§ 423.1 — Definitions

Iowa § 423.1

• Jurisdiction: Iowa
• Title X: FINANCIAL RESOURCES
• Ch. 423: STREAMLINED SALES AND USE TAX ACT

Text

Asusedinthischapterthefollowingwords, terms, andphraseshavethemeaningsascribed
to them by this section, except where the context clearly indicates that a different meaning
is intended:
1. “Advertising and promotional direct mail” means direct mail the primary purpose of
which is to attract public attention to a product, person, business, or organization or in
an attempt to sell, popularize, or secure financial support for a product, person, business,
or organization. For purposes of this subsection, “product” may include tangible personal
property, a service, or an item transferred electronically.
2. “Affiliate” means any entity to which any of the following applies:
a. Directly, indirectly, or constructively controls another entity.
b. Is directly, indirectly, or constructively controlled by another person.
c. Is subject to the control of a common person. A common person is a person who owns
directly or indirectly more than ten percent of the voting securities of the entity.
3. “Agent” means a person appointed by a seller to represent the seller before the member
states.
4. “Agreement” means the streamlined sales and use tax agreement authorized by
subchapter IV of this chapter to provide a mechanism for establishing and maintaining a
cooperative, simplified system for the application and administration of sales and use taxes.
5. “Agricultural production” includes the production of flowering, ornamental, or
vegetable plants in commercial greenhouses or otherwise, and production from aquaculture,
and production from silvicultural activities. “Agricultural products” includes flowering,
ornamental, or vegetable plants and those products of aquaculture and silviculture.
6. “Business” includes any activity engaged in by any person or caused to be engaged in
by the person with the object of gain, benefit, or advantage, either direct or indirect.
7. “Certificate of title” means a certificate of title issued for a vehicle or for manufactured
housing under chapter 321.
8. “Certified automated system” means software certified under the agreement to
calculate the tax imposed by each jurisdiction on a transaction, determine the amount of tax
to remit to the appropriate state, and maintain a record of the transaction.
9. “Certified service provider” means an agent certified under the agreement to perform
all of a seller’s sales or use tax functions, other than the seller’s obligation to remit tax on its
own purchases.

10. “Computer” means an electronic device that accepts information in digital or similar
form and manipulates the information for a result based on a sequence of instructions.
10A. “Computer peripheral” means an ancillary device connected to the computer
digitally, by cable, or by other medium, used to put information into or get information out
of a computer.
11. “Computer software” means a set of coded instructions designed to cause a computer
or automatic data processing equipment to perform a task.
12. “Delivered electronically” means delivered to the purchaser by means other than
tangible storage media.
13. “Deliverycharges”meanschargesassessedbyasellerofpersonalpropertyorservices
for preparation and delivery to a location designated by the purchaser of personal property
or services including but not limited to transportation, shipping, postage, handling, crating,
and packing charges.
14. “Department” means the department of revenue.
15. a. “Direct mail” means printed material delivered or distributed by United States mail
or other delivery service to a mass audience or to addressees on a mailing list provided by
the purchaser or at the direction of the purchaser when the cost of the items is not billed
directly to the recipients. “Direct mail” includes tangible personal property supplied directly
or indirectly by the purchaser to the direct mail seller for inclusion in the package containing
the printed material.
b. “Direct mail” does not include:
(1) Multiple items of printed material delivered to a single address.
(2) The development of billing information or the provision of a data processing service
that is more than incidental.
16. “Director” means the director of revenue.
17. “Electronic”meansrelatingtotechnologyhavingelectrical,digital,magnetic,wireless,
optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
18. “Farm deer” means the same as defined in section 170.1.
19. “Farm machinery and equipment” means machinery and equipment used in
agricultural production.
20. “First use of a service”. A “first use of a service” occurs, for the purposes of this
chapter, at the location at which the service is received. For purposes of this subsection,
the location at which the service is received is the location at which the purchaser or the
purchaser’s donee can first make use of the result of the service. For purposes of this
subsection, the location at which the seller performs the service is not determinative of the
location at which the service is received.
21. Reserved.
22. “Governing board” means the group comprised of representatives of the member
states of the agreement which is created by the agreement to be responsible for the
agreement’s administration and operation.
22A. “Information services” means delivering or providing access to databases or
subscriptions to information through any tangible or electronic medium. “Information
services” includes but is not limited to database files, research databases, genealogical
information, and other similar information.
23. “Installed purchase price” is the amount charged, valued in money whether paid in
money or otherwise, by a building contractor to convert manufactured housing from tangible
personalpropertyintorealty. “Installedpurchaseprice”includesbutisnotlimitedtoamounts
charged for installing a foundation and electrical and plumbing hookups. “Installed purchase
price” excludes any amount charged for landscaping in connection with the conversion.
24. a. “Lease or rental” means any transfer of possession or control of, or access to,
tangible personal property or specified digital products for a fixed or indeterminate term for
consideration. A “lease or rental” may include future options to purchase or extend.
b. “Lease or rental” includes agreements covering motor vehicles and trailers when the
amount of consideration may be increased or decreased by reference to the amount realized
upon sale or disposition of the property as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(h)(1).
c. “Lease or rental” does not include any of the following:

(1) A transfer of possession or control of property under a security agreement or deferred
payment plan that requires the transfer of title upon completion of the required payments.
(2) A transfer of possession or control of property under an agreement that requires the
transfer of title upon completion of required payments, and payment of any option price does
not exceed the greater of one hundred dollars or one percent of the total required payments.
(3) Providing tangible personal property along with an operator for a fixed or
indeterminate period of time. A condition of this exclusion is that the operator is necessary
for the equipment to perform as designed. For the purpose of this subparagraph, an operator
must do more than maintain, inspect, or set up the tangible personal property.
d. This definition shall be used for sales and use tax purposes regardless of whether
a transaction is characterized as a lease or rental under generally accepted accounting
principles; the Internal Revenue Code; the uniform commercial code, chapter 554; or other
provisions of federal, state, or local law.
25. “Livestock” includes but is not limited to an animal classified as an ostrich, rhea, emu,
bison, farm deer, or preserve whitetail as defined in section 484C.1.
26. “Manufactured housing” means “manufactured home” as defined in section 321.1.
27. “Member state” is any state which has signed the agreement.
28. “Mobile home” means “manufactured or mobile home” as defined in section 321.1.
29. “Model 1 seller” is a seller registered under the agreement that has selected a certified
service provider as its agent to perform all the seller’s sales and use tax functions, other than
the seller’s obligation to remit tax on its own purchases.
30. “Model 2 seller” is a seller registered under the agreement that has selected a certified
automated system to perform part of its sales and use tax functions, but retains responsibility
for remitting the tax.
31. “Model 3 seller” is a seller registered under the agreement that has sales in at least five
member states, has total annual sales revenue of at least five hundred million dollars, has a
proprietary system that calculates the amount of tax due each jurisdiction, and has entered
into a performance agreement with the member states that establishes a tax performance
standard for the seller. As used in this definition, a “seller” includes an affiliated group of
sellers using the same proprietary system.
32. “Model 4 seller” is a seller registered under the agreement that is not a model 1, model
2, or model 3 seller.
33. “Nonresidential commercial operations” means industrial, commercial, mining, or
agricultural operations, whether for profit or not, but does not include apartment complexes,
manufactured home communities, or mobile home parks.
34. “Not registered under the agreement” means lack of registration by a seller with the
member states under the central registration system referenced in section 423.11, subsection
4.
35. “Other direct mail” means all direct mail that is not advertising and promotional direct
mail even if advertising and promotional direct mail is included in the same mailing. For
purposes of this subsection, other direct mail includes but is not limited to:
a. Transactional direct mail that contains personal information specific to the addressee
including but not limited to invoices, bills, statements of account, and payroll advices.
b. A legally required mailing including but not limited to privacy notices, tax reports, and
stockholder reports.
c. Other nonpromotional direct mail delivered to existing or former shareholders,
customers, employees, or agents including but not limited to newsletters and pieces of
informational literature.
36. “Person” means an individual, trust, estate, fiduciary, partnership, limited liability
company, limited liability partnership, corporation, or any other legal entity.
36A. “Personal property” includes but is not limited to tangible personal property and
specified digital products.
37. “Place of business” means any warehouse, store, place, office, building, or structure
where tangible personal property, specified digital products, or services are offered for sale
at retail or where any taxable amusement is conducted, or each office where gas, water,
heat, communication, or electric services are offered for sale at retail. When a retailer or

amusement operator sells merchandise by means of vending machines or operates music or
amusement devices by coin-operated machines at more than one location within the state,
the office, building, or place where the books, papers, and records of the taxpayer are kept
shall be deemed to be the taxpayer’s place of business.
38. “Prewritten computer software” includes software designed and developed by the
author or other creator to the specifications of a specific purchaser when it is sold to a
person other than the purchaser. The combining of two or more prewritten computer
software programs or prewritten portions of prewritten programs does not cause the
combination to be other than prewritten computer software. “Prewritten computer software”
also means computer software, including prewritten upgrades, which is not designed and
developed by the author or other creator to the specifications of a specific purchaser. When
a person modifies or enhances computer software of which the person is not the author
or creator, the person shall be deemed to be the author or creator only of such person’s
modifications or enhancements. Prewritten computer software or a prewritten portion of
the prewritten software that is modified or enhanced to any degree, when such modification
or enhancement is designed and developed to the specifications of a specific purchaser,
remains prewritten computer software. However, when there is a reasonable, separately
stated charge or an invoice or other statement of the price given to the purchaser for
such modification or enhancement, such modification or enhancement shall not constitute
prewritten computer software.
39. “Property purchased for resale in connection with the performance of a service”
means property which is purchased for resale in connection with the rendition, furnishing,
or performance of a service by a person who renders, furnishes, or performs the service if
all of the following occur:
a. The provider and user of the service intend that a sale of the property will occur.
b. Thepropertyistransferredtotheuseroftheserviceinconnectionwiththeperformance
of the service in a form or quantity capable of a fixed or definite price value.
c. The sale is evidenced by a separate charge for the identifiable piece of property.
40. “Purchase” means any transfer, exchange, or barter, conditional or otherwise, in any
manner or by any means whatsoever, for a consideration.
41. “Purchase price” means the same as “sales price” as defined in this section.
42. “Purchaser” is a person to whom a sale of personal property is made or to whom a
service is furnished.
43. a. “Receive” and “receipt” mean any of the following:
(1) Taking possession of tangible personal property.
(2) Making first use of a service.
(3) Taking possession or making first use of specified digital products, whichever comes
first.
b. “Receive” and “receipt” do not include possession by a shipping company on behalf of
a purchaser.
44. “Registered under the agreement” means registration by a seller under the central
registration system referenced in section 423.11, subsection 4.
45. “Relief agency” means the state, any county, city and county, city, or district thereof,
or any agency engaged in actual relief work.
46. “Retail sale” or “sale at retail” means any sale, lease, or rental for any purpose other
than resale, sublease, or subrent.
47. “Retailer”meansandincludeseverypersonengagedinthebusinessofsellingtangible
personal property, specified digital products, or taxable services at retail, or the furnishing
of gas, electricity, water, or communication service, and tickets or admissions to places of
amusementandathleticeventsoroperatingamusementdevicesorotherformsofcommercial
amusement from which revenues are derived. However, when in the opinion of the director it
is necessary for the efficient administration of this chapter to regard any agent or affiliate of
a retailer as a retailer for purposes of this chapter, the director may so regard them, or when
it is necessary for the efficient administration of this chapter to regard any salespersons,
representatives, truckers, peddlers, canvassers, or other persons as agents of the dealers,
distributors, supervisors, employers, or persons under whom they operate or from whom

they obtain tangible personal property, services, or specified digital products sold by them
irrespective of whether or not they are making sales on their own behalf or on behalf of such
dealers, distributors, supervisors, employers, or persons, the director may so regard them,
and may regard such dealers, distributors, supervisors, employers, or persons as retailers for
the purposes of this chapter. “Retailer” includes a seller obligated to collect sales or use tax,
including any person obligated to collect sales and use tax pursuant to section 423.14A.
48. a. “Retailer maintaining a place of business in this state” or any like term includes any
of the following:
(1) A retailer having or maintaining within this state, directly or by a subsidiary, an office,
distribution house, sales house, warehouse, or other place of business, or any representative
operating within this state under the authority of the retailer or its subsidiary, irrespective of
whether that place of business or representative is located here permanently or temporarily,
or whether the retailer or subsidiary is admitted to do business within this state pursuant to
chapter 490.
(2) A person obligated to collect sales and use tax pursuant to section 423.14A.
b. (1) A retailer shall be presumed to be maintaining a place of business in this state for
purposes of paragraph “a”, subparagraph (1), if any person that has substantial nexus in this
state,otherthanapersonactinginitscapacityasacommoncarrier,doesanyofthefollowing:
(a) Sells a similar line of products as the retailer and does so under the same or similar
business name.
(b) Maintains an office, distribution facility, warehouse, storage place, or similar place of
business in this state to facilitate the delivery of personal property or services sold by the
retailer to the retailer’s customers.
(c) Uses trademarks, service marks, or trade names in this state that are the same or
substantially similar to those used by the retailer.
(d) Delivers, installs, assembles, or performs maintenance services for the retailer’s
customers.
(e) Facilitates the retailer’s delivery of property to customers in this state by allowing the
retailer’s customers to take delivery of property sold by the retailer at an office, distribution
facility, warehouse, storage place, or similar place of business maintained by the person in
this state.
(f) Conducts any other activities in this state that are significantly associated with the
retailer’s ability to establish and maintain a market in this state for the retailer’s sales.
(2) The presumption established in this paragraph may be rebutted by a showing of proof
that the person’s activities in this state are not significantly associated with the retailer’s
ability to establish or maintain a market in this state for the retailer’s sales.
49. “Retailers who are not model sellers” means all retailers other than model 1, model 2,
or model 3 sellers.
50. a. “Sales” or “sale” means any transfer, exchange, or barter, conditional or otherwise,
in any manner or by any means whatsoever, for consideration, including but not limited to
any such transfer, exchange, or barter on a subscription basis.
b. “Sales” or “sale” includes a rental.
51. “Sales price” applies to the measure subject to sales tax.
a. “Sales price” means the total amount of consideration, including cash, credit, property,
and services, for which personal property or services are sold, leased, or rented, valued
in money, whether received in money or otherwise, without any deduction for any of the
following:
(1) The seller’s cost of the property sold.
(2) The cost of materials used, labor or service cost, interest, losses, all costs of
transportation to the seller, all taxes imposed on the seller except as provided in paragraph
“b”, subparagraphs (5) and (6), and any other expenses of the seller.
(3) Charges by the seller for any services necessary to complete the sale, other than
delivery and installation charges.
(4) Delivery charges.
(5) Installation charges.
(6) Credit for any trade-in authorized by section 423.3, subsection 59.

b. “Sales price” does not include:
(1) Discounts, including cash, term, or coupons that are not reimbursed by a third party
that are allowed by a seller and taken by a purchaser on a sale.
(2) Interest, financing, and carrying charges from credit extended on the sale of personal
property or services, if the amount is separately stated on the invoice, bill of sale, or similar
document given to the purchaser.
(3) Any taxes legally imposed directly on the consumer that are separately stated on the
invoice, bill of sale, or similar document given to the purchaser.
(4) Trade discounts given or allowed by manufacturers, distributors, or wholesalers
to retailers or by manufacturers or distributors to wholesalers and payments made by
manufacturers, distributors, or wholesalers directly to retailers or by manufacturers or
distributors to wholesalers to reduce the sales price of the manufacturer’s, distributor’s,
or wholesaler’s product or to promote the sale or recognition of the manufacturer’s,
distributor’s, or wholesaler’s product. This subparagraph does not apply to coupons issued
by manufacturers, distributors, or wholesalers to consumers.
(5) Any state or local tax on a retail sale that is imposed on the seller if the statute, rule,
or local ordinance imposing the tax provides that the seller may, but is not required to, collect
such tax from the consumer, and if the tax is separately stated on the invoice, bill of sale, or
similar document given to the purchaser.
(6) Any tribal tax on a retail sale that is imposed on the seller if the tribal law imposing
the tax provides that the seller may but is not required to collect such tax from the consumer,
and if the tax is separately stated on the invoice, bill of sale, or similar document given to the
purchaser.
c. The sales price does not include and the sales tax shall not apply to amounts received
for charges included in paragraph “a”, subparagraphs (3) through (6), if they are separately
contracted for, separately stated on the invoice, billing, or similar document given to the
purchaser, and the amounts represent charges which are not the sales price of a taxable sale
or of the furnishing of a taxable service.
d. For purposes of this definition, the sales price from a rental or lease includes rent,
royalties, and copyright and license fees.
52. “Sales tax” means the tax levied under subchapter II of this chapter.
53. “Seller” means any person making sales, leases, or rentals of personal property or
services.
54. “Services” means all acts or services rendered, furnished, or performed, other than
services used in processing of tangible personal property for use in retail sales or services,
for an employer who pays the wages of an employee for a valuable consideration by any
person engaged in any business or occupation specifically enumerated in section 423.2. The
tax shall be due and collectible when first use of the service is received by the ultimate user
of the service.
55. “Services used in the processing of tangible personal property” includes the
reconditioning or repairing of tangible personal property of the type normally sold in the
regular course of the retailer’s business and which is held for sale.
55A. “Sold at retail in the state” and other references to sales “in the state” or “in this
state” includes but is not limited to sales sourced to this state under this chapter.
55B. a. “Specified digital products” means electronically transferred digital audio-visual
works, digital audio works, digital books, or other digital products.
b. For purposes of this subsection:
(1) “Digital audio-visual works” means a series of related images which, when shown in
succession, impart an impression of motion, together with accompanying sounds, if any.
(2) “Digital audio works” means works that result from the fixation of a series of musical,
spoken, or other sounds, including but not limited to ringtones. For purposes of this
subparagraph, “ringtones” means digitized sound files that are downloaded onto a device
and that may be used to alert the customer with respect to a communication.
(3) “Digital books” means works that are generally recognized in the ordinary and usual
sense as books.
(4) “Electronically transferred” means obtained or accessed by the purchaser by means

other than tangible storage media, including but not limited to a specified digital product
purchased through a computer software application, commonly referred to as an in-app
purchase, or through another specified digital product, or through any other means.
(5) “Other digital products” means greeting cards, images, video or electronic games or
entertainment, news or information products, and computer software applications.
56. “State”meansanystateoftheUnitedStates,theDistrictofColumbia,andPuertoRico.
57. “State agency” means an authority, board, commission, department, instrumentality,
orotheradministrativeofficeorunitofthisstate, oranyotherstateentityreportedintheIowa
annual comprehensive financial report, including public institutions of higher education.
57A. “Subscription” means any arrangement in which a person has the right or ability
to access, receive, use, obtain, purchase, or otherwise acquire tangible personal property,
specifieddigitalproducts,orservicesonapermanentorlessthanpermanentbasis,regardless
of whether the person actually accesses, receives, uses, obtains, purchases, or otherwise
acquires such tangible personal property, specified digital product, or service.
58. “System” means the central electronic registration system maintained by Iowa and
other states which are signatories to the agreement.
59. “Tangible personal property” means personal property that can be seen, weighed,
measured, felt, or touched, or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses. “Tangible
personal property” includes electricity, water, gas, steam, and prewritten computer software.
60. “Taxpayer” includes any person who is subject to a tax imposed by this chapter,
whether acting on the person’s own behalf or as a fiduciary.
61. “Trailer” shall mean every trailer, as is now or may be hereafter so defined by chapter
321, which is required to be registered or is subject only to the issuance of a certificate of title
under chapter 321.
62. “Use” means and includes the exercise by any person of any right or power over or
access to tangible personal property or a specified digital product incident to the ownership
of that property, or any right or power over or access to the product or result of a service. A
retailer’s or building contractor’s sale of manufactured housing for use in this state, whether
in the form of tangible personal property or of realty, is a use of that property for the purposes
of this chapter.
63. “Use tax” means the tax levied under subchapter III of this chapter.
64. “User” means the immediate recipient of the personal property or services who is
entitled to exercise a right or power over or access to the personal property, or the product
or result of such services.
65. “Value of services” means the price to the user exclusive of any direct tax imposed by
the federal government or by this chapter.
66. “Vehicles subject to registration” means any vehicle subject to registration pursuant to
section 321.18.
67. “Voting security” means a security to which any of the following applies:
a. Confers upon the holder the right to vote for the election of members of the board of
directors or similar governing body of the entity.
b. Is convertible into, or entitles the holder to receive upon its exercise, a security that
confers such a right to vote.
c. Is a general partnership interest.