§ 11-13-4.5-1 — Interstate compact

Indiana § 11-13-4.5-1

• Jurisdiction: Indiana
• Art. 13: PROBATION AND PAROLE
• Ch. 4.5: Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision

Text

The governor shall enter into a compact on
behalf of the state with any other state in the form substantially as
follows:
ARTICLE I
DEFINITIONS
As used in this compact, unless the context clearly requires a
different construction:
(1) "Adult" means both individuals legally classified as adults and
juveniles treated as adults by court order, statute, or operation of
law.
(2) "Bylaws" mean those bylaws established by the interstate
commission for its governance or for directing or controlling the
interstate commission's actions or conduct.
(3) "Compact administrator" means the individual in each
compacting state appointed under the terms of this compact
responsible for the administration and management of the state's
supervision and transfer of offenders subject to the terms of this
compact, the rules adopted by the interstate commission, and
policies adopted by the state council under this compact.
(4) "Compacting state" means any state that has enacted the
enabling legislation for this compact.
(5) "Commissioner" means the voting representative of each
compacting state appointed under Article II of this compact.
(6) "Interstate commission" means the interstate commission for
adult offender supervision established by this compact.
(7) "Member" means the commissioner of a compacting state or
designee, who shall be a person officially connected with the
commissioner.
(8) "Non-compacting state" means any state that has not enacted
the enabling legislation for this compact.
(9) "Offender" means an adult placed under or subject to
supervision as the result of the commission of a criminal offense
and released to the community under the jurisdiction of courts,
paroling authorities, corrections, or other criminal justice
agencies.
(10) "Person" means any individual, corporation, business
enterprise, or other legal entity, either public or private.
(11) "Rules" means acts of the interstate commission, adopted
under Article VIII of this compact, substantially affecting
interested parties in addition to the interstate commission.
(12) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of
Columbia, or any other territorial possession of the United States.
(13) "State council" means the resident members of the state
council for interstate adult offender supervision created by each
state under Article II of this compact.
ARTICLE II
THE COMPACT COMMISSION
(1) The interstate commission for adult offender supervision is
established.
(2) The interstate commission is a body corporate and joint
agency of the compacting states. The interstate commission has
all the responsibilities, powers, and duties set forth in this chapter,
including the power to sue and be sued, and such additional
powers as may be conferred upon it by subsequent action of the
respective legislatures of the compacting states in accordance
with the terms of this compact.
(3) The interstate commission consists of commissioners selected
and appointed by resident members of a state council for
interstate adult offender supervision for each state. In addition to
the commissioners, who are the voting representatives of each
state, the interstate commission shall include individuals who are
not commissioners but who are members of interested
organizations; such non-commissioner members must include a
member of the national organizations of governors, legislators,
state chief justices, attorneys general, and crime victims. All
non-commissioner members of the interstate commission are ex
officio nonvoting members. The interstate commission may
provide in its bylaws for such additional, ex officio, nonvoting
members as it considers necessary.
(4) Each compacting state represented at any meeting of the
interstate commission is entitled to one (1) vote. A majority of the
compacting states constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business, unless a larger quorum is required by the bylaws of the
interstate commission.
(5) The interstate commission shall meet at least once each
calendar year. The chairperson may call additional meetings and,
upon the request of twenty-seven (27) or more compacting states,
shall call additional meetings. Public notice shall be given of all
meetings, and meetings shall be open to the public.
(6) The interstate commission shall establish an executive
committee that must include commission officers, members, and
others as shall be determined by the bylaws. The executive
committee has authority to act on behalf of the interstate
commission during periods when the interstate commission is not
in session, with the exception of rulemaking or amendment to the
compact. The executive committee oversees the day to day
activities managed by the executive director and interstate
commission staff, administers enforcement and compliance with
the provisions of the compact, its bylaws, and as directed by the
interstate commission, and performs other duties as directed by
commission or set forth in the bylaws.
ARTICLE III
THE STATE COUNCIL
Each member state shall create a state council for interstate adult
offender supervision that shall be responsible for the appointment of
the commissioner who shall serve on the interstate commission from
that state. Each state council shall appoint as its commissioner the
compact administrator from that state to serve on the interstate
commission in such capacity or under applicable law of the member
state. Although each member state may determine the membership of
its own state council, its membership must include at least one (1)
representative from the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of
government, victims groups, and compact administrators. Each
compacting state retains the right to determine the qualifications of the
compact administrator, who shall be appointed by the state council or
by the governor in consultation with the general assembly and the
judiciary. In addition to appointment of its commissioner to the
national interstate commission, each state council shall exercise
oversight and advocacy concerning its participation in interstate
commission activities and other duties as may be determined by each
member state, including but not limited to development of policy
concerning operations and procedures of the compact within that state.
ARTICLE IV
POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE INTERSTATE COMMISSION
The interstate commission shall have the following powers:
(1) To adopt a seal and suitable bylaws governing the
management and operation of the interstate commission.
(2) To adopt rules that are binding in the compacting states to the
extent and in the manner provided in this compact.
(3) To oversee, supervise, and coordinate the interstate movement
of offenders, subject to the terms of this compact and any bylaws
adopted and rules adopted by the compact commission.
(4) To enforce compliance with compact provisions, interstate
commission rules, and bylaws, using all necessary and proper
means, including but not limited to the use of judicial process.
(5) To establish and maintain offices.
(6) To purchase and maintain insurance and bonds.
(7) To borrow, accept, or contract for services of personnel,
including, but not limited to, members and their staffs.
(8) To establish and appoint committees and hire staff it considers
necessary for the carrying out of its functions, including, but not
limited to, an executive committee as required by Article II that
may act on behalf of the interstate commission in carrying out its
powers and duties.
(9) To elect or appoint officers, attorneys, employees, agents, or
consultants, to fix their compensation, define their duties, and
determine their qualifications, and to establish the interstate
commission's personnel policies and programs relating to, among
other things, conflicts of interest, rates of compensation, and
qualifications of personnel.
(10) To accept donations and grants of money, equipment,
supplies, materials, and services and to receive, use, and dispose
of them.
(11) To lease, purchase, accept contributions or donations of, or
otherwise own, hold, improve, or use any real, personal, or mixed
property.
(12) To sell, convey, mortgage, pledge, lease, exchange, abandon,
or otherwise dispose of any real, personal, or mixed property.
(13) To establish a budget and make expenditures and levy dues
as provided in Article IX of this compact.
(14) To sue and be sued.
(15) To provide for dispute resolution among compacting states.
(16) To perform such functions as may be necessary or
appropriate to achieve the purposes of this compact.
(17) To report annually to the legislatures, governors, judiciary,
and state councils of the compacting states concerning the
activities of the interstate commission during the preceding year.
Such reports must include any recommendations that may have
been adopted by the interstate commission.
(18) To coordinate education, training, and public awareness
regarding the interstate movement of offenders for officials
involved in such activity.
(19) To establish uniform standards for the reporting, collecting,
and exchanging of data.
ARTICLE V
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE INTERSTATE
COMMISSION
Part A. Bylaws
The interstate commission shall, by a majority of the members,
within twelve (12) months of the first interstate commission meeting,
adopt bylaws to govern its conduct as may be necessary or appropriate
to carry out the purposes of the compact, including:
(1) establishing the fiscal year of the interstate commission;
(2) establishing an executive committee and such other
committees as may be necessary;
(3) providing reasonable standards and procedures:
(A) for the establishment of committees; and
(B) governing any general or specific delegation of any
authority or function of the interstate commission;
(4) providing reasonable procedures for calling and conducting
meetings of the interstate commission and ensuring reasonable
notice of each meeting;
(5) establishing the titles and responsibilities of the officers of the
interstate commission;
(6) providing reasonable standards and procedures for the
establishment of the personnel policies and programs of the
interstate commission. Notwithstanding any civil service or other
similar laws of any compacting state, the bylaws shall exclusively
govern the personnel policies and programs of the interstate
commission;
(7) providing a mechanism for winding up the operations of the
interstate commission and the equitable return of any surplus
funds that may exist upon the termination of the compact after the
payment and reserving of its debts and obligations;
(8) providing transition rules for start up administration of the
compact; and
(9) establishing standards and procedures for compliance and
technical assistance in carrying out the compact.
Part B. Officers and Staff
(a) The interstate commission, by a majority of the members, shall
elect from among its members a chairperson and a vice chairperson,
each of whom shall have such authorities and duties as may be
specified in the bylaws. The chairperson or, in the chairperson's
absence or disability, the vice chairperson, shall preside at all meetings
of the interstate commission. The officers elected shall serve without
compensation or remuneration from the interstate commission.
However, subject to the availability of budgeted funds, the officers
shall be reimbursed for any actual and necessary costs and expenses
incurred by them in the performance of their duties and responsibilities
as officers of the interstate commission.
(b) The interstate commission, through its executive committee,
shall appoint or retain an executive director for such time, upon such
terms and conditions, and for such compensation as the interstate
commission may find appropriate. The executive director shall serve
as secretary to the interstate commission and hire and supervise such
other staff as may be authorized by the interstate commission, but shall
not be a member.
Part C. Corporate Records of the Interstate Commission
The interstate commission shall maintain its corporate books and
records in accordance with the bylaws.
Part D. Qualified Immunity, Defense, and Indemnification
(a) The members, officers, executive director, and employees of the
interstate commission are immune from suit and liability, either
personally or in their official capacities, for any claim for damage to or
loss of property or personal injury or other civil liability caused or
arising out of any actual or alleged act, error, or omission that occurs
within the scope of interstate commission employment, duties, or
responsibilities. However, nothing in this paragraph shall be construed
to protect any such person from suit or liability for any damage, loss,
injury, or liability caused by the intentional or willful and wanton
misconduct of any such person.
(b) The interstate commission shall defend the commissioner of a
compacting state, the commissioner's representatives or employees, and
the interstate commission's representatives or employees in any civil
action seeking to impose liability arising out of any actual or alleged
act, error, or omission that occurs within the scope of interstate
commission employment, duties, or responsibilities or that the
defendant has a reasonable basis for believing occurred within the
scope of interstate commission employment, duties, or responsibilities,
as long as the actual or alleged act, error, or omission did not result
from intentional wrongdoing on the part of the person.
(c) The interstate commission shall indemnify and hold the
commissioner of a compacting state, the appointed designee or
employees, and the interstate commission's representatives or
employees harmless in the amount of any settlement or judgment
obtained against such persons arising out of any actual or alleged act,
error, or omission that occurs within the scope of interstate commission
employment, duties, or responsibilities, or that such persons had a
reasonable basis for believing occurred within the scope of interstate
commission employment, duties, or responsibilities, provided that the
actual or alleged act, error, or omission did not result from gross
negligence or intentional wrongdoing on the part of the person.
ARTICLE VI
ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERSTATE COMMISSION
(a) The interstate commission shall meet and take such actions as
are consistent with the provisions of this compact. Except as otherwise
provided in this compact and unless a greater percentage is required by
the bylaws, in order to constitute an act of the interstate commission,
the act shall have been taken at a meeting of the interstate commission
and shall have received an affirmative vote of a majority of the
members present.
(b) Each member of the interstate commission is entitled to cast a
vote to which that compacting state is entitled and to participate in the
business and affairs of the interstate commission. A member shall vote
in person on behalf of the state and shall not delegate a vote to another
member state. However, a state council shall appoint another
authorized representative, in the absence of the commissioner from that
state, to cast a vote on behalf of the member state at a specified
meeting. The bylaws may provide for members' participation in
meetings by telephone or other means of telecommunication or
electronic communication. Any voting conducted by telephone or other
means of telecommunication or electronic communication shall be
subject to the same quorum requirements of meetings where members
are present in person.
(c) The interstate commission shall meet at least once during each
calendar year. The chairperson of the interstate commission may call
additional meetings at any time and, upon the request of a majority of
the members, shall call additional meetings.
(d) The interstate commission's bylaws shall establish conditions
and procedures under which the interstate commission shall make its
information and official records available to the public for inspection
or copying. The interstate commission may exempt from disclosure any
information or official records to the extent they would adversely affect
personal privacy rights or proprietary interests. In adopting rules, the
interstate commission may make available to law enforcement agencies
records and information otherwise exempt from disclosure and may
enter into agreements with law enforcement agencies to receive or
exchange information or records, subject to nondisclosure and
confidentiality provisions.
(e) Public notice shall be given of all meetings, and all meetings
shall be open to the public, except as set forth in the rules or as
otherwise provided in the compact. The interstate commission shall
adopt rules consistent with the principles contained in the "Government
in Sunshine Act," 5 U.S.C. 552(b), as amended. The interstate
commission or any of its committees may close a meeting to the public
if it determines by two-thirds (2/3) vote that an open meeting would be
likely to:
(1) relate solely to the interstate commission's internal personnel
practices and procedures;
(2) disclose matters specifically exempted from disclosure by
statute;
(3) disclose trade secrets or commercial or financial information
that is privileged or confidential;
(4) involve accusing any person of a crime or formally censuring
any person;
(5) disclose information of a personal nature that would constitute
a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
(6) disclose investigatory records compiled for law enforcement
purposes;
(7) disclose information contained in or related to examination,
operating, or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for
the use of the interstate commission with respect to a regulated
entity for the purpose of regulation or supervision of the entity;
(8) disclose information, the premature disclosure of which would
significantly endanger the life of a person or the stability of a
regulated entity; or
(9) specifically relate to the interstate commission's issuance of a
subpoena or its participation in a civil action or proceeding.
(f) For every meeting closed under this provision, the interstate
commission's chief legal officer shall publicly certify that, in the
officer's opinion, the meeting may be closed to the public and shall
reference each relevant exemptive provision. The interstate
commission shall keep minutes that shall fully and clearly describe all
matters discussed in any meeting and that provide a full and accurate
summary of any actions taken and the reasons therefor, including a
description of each of the views expressed on any item and the record
of any roll call vote (reflected in the vote of each member on the
question). All documents considered in connection with any action
shall be identified in such minutes.
(g) The interstate commission shall collect standardized data
concerning the interstate movement of offenders as directed through its
bylaws and rules, which must specify the data to be collected, the
means of collection and data exchange, and reporting requirements.
ARTICLE VII
RULEMAKING FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERSTATE
COMMISSION
(a) The interstate commission shall adopt rules to effectively and
efficiently achieve the purposes of the compact, including transition
rules governing administration of the compact during the period in
which it is being considered and enacted by the states. Rulemaking
shall occur under the criteria set forth in this article and the bylaws and
rules adopted under this article and the bylaws. Such rulemaking shall
substantially conform to the principles of the federal Administrative
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. and the Federal Advisory
Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. app. 2, section 1 et seq., as may be amended
(referred to in this compact as "APA").
(b) All rules and amendments shall become binding as of the date
specified in each rule or amendment.
(c) When adopting a rule, the interstate commission shall:
(1) publish the proposed rule, stating with particularity the text of
the rule that is proposed and the reason for the proposed rule;
(2) allow persons to submit written data, facts, opinions, and
arguments, which information shall be publicly available;
(3) provide an opportunity for an informal hearing; and
(4) adopt a final rule and its effective date, if appropriate, based
on the rulemaking record.
(d) Not later than sixty (60) days after a rule is adopted, any
interested person may file a petition in the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia or in the Federal District Court where the
interstate commission's principal office is located for judicial review of
the rule. If the court finds that the interstate commission's action is not
supported by substantial evidence (as defined in the APA) in the
rulemaking record, the court shall hold the rule unlawful and set it
aside. Subjects to be addressed within twelve (12) months after the first
meeting must at a minimum include:
(1) notice to victims and opportunity to be heard;
(2) offender registration and compliance;
(3) violations/returns;
(4) transfer procedures and forms;
(5) eligibility for transfer;
(6) collection of restitution and fees from offenders;
(7) data collection and reporting;
(8) the level of supervision to be provided by the receiving state;
(9) transition rules governing the operation of the compact and the
interstate commission during all or part of the period between the
effective date of the compact and the date on which the last
eligible state adopts the compact; and
(10) mediation, arbitration, and dispute resolution.
(e) Upon determination by the interstate commission that an
emergency exists, it may adopt an emergency rule that shall become
effective immediately upon adoption. However, the rulemaking
procedures provided under this article shall be applied retroactively to
the rule as soon as reasonably possible and not later than ninety (90)
days after the effective date of the rule.
ARTICLE VIII
OVERSIGHT, ENFORCEMENT, AND DISPUTE
RESOLUTION BY THE INTERSTATE COMMISSION
Part A. Oversight
(a) The interstate commission shall oversee the interstate movement
of adult offenders in the compacting states and shall monitor such
activities being administered in non-compacting states that may
significantly affect compacting states.
(b) The courts and executive agencies in each compacting state shall
enforce this compact and shall take all actions necessary and
appropriate to effectuate the compact's purposes and intent. In any
judicial or administrative proceeding in a compacting state pertaining
to the subject matter of this compact that may affect the powers,
responsibilities, or actions of the interstate commission, the interstate
commission shall be entitled to receive all service of process in any
such proceeding and shall have standing to intervene in the proceeding
for all purposes.
Part B. Dispute Resolution
(a) The compacting states shall report to the interstate commission
on issues or activities of concern to them and cooperate with and
support the interstate commission in the discharge of its duties and
responsibilities.
(b) The interstate commission shall attempt to resolve any disputes
or other issues that are subject to the compact and that may arise
between compacting states and non-compacting states.
(c) The interstate commission shall enact a bylaw or adopt a rule
providing for both mediation and binding dispute resolution for
disputes among the compacting states.
Part C. Enforcement
The interstate commission, in the reasonable exercise of its
discretion, shall enforce this compact using any or all means set forth
in Article XI, Part C, of this compact.
ARTICLE IX
FINANCE
(a) The interstate commission shall pay or provide for the payment
of the reasonable expenses of its establishment, organization, and
ongoing activities.
(b) The interstate commission shall levy and collect an annual
assessment from each compacting state to cover the cost of the internal
operations and activities of the interstate commission and its staff that
must be in a total amount sufficient to cover the interstate commission's
annual budget as approved each year. The total annual assessment
amount shall be allocated based upon a formula to be determined by
the interstate commission, taking into consideration the population of
the state and the volume of interstate movement of offenders in each
compacting state, and shall adopt a rule binding upon all compacting
states that governs the assessment.
(c) The interstate commission shall not incur any obligation of any
kind before securing the funds adequate to meet the obligation, nor
shall the interstate commission pledge the credit of any compacting
state except by and with the authority of the compacting state.
(d) The interstate commission shall keep accurate accounts of all
receipts and disbursements. The receipts and disbursements of the
interstate commission shall be subject to the audit and accounting
procedures established under its bylaws. However, all receipts and
disbursements of funds handled by the interstate commission shall be
audited yearly by a certified or licensed public accountant, and the
report of the audit shall be included in and become part of the annual
report of the interstate commission.
ARTICLE X
COMPACTING STATES, DATE, AND AMENDMENT
(a) Any state may become a compacting state. The compact
becomes effective and binding upon legislative enactment of the
compact into law by not less than thirty-five (35) states. The initial
effective date shall be the later of July 1, 2001, or upon enactment into
law by the thirty-fifth jurisdiction. Thereafter, the compact shall
become effective and binding on any other compacting state upon
enactment of the compact into law by that state. The governors of
nonmember states or their designees will be invited to participate in
interstate commission activities on a nonvoting basis before adoption
of the compact by all states and territories of the United States.
(b) Amendments to the compact may be proposed by the interstate
commission for enactment by the compacting states. No amendment
shall become effective and binding upon the interstate commission and
the compacting states unless and until it is enacted into law by
unanimous consent of the compacting states.
ARTICLE XI
WITHDRAWAL, DEFAULT, TERMINATION, AND JUDICIAL
ENFORCEMENT
Part A. Withdrawal
(a) Once effective, the compact continues in force and remains
binding upon every compacting state. A compacting state may
withdraw from the compact ("withdrawing state") by enacting a statute
specifically repealing the statute that enacted the compact into law.
(b) The effective date of withdrawal is the effective date of the
repeal.
(c) The withdrawing state shall immediately notify the chairperson
of the interstate commission in writing upon the introduction of
legislation repealing this compact in the withdrawing state. The
interstate commission shall notify the other compacting states of the
withdrawing state's intent to withdraw within sixty (60) days of its
receipt.
(d) The withdrawing state is responsible for all assessments,
obligations, and liabilities incurred through the effective date of
withdrawal, including any obligations the performance of which
extends beyond the effective date of withdrawal.
(e) Reinstatement following withdrawal of any compacting state
shall occur upon the withdrawing state reenacting the compact or upon
such later date as determined by the interstate commission.
Part B. Default
(a) If the interstate commission determines that any compacting
state has at any time defaulted ("defaulting state") in the performance
of any of its obligations or responsibilities under this compact, the
bylaws, or any adopted rules, the interstate commission may impose
any or all of the following penalties:
(1) Fines, fees, and costs levied upon the county responsible for
the default, or upon the state, if the state is responsible for the
default, in amounts considered reasonable as fixed by the
interstate commission.
(2) Remedial training and technical assistance as directed by the
interstate commission.
(3) Suspension and termination of membership in the compact.
(b) Suspension shall be imposed only after all other reasonable
means of securing compliance under the bylaws and rules have been
exhausted. Immediate notice of suspension shall be given by the
interstate commission to the governor, the chief justice or the chief
judicial officer of the state, the majority and minority leaders of the
defaulting state's legislature, and the state council.
(c) The grounds for default include, but are not limited to, failure of
a compacting state to perform such obligations or responsibilities
imposed upon it by this compact, interstate commission bylaws, or
adopted rules. The interstate commission shall immediately notify the
defaulting state in writing of the penalty imposed by the interstate
commission on the defaulting state pending a cure of the default. The
interstate commission shall stipulate the conditions and the time within
which the defaulting state must cure its default. If the defaulting state
fails to cure the default within the time specified by the interstate
commission, in addition to any other penalties imposed herein, the
defaulting state may be terminated from the compact upon an
affirmative vote of a majority of the compacting states, and all rights,
privileges, and benefits conferred by this compact shall be terminated
from the effective date of suspension.
(d) Within sixty (60) days of the effective date of termination of a
defaulting state, the interstate commission shall notify the governor, the
chief justice or the chief judicial officer of the state, the majority and
minority leaders of the defaulting state's legislature, and the state
council of such termination.
(e) The defaulting state is responsible for all assessments,
obligations, and liabilities incurred through the effective date of
termination, including any obligations, the performance of which
extends beyond the effective date of termination.
(f) The interstate commission shall not bear any costs relating to the
defaulting state unless otherwise mutually agreed upon between the
interstate commission and the defaulting state. Reinstatement following
termination of any compacting state requires both a reenactment of the
compact by the defaulting state and the approval of the interstate
commission under the rules.
Part C. Judicial Enforcement
The interstate commission may, by majority vote of the members,
initiate legal action in the United States District Court for the District
of Columbia or, at the discretion of the interstate commission, in the
federal district where the interstate commission has its offices, to
enforce compliance with the provisions of the compact and its adopted
rules and bylaws against any compacting state in default or against a
county if the county is responsible for the default. If judicial
enforcement is necessary, the prevailing party shall be awarded all
costs of such litigation, including reasonable attorney's fees.
Part D. Dissolution of Compact
(a) The compact dissolves effective on the date of the withdrawal or
default of the compacting state that reduces membership in the
compact to one (1) compacting state.
(b) Upon the dissolution of this compact, the compact becomes void
and is of no further force or effect, and the business and affairs of the
interstate commission shall be wound up and any surplus funds shall
be distributed in accordance with the bylaws.
ARTICLE XII
SEVERABILITY AND CONSTRUCTION
(a) The provisions of this compact shall be severable, and if any
phrase, clause, sentence, or provision is considered unenforceable, the
remaining provisions of the compact shall be enforceable.
(b) The provisions of this compact shall be liberally constructed to
effectuate its purposes.
ARTICLE XIII
BINDING EFFECT OF COMPACT AND OTHER LAWS
(a) All lawful actions of the interstate commission, including all
rules and bylaws adopted by the interstate commission, are binding
upon the compacting states. All agreements between the interstate
commission and the compacting states are binding in accordance with
their terms. Upon the request of a party to a conflict over meaning or
interpretation of interstate commission actions, and upon a majority
vote of the compacting states, the interstate commission may issue
advisory opinions regarding such meaning or interpretation.
(b) Any provision of this compact that violates the Constitution of
the State of Indiana is ineffective in Indiana.

Legislative History

As added by P.L.110-2003, SEC.2.