at that event.” (JE 11 at 7.)

29 . Shortly thereafter, Officer Lutostanski also asked, "Have you ever been detained by immigration when you traveled outside of the United States? Have you ever been stopped at the port of entry when you were coming back to the United States?” (Tr. 2009 32:1-6.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that he was stopped one time and proceeded to answer Officer Lutostanski's questions about the stop. (Tr. 2009 32:7-33:11.) The truthfulness of this testimony is not contested.

30 . Mr. Alamoudi recalled that he spoke with Mr. Abusamhadaneh about his activity in the student movement in Jordan. (Tr. II 126:19-128:14.) But he was not sure if it was the Jordanian student movement or Palestinian student movement. And, he testified that it could have been that he was on the student council in Jordan and that after he made trip to United States he was questioned by Jordanian intelligence. (Tr. II 136:1-11.) Mr. Abusamhadaneh testified that he was not sure if he characterized this as being in trouble. (Tr. I 181:4-13.)

31 . His confusion about what was responsive is bolstered by the fact that when Mr. Abusamhadaneh explained that he had been stopped by immigration officers when entering the United States, Officer Lutostanski determined it was a routine stop that was not considered a detention or arrest, and so she did not add it to the Application. (Tr. II 199:4-200:14.)

32 . The only exception was when he was asked for help with pronunciation.

33 . Mr. Nubani testified that he perceived that one reason Mr. Abusamhadaneh might not have disclosed the incident in Jordan was because it was embarrassing to him. Mr. Nubani also testified that he did not perceive that Mr. Abusamhadaneh was withholding the information to try and obtain an immigration benefit, noting that it would not have affected his citizenship.

34 . The Court also notes that it is questionable whether Detective Comfort’s reports can even be said to be "public,” if as Detective Comfort testified, a citizen could not access them unless he or she had a court order. (Tr. IIIB 130:9-21.)

35 . Defendants did not make any argument seeking to have them admitted under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6). The Court finds the Rule to be inapplicable to the records.

36 . The word “unequivocal” was subsequently eliminated from the statute setting out the “clear, unequivocal, and convincing” evidence standard. See Ragbir v. Holder, 389 Fed.Appx. 80, 82 (2d Cir.2010).

37 . The Court addressed Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s written answers in case Mr. Abusamhadaneh’s swearing under oath during the N-400 interview that his answers were truthful, constitutes testimony as to those answers as well.

38 . To be perfectly clear, Officer Lutostanski thought the terms included informal relationships, and to the extent they did, Mr. Abusamhadaneh provided false testimony, but not intentionally so. Mr. Abusamhadaneh thought the terms referenced more formal relationships, and to the extent they did, Mr. Abusamhadaneh did not provide false testimony.