Abdelhamid v. Altria Group, Inc.

515 F. Supp. 2d 384, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54888, 2007 WL 2186275

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: July 27, 2007
• Docket: 06 Civ. 3927 (SAS)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SHIRAA. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge:

I. INTRODUCTION

Moataz Abdelhamid brings this diversity 1 action against, inter alia, Altria Group, Inc. (“Altria”) and Philip Morris International 2 (“PMI”) (“the defendants”) claiming that his wife suffered grave injury as a result of their negligence and/or gross negligence. The claim arises from the electrocution and death of Abdelhamid’s wife, Shereen Gazayerli-Abdelhamid, at a concert she attended in Cairo, Egypt, on August 12, 2005. Abdelhamid seeks damages for, inter alia, his wife’s medical and funeral expenses, her pain and suffering, his loss of companionship and society, as well as punitive damages and all other damages recoverable under the New York Wrongful Death Act.

On January 31, 2007 Abdelhamid amended his complaint. Altria and PMI now move to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. On April 4, 2007, in a separate submission, both defendants move for Rule 11 sanctions against plaintiff based on the filing of the Amended Complaint.

After reviewing the parties’ submissions, I requested additional briefing on the applicability of Egyptian law. For the reasons that follow, defendants’ motions to dismiss and for sanctions are granted.

II. BACKGROUND 3

A. Distribution of Marlboro Cigarettes in Egypt

In 2002, Altria was the parent company and sole owner of PMI. 4 Both companies conducted business throughout the world. 5 Philip Morris Products S.A. (“PMP”) was a business unit of PMI that was incorporated in Switzerland. 6

On or about January 1, 2002, Mansour, an Egyptian company, entered into two agreements with PMI through PMI’s business unit, PMP. 7 The first agreement was an agreement to license, manufacture, package, promote, sell, trademark, and distribute cigarettes, including cigarettes produced under the Marlboro brand. 8 The second agreement was an agreement with Mansour and another company permitting Mansour to manufacture, supply, deliver and distribute cigarettes under the Marlboro brand. 9

B. The Diplomat Village Concert

On August 12, 2005, Shereen Gazayerli-Abdelhamid paid an admission fee and attended a party and concert on the beach at Diplomat Village in Cairo, Egypt. 10 Over one thousand people attended this concert and there were numerous advertising booths along the beach. 11 These booths displayed the names of various sponsors, and there were a number of booths that displayed the Marlboro brand name. 12

One of the booths that displayed the Marlboro brand name was used to market and distribute Marlboro cigarettes pursuant to Mansour’s licensing and manufacturing agreements with PMI. 13 Power from an electrical generator illuminated the booth which was attached to a generator by an electrical cord. 14 During the evening of August 12th and the morning of August 13th, a number of patrons who touched the electrical cord or the Marlboro booth received an electrical shock. 15 These patrons notified a Marlboro employee — defined in the Amended Complaint as an agent of Altria, PMI, PMP and/or Mansour — of what happened. 16 The Marlboro employee did nothing to remedy the electrical hazard. 17

On August 13, 2005, at the conclusion of the concert, Ms. Abdelhamid stepped on the electrical cord and then touched a metal portion of the booth, resulting in her death by electrocution. 18

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Rule 12(b)(6) — Motion to Dismiss

“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires ... ‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.’ ” 19 When deciding a defendant’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must “accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint” 20 and “draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs favor.” 21

Nevertheless, to survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must meet the standard of “plausibility.” 22 Although the complaint need not provide “detailed factual allegations,” 23 it must “amplify a claim with some factual allegations ... to render the claim plausible.” 24 The test is no longer whether there is “no set of facts” that plaintiff could prove “which would entitle him to relief.” 25 Rather, the complaint must provide “the grounds upon which [the plaintiffs] claim rests through factual allegations sufficient ‘to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.’ ” 26

Although the court must take the plaintiffs allegations as true, “the claim may still fail as a matter of law ... if the claim is not legally feasible.” 27 In addition, “bald assertions and conclusions of law will not suffice.” 28

B. Rule 11 Sanctions

A pleading, motion or other paper violates Rule 11 either when it “has been interposed for any improper purpose, or where, after reasonable inquiry, a competent attorney could not form a reasonable belief that the pleading is well-grounded in fact and warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification or reversal of existing law.” 29 “‘Although arguments for a change of law are not required to be specifically so identified, a contention that is so identified should be viewed with greater tolerance under the rule.’ ” 30 In determining whether a Rule 11 violation has occurred, the court should use an objective standard of reasonableness. 31 Nevertheless, “the extent to which a litigant has researched the issues and found some support for its theories even in minority opinions, in law review articles, or through consultation with other attorneys should certainly be taken into account.” 32

To be sure, the Supreme Court has cautioned that Rule 11 “must be read in light of concerns that it will ... chill vigorous advocacy.” 33 Thus, “[w]hen divining the point at which an argument turns from merely losing to losing and sanctionable” courts must “resolve all doubts in favor of the signer of the pleading.” 34 Sanctions should be imposed only “ ‘where it is patently clear that a claim has absolutely no chance of success.’ ” 35 Normally, “the principal objective of the imposition of Rule 11 sanctions is not compensation of the victimized party but rather the deterrence of baseless filings and the curbing of abuses.” 36

If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that the Rule 11 standard has been violated, the court may impose sanctions upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties. 37 “The court has significant discretion in determining what sanctions, if any, should be imposed for a violation, subject to the principle that the sanctions should not be more severe than reasonably necessary to deter repetition by the offending person or comparable conduct by similarly situated persons.” 38 Among the types of sanctions that the court may choose are: a fine or penalty paid to the court, an award of reasonable expenses and attorneys’ fees incurred as a result of the misconduct, an order precluding the introduction of certain evidence, and dismissal of the action. 39

IV. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Choice of Law

“[I]n diversity cases the federal courts must follow conflict of laws rules prevailing in the states in which they sit.” 40 As a result, New York’s choice of law rules will apply for the purpose of determining which state’s or which country’s law defines whether Abdelhamid has stated a claim against Altria and/or PMI. “The New York Court of Appeals has held that ‘the relevant analytical approach to choice of law in tort actions in New York’ is the ‘[i]nterest analysis.’ ” 41 Under the interest analysis, “ ‘[t]he law of the jurisdiction having the greatest interest in the litigation will be applied and ... the [only] facts or contacts which obtain significance in defining State interests are those which relate to the purpose of the particular law in conflict.’ ” 42 Significant facts or contacts consist of, “ ‘almost exclusively, the parties’ domiciles and the locus of the tort....’” 43

“Under the interest-analysis test, torts are divided into two types, those involving the appropriate standards of conduct, rules of the road, for example and those that relate to allocating losses that result from admittedly tortious conduct ... such as those limiting damages in wrongful death actions, vicarious liability rules, or immunities from suit.” 44 When conduct-regulating rules are at issue, “ ‘the law of the jurisdiction where the tort occurred will generally apply because that jurisdiction has the greatest interest in regulating behavior within its borders.’ ” 45

When loss-allocating rules are at issue, and the location of the accident is the domicile of one or both of the parties, the interest analysis will turn mainly on consideration of the parties’ domiciles. 46 However, when “the injured party and the defendant reside in different jurisdictions and the accident occurred in a third jurisdiction, the law of the place of the accident presumptively applies” for loss-allocation as well. 47 “That presumption may be overcome ... if ‘it can be shown that displacing [the law of the third jurisdiction] will advance the relevant substantive law purposes without impairing the smooth working of the multi-state system or producing great uncertainty for litigants.’ ” 48 In other words, the party seeking to overcome this presumption must show that “[New York’s] connection with the controversy is sufficient to justify displacing the rule of the lex loci delictus.” 49

“Choice of law does not matter, however, unless the laws of the competing jurisdictions are actually in conflict.” 50 “Laws are in conflict ‘[w]here the applicable law from each jurisdiction provides different substantive rules.’ ” 51 “In the absence of substantive difference, however, a New York court will dispense with choice-of-law analysis, and if New York law is among the relevant choices, New York courts are free to apply it.” 52

B. New York Law

1. Negligence

“Under New York law, the elements of a negligence claim are: (i) a duty owed to the plaintiff by the defendant; (ii) breach of that duty; and (iii) injury substantially caused by that breach.” 53 A claim for gross negligence is stated where “ ‘there is a reckless indifference to the safety of human life or intentional failure to perform a manifest duty to the public.’ ” 54

2. Vicarious Liability

a. Respondeat Superior

Under the common law doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer may be held liable for the tortious acts of an employee committed within the scope of his employment. 55 This doctrine, however, does not render a parent company liable for the conduct of a subsidiary. 56

b. Joint Enterprise

A party can be jointly liable for the tortious acts of another when both parties are part of a joint enterprise. To allege a joint enterprise, a plaintiff must allege that there was “ ‘(1) an express or tacit agreement to participate in a common plan ... to commit a tortious act, (2) tortious conduct by each defendant, and (8) the commission by one of the defendants, in pursuance of the agreement, of an act that constitutes a tort.’ ” 57 In addition, the plaintiff must allege that each member of the joint enterprise had an equal right to direct or control the other members. 58 A claim based on joint enterprise liability will fail if the plaintiff does not allege that a participant in a joint enterprise could control the other participants with respect to the particular course of conduct that caused the plaintiffs injury. 59

Y. DISCUSSION

A. Egyptian Law — Joint Enterprise Liability

The parties disagree about whether there is a conflict between New York law and Egyptian law on the issue of joint enterprise liability. 60 Abdelhamid contends that there is no conflict because both jurisdictions recognize “the concept” of joint enterprise liability. 61 Defendants argue that there is a conflict because “there is no concept of joint enterprise ... liability under Egyptian law.” 62

Abdelhamid argues that Egyptian law “recognizes the concept of joint enterprise liability and [that] its elements are the same as New York’s law of joint enterprise.” 63 While he concedes “ ‘that the Egyptian Civil Code does not have a provision that explicitly replicates the American legal terminology as to joint enterprises,’ ” 64 Abdelhamid argues that the “ ‘legal commentary and cumulative judicial precedents on sections 169 and 174 [of the Egyptian Civil Code] clearly engender the same legal concepts and standards [as those] relating to joint enterprises in American jurisprudence.” 65 Section 169, 66 in Abdelhamid’s view, means that when “defendants are acting as an ‘effective partnership’ or ‘as a single unit’ ... either by contract or by law, [the] defendants are jointly and severally liable for any tort committed by a member of such enterprise.” 67 Section 174, 68 he further argues, has been relied on by Egyptian courts to impute the negligence of one company “ ‘to other companies functioning within a common enterprise’ ” 69 “ ‘as long as a certain hierarchical structure existed among investors’ ” 70 and “ ‘the principal company is in a position to [exercise its supervisory prerogative] either by law or contract.’ ” 71

Defendants argue that there is no concept of joint enterprise liability in Egyptian law. In defendants’ view, Section 169 of the Egyptian Civil Code requires that each actor or member of the partnership must act wrongfully — “commit a fault” — to be liable. 72 Section 174 is limited to “the employment context” — “it applies only ‘where the employee in the course or as a result of the performance of the tasks entrusted to him by the employer commits a fault.’ ” 73

I conclude that Egyptian law does not recognize joint enterprise liability. The plain text of the Egyptian Civil Code, section 169- — -“when several persons are responsible for a harmful act” — suggests that a party must act and cause injury in order to be liable, and cannot be vicariously liable for the acts or omissions of another. Likewise, the plain text of section 174 — which uses the words “principal,” “subordinate,” and “employment” — applies to the employer-employee relationship rather than to a joint enterprise where the parties have an equal right of control. 74

Abdelhamid’s argument that Egyptian court precedent supports his expansive reading of these two sections is faulty. Egypt is a civil law jurisdiction so, as defendants point out, “an Egyptian court has no power to exceed the scope of rules enacted by the legislature.” 75 Even if this Court turned to Egyptian court rulings for guidance on the scope of the Code’s provisions, however, Abdelhamid does not cite a single Egyptian case in support of his argument. 76

B. Conflict of Laws Analysis

There is a conflict between New York law and Egyptian law on the issue of joint enterprise liability because New York law recognizes this doctrine and Egyptian law does not. Therefore, under New York’s choice of law rules, Egyptian law presumptively applies unless it can be shown that New York’s connection with the case justifies displacing Egyptian law.

New York’s connection is tenuous at best. The State’s only relevant connection is that Altria was domiciled in New York when Ms. Abdelhamid was electrocuted in Egypt. New York has little or no interest in ensuring that its domiciliary corporations are held vicariously liable for injuries to non-domiciliaries in foreign jurisdictions. 77

By contrast, Egypt has multiple connections to the case: Ms. Abdelhamid was electrocuted in Egypt; the advertising booth was constructed in Egypt; and Mansour — the company responsible for marketing and promoting Marlboro cigarettes in Egypt — was incorporated and is domiciled in Egypt. Egypt also has a strong interest in determining the potential tort liability of foreign business entities that do business with domestic corporations. Accordingly, Egyptian law governs on the issue of joint enterprise liability.

C. Direct Liability

Abdelhamid alleges that “Altria, [PMI], PMP, and/or Mansour” are directly liable for his wife’s death because they owed duties to the individuals who attended the August 12th concert “to ... provide an advertising booth ... that was relatively safe” and that “Altria, [PMI], PMP and/or Mansour breached [this] duty.” 78 He alleges that “in advance of the party and concert Altria, [PMI], PMP and/or Mansour were responsible for hiring and/or employing ... experienced and safe electricians.” 79 He further alleges that the Marlboro employee at the concert who did nothing to remedy the electrical defect was “Altria’s, [PMI]’s, PMP’s and/or Mansour’s agent.” 80

Abdelhamid’s allegations of direct liability are simply not plausible. His allegations that Altria and PMI acted negligently in building and operating the booth, or in hiring the contractor fail to adequately state a claim. There are no facts alleged in the Amended Complaint from which a court could reasonably infer that these American companies were responsible for hiring local electricians in Cairo, Egypt to set up a booth at a concert or that the employee manning the booth was an agent of Altria or PMI. 81 Both Altria and PMI are American businesses that manage nu merous products and brands around the world. They both rely on subsidiaries and contractors to market and distribute their products and promote their brands in foreign countries. It is also implausible— even drawing reasonable inferences in Ab-delhamid’s favor — that either company had any direct involvement in the wiring of an advertising booth at a beach concert in Egypt, particularly given that PMP contracted Mansour to market and promote Marlboro cigarettes in Egypt. The construction and wiring of a booth to promote Marlboro cigarettes are precisely the kinds of tasks that would be undertaken by Mansour pursuant to this contract. The Amended Complaint’s legal conclusions as to agency law and negligence need not be credited and indeed are not supported by any factual allegations in the Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim based on defendants’ direct liability to Abdelhamid.

D. Vicarious Liability

In the alternative, Abdelhamid claims that Altria and PMI should be held vicariously liable for Ms. Abdelhamid’s death. He pleads respondeat superior, but also argues in his brief a theory of joint enterprise. Both theories fail.

With respect to joint enterprise, as discussed above, Egyptian law applies here and does not recognize joint enterprise liability. 82 Accordingly, these defendants cannot be held liable as part of a joint enterprise.

In addition, the defendants cannot be held liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Both New York law and Egyptian law recognize this doctrine. The key element of respondeat superior, however, is an employment relationship between the alleged tortfeasor and the party that the plaintiff is seeking to hold vicariously liable. The alleged tortfeasor here is the builder and operator of the booth. As already discussed, the Amended Complaint fails to allege that either Altria or PMI directly “employed” the contractors who built the booth or controlled the persons who operated it. Accordingly, Abdelhamid has likewise failed to allege the prerequisite for liability under New York’s doctrine of respondeat superior. “Because [Abdelhamid] [has] not nudged [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, [his] [amended] complaint must be dismissed.” 83

E. Defendants’ Motion for Sanctions

The defendants have also moved for sanctions against Abdelhamid’s counsel pursuant to Rule 11. They charge that not only was there no evidentiary support for many of the allegations in the Amended Complaint, but that Abdelhamid’s counsel was aware of evidence that directly contradicted many of the allegations. 84 They also charge that existing law did not support a claim of vicarious liability based on respondeat superior as alleged in the Amended Complaint. 85 The defendants, who notified Abdelhamid’s counsel of these alleged deficiencies after the Amended Complaint was filed on January 31 but before they moved for sanctions on April 4, 86 have requested that the Court sanction Abdelhamid’s counsel in the amount of $60,607 — the attorneys’ fees that the defendants have incurred in prosecuting their motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint. 87

In the Amended Complaint, Abdelhamid asserted new factual allegations about Altria and PMI’s corporate activities. These allegations, however, were directly contradicted by the deposition testimony of Altria and PMI corporate officers and appear to be without any grounding in fact. First, the Amended Complaint alleged that PMI did business all over the world, including in Egypt. 88 On December 5, 2006, however, Ann Marie Kaczorowski, PMI’s Corporate Secretary, testified at a deposition that PMI was a holding company whose sole purpose was to receive dividends from affiliates and deliver those dividends to Altria. 89 Second, the Amended Complaint alleged that PMI entered into licensing and manufacturing agreements with Mansour through PMP. 90 Yet Kaczorowski testified that PMI did not engage in advertising, marketing or licensing and exercised no direction, supervision or control over PMP’s business. 91 Counsel for PMI also emailed a copy of the licensing agreement — an agreement between Mans-our, PMP and Eastern Company S.A.E.— to Abdelhamid’s counsel in November of 2006, which also supported PMI’s lack of involvement. 92 Third, the Amended Complaint alleged that “Altria, [PMI], PMP and/or Mansour were responsible for hiring and/or employing reasonably experienced and safe electricians” to inspect the booth that advertised Marlboro cigarettes. 93 On December 5, 2006, however, G. Penn Holsenbeck, the Vice President of Altria, testified at a deposition that Altria never manufactured, advertised or distributed cigarettes in Egypt. 94 Moreover, it was factually impossible for PMI to have been responsible for hiring or employing electricians because PMI had no employees. 95 Finally, the Amended Complaint alleged that the employee at the booth was “Altria’s, [PMI]’s, PMP’s and/or Mansour agent.” 96 Because PMI had no employees, however, the allegation that the employee at the booth could have been PMI’s agent is baseless. 97

Abdelhamid’s counsel did not provide the Court with any evidence of the factual bases for his allegations in his response to the defendants’ motion, nor did he even contend that “there is (or likely will be) ‘evidentiary support’ for the allegation[s].” 98 He also did not seek to amend his pleading to retract these allegations within the twenty-one day “safe harbor” period. Accordingly, the Court finds that Abdelhamid’s counsel violated Rule 11(b)(3) because “a competent attorney could not form a reasonable belief that [the allegations in the Amended Complaint] were well grounded in fact.” 99

In addition, the Amended Complaint asserted that Altria and PMI were vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior. 100 As discussed above in the motion to dismiss discussion, this contention is not supported by existing law. In his brief in opposition to the motion to dismiss, Abdelhamid abandoned his respondeat superior theory and advanced a new theory of vicarious liability under the doctrine of joint enterprise. 101 He argued that a defendant corporation could be liable for the tortious actions of a partner in the course of a plan to market a product. Although the Court did not reach the issue of whether this theory has any merit because Egyptian law applies and does not recognize joint enterprise liability, it was reasonable for his counsel to believe that this was a non-frivolous argument for the extension of existing law. Therefore, the argument does not violate Rule 11(b)(2).

Defendants’ requested sanction of an award of their legal fees is unduly harsh and is therefore denied. There is no evidence that Abdelhamid’s counsel made his allegations in bad faith or with the intent to harass or injure. It is conceivable that his counsel felt that these allegations were accurate within the context of his theory of joint enterprise liability. It is also possible that his counsel believed that — given the vast and complex nature of Altria’s corporate structure — further discovery would unearth evidence supporting his allegations against the defendants. 102

A more appropriate sanction is the dismissal of Abdelhamid’s Amended Complaint with respect to Altria and PMI. Although the Court has already decided to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim, this sanction under Rule 11 serves as an alternative ground for dismissal.

VI. CONCLUSION

Given the lack of direct liability and the inapplicability of vicarious liability, Abdel-hamid has failed to state a claim against Altria and PMI for Ms. Abdelhamid’s death. For these reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint is granted with respect to Altria and PMI. For the reasons discussed above, defendants’ Rule 11 motion is granted to the extent that the pleading violations provide an alternative ground on which to dismiss the Amended Complaint as to these defendants. However, the request for the recovery of attorneys’ fees is denied. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close these motions [Docket Nos. 24, 29]. A conference is scheduled for August 30, 2007, at 4:30 p.m., after Philip Morris Products S.A. serves a responsive pleading.

SO ORDERED.

1 . This Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to section 1332(a) of title 28 of the United States Code.

2 . Abdelhamid has been unable to serve Loutfy Mansour International Distribution Company ("Mansour”) with process. Philip Morris Products S.A. ("PMP”) has stipulated to the filing of a responsive pleading within thirty days of this Order. See 7/3/07 Stipulation and Order.

3 . For purposes of the motion to dismiss, the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint are presumed to be true. However, I note that with respect to the motion for sanctions, I have considered the parties’ submissions, which include excerpts from depositions of persons with knowledge from both Altria and PMI, taken prior to the filing of the Amended Complaint. As discussed below, those depositions reveal that plaintiff made baseless factual allegations that are at odds with the deposition testimony.

4 . See Amended Complaint ("Amend. Comp.”) ¶ 2.

5 . See id. ¶¶ 2-3.

6 . See id. ¶ 4.

7 . See id. ¶¶ 7-8.

8 . See id. ¶ 7.

9 . See id. ¶ 8.

10 . See id. ¶¶ 10-11.

11 . See id. ¶¶ 11-12.

12 . See id. ¶ 12.

13 . See id. ¶ 13.

14 . See id. ¶¶ 14-15.

15 . See id. ¶ 17.

16 . See id.

17

18 . See id. ¶ 18.

19 . Erickson v. Pardus, — U.S.-, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 2200, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)).

20 . Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, - U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

21 . Ofori-Tenkorang v. American Int’l Group, Inc., 460 F.3d 296, 298 (2d Cir.2006).

22 . See Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1970.

23 . Id. at 1964. See also ATSI Commc’ns v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 n. 2 (2d Cir.2007) (applying the standard of plausibility outside Twombly's anti-trust context).

24 . Iqbal v. Hasty, 490 F.3d 143, 157-58 (2d Cir.2007) (emphasis in original) (holding that the plaintiff’s complaint adequately alleged the personal involvement of the Attorney General because it was plausible that officials of the Department of Justice would be aware of policies concerning individuals arrested after 9/11).

25 . Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1969 (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)) ("[t]he phrase is best forgotten as an incomplete, negative gloss on an accepted pleading standard”).

26 . ATSI Commc’ns, 493 F.3d at 98 (quoting Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1965).

27 . In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Prods. Liab. Litig., 457 F.Supp.2d 455, 459 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (citing Allaire Corp. v. Okumus, 433 F.3d 248, 250 (2d Cir.2006)).

28 . Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, L.L.P. v. Bell Atlantic Corp., 309 F.3d 71, 74 (2d Cir.2002) (quotation omitted).

29 . Kropelnicki v. Siegel, 290 F.3d 118, 131 (2d Cir.2002).

30 . Simon DeBartolo Group, L.P. v. Richard E. Jacobs Group, Inc., 186 F.3d 157, 166 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting Rule 11 Advisory Committee Note).

31 . See id. (" '[Rule 11] establishes an objective standard, intended to eliminate any ‘empty-head pure-heart' justification for patently frivolous arguments.’ ” (quoting Rule 11 Advisory Committee Note)).

32 . Id.

33 . Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 393, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990).

34 . Rodick v. City of Schenectady, 1 F.3d 1341, 1350 (2d Cir.1993).

35 . Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole-CNCA v. Valcorp, Inc., 28 F.3d 259, 264 (2d Cir.1994) (quoting Healey v. Chelsea Res., Ltd., 947 F.2d 611, 626 (2d Cir.1991)).

36 . Id. at 266.

37 . See Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(c).

38 . Rule 11 Advisory Committee Note.

39 . See Gregory P. Joseph, Sanctions: The Federal Law of Litigation Abuse § 16(b)(3) (3d ed. 2000). See also Murray v. Dominick Corp. of Canada, Ltd., 117 F.R.D. 512, 515-16 (S.D.N.Y.1987) (acknowledging that, like Rule 37, Rule 11 provides for the sanction of dismissal of a pleading, motion, or other paper).

40 . Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 494, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). Accord Wall v. CSX Transp., Inc., 471 F.3d 410, 415 (2d Cir.2006).

41 . GlobalNet Financial.Com, Inc. v. Frank Crystal & Co., Inc., 449 F.3d 377, 384 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Schultz v. Boy Scouts of Am., Inc., 65 N.Y.2d 189, 197, 491 N.Y.S.2d 90, 480 N.E.2d 679(1985)).

42 . Id. (quoting Schultz, 65 N.Y.2d at 197, 491 N.Y.S.2d 90, 480 N.E.2d 679) (additional citations omitted).

43 . Id. (quoting Schultz, 65 N.Y.2d at 197, 491 N.Y.S.2d 90, 480 N.E.2d 679).

44 . Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted).

45 . Id. (quoting Cooney v. Osgood Mach., Inc., 81 N.Y.2d 66, 72, 595 N.Y.S.2d 919, 612 N.E.2d 277 (1993)).

46 . See Brink's Ltd. v. South African Airways; 93 F.3d 1022, 1031 (2d Cir.1996) (citing Cooney, 81 N.Y.2d at 72, 595 N.Y.S.2d 919, 612 N.E.2d 277).

47 . Pescatore v. Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., 97 F.3d 1, 13 (2d Cir.1996) (citing Neumeier v. Kuehner, 31 N.Y.2d 121, 128, 335 N.Y.S.2d 64, 286 N.E.2d 454 (1972)).

48 . Id. (quoting Neumeier, 31 N.Y.2d at 128, 335 N.Y.S.2d 64, 286 N.E.2d 454).

49 . Gillenson v. Happiness Is Camping, Inc., 14 Misc.3d 240, 829 N.Y.S.2d 444, 446 (Sup. Ct. Bronx Co. 2006) (citing Neumeier, 31 N.Y.2d at 128-29, 335 N.Y.S.2d 64, 286 N.E.2d 454). Cf. Phelan v. Budget Rent A Car Sys. Inc., 267 A.D.2d 654, 699 N.Y.S.2d 568, 569 (3d Dep’t 1999) (holding that Connecticut law should not displace the law of New York, the lex loci delictus, in a wrongful death case where a car accident took place in New York, the decedent — a Connecticut domiciliary — • was killed while on vacation in New York, the plaintiff and the decedent’s driver owned vacation homes in New York and where defendant had no connection to Connecticut).

50 . International Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 363 F.3d 137, 143 (2d Cir.2004) (citing In re Allstate Ins. Co. ("Stolarz”), 81 N.Y.2d 219, 223, 597 N.Y.S.2d 904, 613 N.E.2d 936 (1993)).

51 . Id. (quoting Curley v. AMR Corp., 153 F.3d 5, 12 (2d Cir.1998)).

52 . Id. (citing J. Aron & Co. v. Chown, 231 A.D.2d 426, 647 N.Y.S.2d 8, 8 (1st Dep’t 1996)).

53 . Lombard v. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 280 F.3d 209, 215 (2d Cir.2002).

54 . Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co. v. Trio Realty Co., No. 99 Civ. 10827, 2002 WL 123506, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2002) (quoting International Mining Corp. v. Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, 57 A.D.2d 64, 393 N.Y.S.2d 405, 407 (1st Dep't 1977)). Accord Kerman v. City of New York, 374 F.3d 93, 108 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted) (stating that gross negligence was "reckless disregard or intentional wrongdoing”).

55 . See Swierczynski v. O’Neill, 41 A.D.3d 1145, 840 N.Y.S.2d 855, 856 (4th Dep’t 2007) (quoting Lundberg v. State of New York, 25 N.Y.2d 467, 470-71, 306 N.Y.S.2d 947, 255 N.E.2d 177 (1969)).

56 . See In re Alstom SA, 454 F.Supp.2d 187, 214 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (citing In re Global Crossing Sec. Litig., No. 02 Civ. 910, 2005 WL 2990646, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 7, 2005)).

57 . @Wireless Enters., Inc. v. AI Consulting, LLC, No. 05 Civ. 6176, 2006 WL 3370696, at *8 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 30, 2006) (quoting Pittman by Pittman v. Grayson, 149 F.3d 111, 122-23 (2d Cir.1998)). A common plan is an agreement to participate in a particular course of conduct. See Rodriguez v. City of New York., 35 A.D.3d 702, 827 N.Y.S.2d 220, 221-22 (2d Dep’t 2006) (holding that the plaintiff stated a claim for joint enterprise liability where he alleged a plan in which television producers and police officers agreed that the officers would use excessive force in the execution of a warrant and thereby create an unreasonable risk that resulted in the plaintiff's injury); Harris v. Stanley, 21 A.D.3d 612, 799 N.Y.S.2d 837, 839 (3d Dep't 2005) (holding that the defendant could be liable as part of a joint enterprise where he assisted two other defendants in filling water balloons and he drove a truck from which the other defendants threw the water balloons at cars); Policastro v. Savarese, 171 A.D.2d 849, 567 N.Y.S.2d 784, 787 (2d Dep't 1991) (holding that the defendants were liable as members of a joint enterprise when they raced their cars on a public road and caused an accident).

58 . See Becker v. Club Las Velas, No. 94 Civ. 2412, 1994 WL 376016, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 1994) (citing Fairbairn v. State of New York, 107 A.D.2d 864, 484 N.Y.S.2d 682, 683 (3d Dep't 1985)).

59 . See id. (holding that hotel agent had no joint enterprise liability for plaintiff's kayaking injury because plaintiff did not allege that the agent could control the hotel’s actions with respect to the recreational activities offered at the hotel).

60 . Rule 44.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure gives the Court discretion in interpreting foreign law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 44.1. The court may "consider any relevant material or source ... whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence.” Id. " ‘Because of this latitude, a court may reject even unconlradicted expert testimony and reach its own decisions on the basis of [an] independent examination of foreign legal authorities.’ ” Guidi v. Inter-Continental Hotels Corp., No. 95 Civ. 9006, 2003 WL 1907901, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2003) (quoting Rutgerswerke AG & Frendo S.P.A. v. Abex Corp., No. 93 Civ. 2914, 2002 WL 1203836, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2002)).

61 . See Plaintiff's Supplemental Brief in [sic] Applicability of Egyptian Law ("PL Egypt Law Mem.”) at 3.

62 . Altria Group, Inc.'s and Phillip Morris International, Inc.'s Memorandum on the Applicability of Egyptian Law ("Def. Egypt Law Mem.”) at 5.

63 . Pl. Egypt Law Mem. at 4.

64 . Id. (quoting 6/4/07 Affidavit of Khaled Abou El Fadl, plaintiff's expert in Egyptian law ("El Fadl Aff.”), Ex. A to Pl. Egypt Law Mem., ¶ 18).

65

66 . Section 169 states: “When several persons are responsible for a harmful act, they are jointly and severally responsible to make reparation for the harm. The liability will be shared equally between them, unless the judge fixes their individual share in the damage due.” El Fadl Aff. ¶ 15.

67 . PI. Egypt Law Mem. at 3 (quoting El Fadl Aff. ¶ 16).

68 . Section 174 states: "A principal is liable for the damage caused by an unlawful act of his subordinate, when the act was performed by the subordinate in the course, or as a result, of his employment. The subordination relationship between the principal and subordinate exists even when the principal has not been free to choose his subordinate, provided he has actual powers of supervision and control over his subordinate.” 6/11/07 Supplemental Declaration in Support [of Altria Group, Inc.’s and Philip Morris International, Inc.’s Reply in Further Support of [the Application of Egyptian Law] by Dr. Tarek Fouad A. Riad ("Riad Decl.”), at 6. "Principal,” "subordinate” and "subordination relationship” have also been translated as "master,” "servant” and "relationship between master and servant,” respectively. See Egypt Civil Code art. 174, available at http:/ /www. tashreaat. com/view_studies2 ,asp?id=488& std_id=82.

69 . PL Egypt Law Mem. at 4 (quoting El Fadl Aff. ¶ 17).

70 . Id. at 3 (quoting El Fadl Aff. ¶ 17).

71 . Id. (quoting El Fadl Aff. ¶ 17).

72 . See Altria Group, Inc.’s and Phillip Morris International, Inc.'s Reply in Further Support of the Application of Egyptian Law ("Def. Egypt Law Reply”) at 3.

73 . Id. at 3 (quoting Riad Decl. at 1-2).

74 . Although Abdelhamid's expert on Egyptian law stated that scholarly authorities on Egyptian law support his interpretation of the two sections, the defendants’ expert stated that he "totally disagrees" with Abdelhamid’s reading of the same authorities. Riad Decl. at 7. See also PL Egypt Law Mem. at 3-4. This dispute among experts is irrelevant, however, because the plain language of the two sections reveals that neither section permits joint enterprise liability.

75 . Riad Decl. at 8.

76 . Cf. Guidi, 2003 WL 1907901, at *2 (holding that defendant’s view of law was correct where the defendant’s experts engaged in point by point survey of relevant Egyptian precedents).

77 . Ms. Abdelhamid resided in Michigan and had no contacts with New York. See Amend. Comp. ¶ 1.

78 . Amend. Comp. ¶¶ 24-25.

79 . M. ¶ 16.

80 . Id. ¶ 17.

81 . See Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1965 ("factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above a speculative level”).

82 .In his response to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the plaintiff stated that: "to the extent that the Court deems it necessary, plaintiff should be allowed to amend his pleadings under Fed.RXiv.P. 15[ (a) ] to include the words joint enterprise liability.’ ” Plaintiff's Response to Defendants Altria Group, Inc. and Philip Morris International's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint ("PL Mem.”) at 7. Because the Court has determined that the doctrine of joint enterprise liability is inapplicable here as a matter of law, amending the Amended Complaint would be futile. Thus, plaintiff’s request for leave to amend is denied.

83 . Bell Atlantic, 127 S.Ct. at 1974.

84 . See Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants Altria Group, Inc.'s and Philip Morris International, Inc.’s Motion for Sanctions Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 ("Def. R. 11 Mem.”) at 8-12.

85 . See id. at 12.

86 . See 2/23/07 Letter from Brian Otero, Counsel for Altria, to Vernon Johnson, Counsel for Abdelhamid, Ex. E to 4/7/07 First Declaration of Brian V. Otero, Esq. in Support of Defendants Altria Group, Inc.’s and Philip Morris International, Inc's Motion for Sanctions Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 ("First Otero Decl.”).

87 . See Def. R. 11 Mem. at 14; Second Declaration of Brian Otero in Support of Defendants Altria Group, Inc.’s and Philip Morris International, Inc.'s Motion for Sanctions Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 ¶ 4; Declaration of Lonnie D. Nunley, III in Support of Defendants Altria Group, Inc.’s and Philip Morris International, Inc.’s Motion for Sanctions Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 ¶ 4.

88 . See Amend. Comp. ¶ 3.

89 . See Deposition of Ann Marie Kaczorowski (“Kaczorowski Dep.”), Ex. C to First Otero Deck, at 11, 17, 31-32.

90 . Amend. Comp. ¶¶ 7-8.

91 . See Kaczorowski Dep. at 23, 34.

92 . See 11/22/06 Email from Nunley to Johnson, Ex. D to First Otero Decl.

93 . Amend. Comp. ¶ 16.

94 . See 12/5/06 Deposition of G. Penn Holsen-beck ("Holsenbeck Dep.”), Ex. B to First Ote-ro Deck, at 8-9.

95 . See Kaczorowski Dep. at 21.

96 . Amend. Comp. ¶ 17.

97 . See Kaczorowski Dep. at 21.

98

99 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b).

100 . See Amend. Comp. ¶¶ 21-22.

101 . Abdelhamid offered to remove references to respondeat superior in a proposed Second Amended Complaint. See Plaintiff's Response to Defendant’s Motion for Sanctions (“PL R. 11 Mem.”) at 2; 4/2/07 Letter from Vernon Johnson to Brian Otero, Ex. A to PL R. 11 Mem.; Plaintiff's [Proposed] Second Amended Complaint and Demand for a Jury Trial, Ex. B to Pl. R. 11 Mem., ¶¶ 21-22.

102 .See Plaintiff's Response to Defendants Altria Group, Inc. and Phillip [sic] Morris International's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint, 7 ("[D]iscovery is essential for [Abdelhamid] to further demonstrate how defendants jointly license, market, promote, distribute, and sell Marlboro cigarettes. Discovery may reveal, inter alia, defendants’ specifications and other requirements as to defendants' advertising practices including electrical requirements for lighted cigarette signs.”).