Miller, J.
The plaintiff sues to recover
5%
of the net profits of the defendant’s- business from January 1st, 1902, to March 30th, 1905, as extra compensation for his services as president pursuant to an alleged oral agreement made with the executive committee of the board of directors, claimed to have been' authorized by the board and ratified by the shareholders. The trial court submitted to the jury as a question of fact whether the agreement was made as claimed by the plaintiff, but set aside the verdict in favor of the plaintiff as against the weight of evidence. The Appellate Division held that there was no evidence of a contract; that the action of
the board of directors and of the executive committee could only be established by a resolution duly passed.
On June 22, 1899, the executive committee of the defendant’s board of directors adopted the following resolution:
“
Resolved, that the executive committee recommend to the hoard that they be authorized to award to the president in compensation for his services and in addition to his regular salary, a participation in the net profits of the Company during the pleasure of the board, ” and thereafter on the same day its board of directors approved and adopted said recommendation. On March 8th, 1900, at a meeting of the stockholders those acts among others of the directors and executive committee were by resolution ratified and approved. On January 18th, 1900, the executive committee adopted the following: “Resolved, that pursuant to the provisions of the resolution of the executive commitee, passed June 22, 1899, and approved by action of the board of the directors on the same date, providing for the payment of an (Honorarium ’ to the president consisting of a percentage of the net earnings of the company, the executive committee hereby authorizes the payment to the president of 5% of the net earnings of the company as determined for the six months ending December 31st, 1899.” On the margin of that resolution in the minutes the words
“
additional compensation to president ” were written in red ink. On January 19th, 1900, the plaintiff was paid $19,270, being
5%
of the net earnings for the six months ending December 31st, 1899. On December 26th, 1901, the executive committee adopted the following: “Resolved, that pursuant to the provisions of the resolution of the executive committee, passed June 22nd, 1899, and approved by action of the board of directors on the same date, providing for the payment of an 1 Honorarium ’ to the president consisting of a percentage of the net earnings of the company, the executive committee hereby authorizes the payment of 5% on the net earnings of the company, as determined
since such payment was last made. ” The words
‘ ‘
Honorarium to President ” were written in red ink in the margin of the minutes of that resolution. On the 31st of December, 1901, the plaintiff was paid $56,731.30, being
5%
of the net profits for the years 1900 and 1901. The resolutions of the executive committee of January 18th, 1900, and December 26th, 1901, were approved and adopted by the board of directors, and the acts of the directors and the executive committee, as stated in the minutes of their several meetings, were formally ratified and confirmed at a meeting of stockholders on March 13th, 1902. There was evidence that the plaintiff did not participate in the adoption of said resolutions.
Whilst the resolutions may be some evidence of a contract they do not of themselves establish one. If, therefore, the ruling of the Appellate Division that the executive committee could only act by formal resolution be right, the plaintiff failed to make a case for the jury. The by-laws provided:
“
The compensation of all officers shall be fixed by the board or by the executive committee. ” It may be open to some doubt whether that authorized a fixation of compensation on a percentage basis. It is unnecessary to resolve that doubt, if it exists, because the resolution of the board of directors authorizing the executive committee to award the president a participation in net profits as compensation for services in addition to regular salary was ratified by the stockholders, as were also the two payments of
5%
of the net profits. It is a reasonable, or at least a permissible, construction of that resolution that the executive committee were authorized to provide by contract for the payment of a definite percentage of profits as additional compensation for future services, not that they were authorized in their discretion to make gifts from time to time for past services performed for a fixed salary. The agreement could continue, however, only
“
during the pleasure of the hoard. ” . That is, it could not be made for a definite
time, but the employment under it could be terminated at any time by the board. Was it necessary for the plaintiff to prove a formal resolution of the executive committee fixing the amount of the extra compensation
%
It may be assumed that the committee were required to act as a body and that they could not delegate their power to one of their number. But that is far from saying that they could only act by' formal votes or that their action could only be established by a written resolution. Whatever doubt may once have existed on the point it is now settled beyond controversy that a corporation may be bound by the acts of its duly authorized agents in the same way that a natural person may be bound, and that a formal resolution is not necessary to establish an act which can only be performed by a board or committee acting as a body.
(Danforth
v.
Schoharie & D. Turnpike Road,
12 Johns. 227;
Dunn v. Rector, etc., of St. Andrew’s Church,
14 Johns. 118;
Bank of Columbia
v.
Patterson’s Administrator,
7 Cranch, 299;
Bank of the United States
v.
Dandridge,
12 Wheat. 64;
Corinne Mill, Canal & Stock Co.
v.
Toponce,
152 U. S. 405;
Curtis
v.
Leavitt,
15 N. Y. 1, 48;
Hooker
v.
Eagle Bank of Rochester,
30 N. Y. 83;
Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
v.
Housatonic R. R. Co.,
152 N. Y. 251;
Hall
v.
Herter Bros.,
90 Hun, 280; affd. on opinion below, 157 N. Y. 694;
Bagley
v.
Carthage, W. & S. H. R. R. Co.,
165 N. Y. 179;
Gaul v. Kiel & Arthe Co.,
199 N. Y. 472, 476.) The foregoing cases show that a distinction cannot be made because of the size or character of the defendant.
The question then is whether there was any evidence from which a jury could have found that the executive committee as a body agreed to pay the plaintiff a commission of
5%
on the net profits of the defendant’s business as compensation for future services in addition to his regular salary. Here the point is raised that oral evidence was not competent to contradict, vary of add to the resolutions, whether they be considered as constituí
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Miller, J.
The plaintiff sues to recover
5%
of the net profits of the defendant’s- business from January 1st, 1902, to March 30th, 1905, as extra compensation for his services as president pursuant to an alleged oral agreement made with the executive committee of the board of directors, claimed to have been' authorized by the board and ratified by the shareholders. The trial court submitted to the jury as a question of fact whether the agreement was made as claimed by the plaintiff, but set aside the verdict in favor of the plaintiff as against the weight of evidence. The Appellate Division held that there was no evidence of a contract; that the action of
the board of directors and of the executive committee could only be established by a resolution duly passed.
On June 22, 1899, the executive committee of the defendant’s board of directors adopted the following resolution:
“
Resolved, that the executive committee recommend to the hoard that they be authorized to award to the president in compensation for his services and in addition to his regular salary, a participation in the net profits of the Company during the pleasure of the board, ” and thereafter on the same day its board of directors approved and adopted said recommendation. On March 8th, 1900, at a meeting of the stockholders those acts among others of the directors and executive committee were by resolution ratified and approved. On January 18th, 1900, the executive committee adopted the following: “Resolved, that pursuant to the provisions of the resolution of the executive commitee, passed June 22, 1899, and approved by action of the board of the directors on the same date, providing for the payment of an (Honorarium ’ to the president consisting of a percentage of the net earnings of the company, the executive committee hereby authorizes the payment to the president of 5% of the net earnings of the company as determined for the six months ending December 31st, 1899.” On the margin of that resolution in the minutes the words
“
additional compensation to president ” were written in red ink. On January 19th, 1900, the plaintiff was paid $19,270, being
5%
of the net earnings for the six months ending December 31st, 1899. On December 26th, 1901, the executive committee adopted the following: “Resolved, that pursuant to the provisions of the resolution of the executive committee, passed June 22nd, 1899, and approved by action of the board of directors on the same date, providing for the payment of an 1 Honorarium ’ to the president consisting of a percentage of the net earnings of the company, the executive committee hereby authorizes the payment of 5% on the net earnings of the company, as determined
since such payment was last made. ” The words
‘ ‘
Honorarium to President ” were written in red ink in the margin of the minutes of that resolution. On the 31st of December, 1901, the plaintiff was paid $56,731.30, being
5%
of the net profits for the years 1900 and 1901. The resolutions of the executive committee of January 18th, 1900, and December 26th, 1901, were approved and adopted by the board of directors, and the acts of the directors and the executive committee, as stated in the minutes of their several meetings, were formally ratified and confirmed at a meeting of stockholders on March 13th, 1902. There was evidence that the plaintiff did not participate in the adoption of said resolutions.
Whilst the resolutions may be some evidence of a contract they do not of themselves establish one. If, therefore, the ruling of the Appellate Division that the executive committee could only act by formal resolution be right, the plaintiff failed to make a case for the jury. The by-laws provided:
“
The compensation of all officers shall be fixed by the board or by the executive committee. ” It may be open to some doubt whether that authorized a fixation of compensation on a percentage basis. It is unnecessary to resolve that doubt, if it exists, because the resolution of the board of directors authorizing the executive committee to award the president a participation in net profits as compensation for services in addition to regular salary was ratified by the stockholders, as were also the two payments of
5%
of the net profits. It is a reasonable, or at least a permissible, construction of that resolution that the executive committee were authorized to provide by contract for the payment of a definite percentage of profits as additional compensation for future services, not that they were authorized in their discretion to make gifts from time to time for past services performed for a fixed salary. The agreement could continue, however, only
“
during the pleasure of the hoard. ” . That is, it could not be made for a definite
time, but the employment under it could be terminated at any time by the board. Was it necessary for the plaintiff to prove a formal resolution of the executive committee fixing the amount of the extra compensation
%
It may be assumed that the committee were required to act as a body and that they could not delegate their power to one of their number. But that is far from saying that they could only act by' formal votes or that their action could only be established by a written resolution. Whatever doubt may once have existed on the point it is now settled beyond controversy that a corporation may be bound by the acts of its duly authorized agents in the same way that a natural person may be bound, and that a formal resolution is not necessary to establish an act which can only be performed by a board or committee acting as a body.
(Danforth
v.
Schoharie & D. Turnpike Road,
12 Johns. 227;
Dunn v. Rector, etc., of St. Andrew’s Church,
14 Johns. 118;
Bank of Columbia
v.
Patterson’s Administrator,
7 Cranch, 299;
Bank of the United States
v.
Dandridge,
12 Wheat. 64;
Corinne Mill, Canal & Stock Co.
v.
Toponce,
152 U. S. 405;
Curtis
v.
Leavitt,
15 N. Y. 1, 48;
Hooker
v.
Eagle Bank of Rochester,
30 N. Y. 83;
Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.
v.
Housatonic R. R. Co.,
152 N. Y. 251;
Hall
v.
Herter Bros.,
90 Hun, 280; affd. on opinion below, 157 N. Y. 694;
Bagley
v.
Carthage, W. & S. H. R. R. Co.,
165 N. Y. 179;
Gaul v. Kiel & Arthe Co.,
199 N. Y. 472, 476.) The foregoing cases show that a distinction cannot be made because of the size or character of the defendant.
The question then is whether there was any evidence from which a jury could have found that the executive committee as a body agreed to pay the plaintiff a commission of
5%
on the net profits of the defendant’s business as compensation for future services in addition to his regular salary. Here the point is raised that oral evidence was not competent to contradict, vary of add to the resolutions, whether they be considered as constituí
ing the contract or merely as a written memorial adopted by the parties. The answer to that is that the resolutions of June 22d, 1899, do not purport to express the terms of any contract or to be a memorial adopted by the parties of any transaction between the plaintiff and the executive committee. Upon the view most favorable to the plaintiff, they merely authorized the executive committee to make a contract, and there is no analogy between them and a resolution of the trustees of a town granting a franchise such as was involved in
Trustees of Southampton
v.
Jessup
(173 N. Y. 84), relied on by the respondent. The subsequent resolutions were adopted either in performance of the contract, if one was made, or, upon the defendant’s theory, merely to carry out an indefinite understanding not amounting to a binding contract, pursuant to which the board was to be at liberty to make extra payments or not as it might see fit. The acts of the parties subsequent to the time when the contract is claimed to have been made are important only as hearing on the question of fact whether a definite contract was made. I shall not discuss them further than to observe that they lack the essential elements of an estoppel and do not establish a practical construction which requires a holding as matter of law that no definite contract was made.
The plaintiff pleaded that the agreement was partly oral and partly written and in the bill of particulars said that the written part was contained in the resolutions of June 22d, 1899. In truth those resolutions formed no part of the contract except in the sense that they constituted the authority to make it. That inaccuracy of statement could not have harmed the defendant and may be disregarded. What then is the evidence apart from said resolutions relied upon by the plaintiff to take the case to the jury ?
Of course, now I state the view most favorable to the plaintiff. Mr. McCurdy, the president of the Mutual Life
Insurance Company, which owned a controlling interest in the defendant trust company, proposed, as an inducement to the plaintiff to remain in defendant’s employ, that it pay him “ five per cent,” and upon the plaintiff’s signifying that that would be satisfactory said
“
that is what we have decided to do. ” Thereupon at a meeting of the executive committee on June 22d, 1899, McCurdy stated the offer which he had made and that it was satisfactory to the plaintiff and produced a proposed resolution like the one adopted except that it provided for the payment of a
6%
participation. For a stated reason not now material the
5%
clause was stricken out and with that change the resolution was adopted as proposed. The verbal offer did not state upon what the
5%
was to he computed, but the resolution shows what was in the minds of the parties. The executive committee did not by formal vote agree to pay the plaintiff as extra compensation
5%
of the net profits, but an agreement may be inferred from tacit approval. A jury could have found from the adoption of the resolution asking for authority and from their silent acquiescence that the executive committee approved of the proposal to pay the plaintiff
5%
of the net profits to induce him to remain in the defendants’ employ, and that upon the approval of the resolution by the board of directors, the parties understood that the plaintiff was to remain upon the terms proposed. A meeting of the minds may be inferred from ■ acts as well as words, and we are of the opinion that a jury could have found from the whole transaction that the minds of the parties, the plaintiff and the executive committee, met upon the proposition to pay the plaintiff for future services in addition to his regular salary
5%
of the net profits of the business and that on that understanding the plaintiff continued in the service of the defendant. If an officer or employee of a corporation is called before its board of directors or a duly authorized committee and informed by one of their number that they have decided to make a stated increase in
his salary to induce him to continue in the service of the corporation, and he assents to the proposition and acts upon it, it is not essential that the agreement be reduced to writing or embodied in a formal resolution.
The acts of the parties subsequent to June 22d, 1899, are mainly important as bearing on the weight of the evidence, with which we have nothing to do. The appellant asks us to decree final judgment, but we cannot review the order of the trial court setting aside the verdict as against the weight of evidence. It does not appear that the Appellate Division have considered that phase of the case. It should, therefore, be remitted to that court to consider it on the facts.
The judgment should be reversed and case remitted to the Appellate Division, with costs to abide the event.