NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1278-20
YOLANDA MEDRANO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ROBERT C. RUGELIS,
Defendant-Respondent. ____________________________
Argued November 15, 2021 – Decided November 24, 2021
Before Judges Fasciale and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-3875-18.
Phillip C. Wiskow argued the cause for appellant (Gelman Gelman Wiskow & McCarthy, LLC, attorneys; Phillip C. Wiskow, on the briefs).
Michael N. Aquino argued the cause for respondent (Salomon & Aquino, LLC, attorneys; Michael N. Aquino, on the brief).
PER CURIAM In this personal injury action, plaintiff appeals from two orders dated
December 1, 2020: one denying her motion to vacate an order enforcing a
purported settlement; and the other granting defendant's cross-motion to compel
plaintiff to sign a settlement release prepared by defendant's counsel. Plaintiff
contends that her previous attorney and his paralegal, who settled plaintiff's
lawsuit, were unauthorized to do so. There are no certifications from plaintiff's
previous attorney or his paralegal, and there are no signed settlement papers.
On this record, we cannot discern whether previous counsel—and his
paralegal—had authority to settle plaintiff's lawsuit. We reverse without
prejudice, remand, and direct the judge to conduct a plenary hearing and make
appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Plaintiff filed a personal injury lawsuit against defendant after his vehicle
struck her in a crosswalk. Plaintiff's former counsel sent two demand letters, in
October 2018 and March 2019, to defendant's counsel. Both demanded
$250,000 to settle the case. At those times, plaintiff's lawsuit did not settle for
that amount.
Plaintiff certified that on June 29, 2019, she advised her former counsel's
paralegal (paralegal) that her settlement demand was $500,000. Plaintiff also
certified that on August 25, 2019, she met with her former counsel and reiterated
A-1278-20 2 her settlement demand was $500,000 and that she would consider "a little less"
once her bills were finalized. From July 2019 to September 2019, settlement
negotiations ensued.
On September 1, 2019, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel stating that
plaintiff's then-counsel discussed defendant's counteroffer1 with plaintiff and
they were "waiting for her official response," but that "it doesn't look like she is
budging down from the demand of $250,000 still." From this e-mail, defense
counsel understood plaintiff's settlement demand was $250,000. Plaintiff
certifies that the paralegal was never authorized to make this "counteroffer"
because, on June 29, she had told the paralegal in an e-mail that her settlement
demand was $500,000.
On September 16, 2019, defense counsel personally conferred with
plaintiff's then-counsel and reached a settlement agreement for $250,000.
Defense counsel sent an e-mail to plaintiff's then-counsel directly, confirming
the details of their agreement. After receiving notification from her then-
counsel's office that he had settled the case, plaintiff met with her then-counsel
to discuss the value of her injuries and "he insisted that . . . [d]efendant's
$250,000 offer was the best offer [she] was going to receive." Plaintiff alleges
1 On appeal, the parties do not identify the amount of this counteroffer. A-1278-20 3 she advised her then-counsel that $250,000 was not a fair offer, and in response,
her then-counsel cautioned that she could receive a smaller award if they were
to go to trial.
Nevertheless, on September 21, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel
that "[plaintiff] is ready to sign as soon as you have the release ready." Then,
on October 12, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel representing that plaintiff
"rescinded accepting the offer and wants her case reinstated" because she "is
anticipating she will need another surgery and does not want to settle . . . prior
to confirming." In a later e-mail to defense counsel, the paralegal stated that
plaintiff accepted the amount previously but changed her mind after her partner
"looked in 'google' about other cases being awarded more money for the same
injuries."
On December 13, 2019, six days before the return date for defendant's
motion to enforce the purported settlement, plaintiff certified that she received
an e-mail from her then-counsel's office that defendant had filed a motion to
enforce the settlement. Plaintiff alleges she was not asked to provide a
certification detailing her settlement discussions with her then-counsel or
paralegal or explain to the judge that she never authorized the $250,000
settlement.
A-1278-20 4 On December 20, 2019, the motion judge heard oral argument on the
motion to enforce the alleged settlement between the parties. During the
hearing, an attorney from her then-counsel's office, argued there was
"ambiguity" in the e-mails from the negotiations and that the paralegal may have
"misspoke with th[e] dollar amount" because there was "inconsistency." On that
day, the motion judge granted the motion to enforce the settlement and found
the settlement to be "completely straightforward." The motion judge ruled there
was no issue of material fact that would require a plenary hearing, as there was
a settlement on September 16, which was "further confirmed by an e[-]mail by
defense counsel, further confirmed by agreed upon release that was sent to
plaintiff's counsel, and that thereafter . . . plaintiff rescinded the offer for her
own reasons." Plaintiff then hired new counsel, who moved to vacate the order
under Rule 4:50-1. That led to the judge entering the orders under review.
On appeal, plaintiff argues the motion judge erred in concluding there were
no material issues of fact as to whether there was a settlement between the parties.
Plaintiff maintains a settlement never existed because she never authorized her
former counsel to demand and then accept $250,000 to settle the case. Plaintiff
contends that because her prior counsel failed to advise the motion judge that
plaintiff did not give authorization to settle for that amount, this court should remand
A-1278-20 5 for a plenary hearing to give plaintiff an opportunity to demonstrate there was no
authorization.
"A settlement agreement between parties to a lawsuit is a contract." Nolan v.
Lee Ho, 120 N.J. 465, 472 (1990). "The '[i]nterpretation and construction of a
contract is a matter of law for the court subject to de novo review.'" Kaur v. Assured
Lending Corp., 405 N.J. Super. 468, 474 (App. Div. 2009) (alteration in original)
(quoting Spring Creek Holding Co. v. Shinnihon U.S.A. Co., 399 N.J. Super. 158,
190 (App. Div. 2008)). Thus, a trial judge's "interpretation of the law and the legal
consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special
deference." Alfano v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 393 N.J. Super.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1278-20
YOLANDA MEDRANO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ROBERT C. RUGELIS,
Defendant-Respondent. ____________________________
Argued November 15, 2021 – Decided November 24, 2021
Before Judges Fasciale and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-3875-18.
Phillip C. Wiskow argued the cause for appellant (Gelman Gelman Wiskow & McCarthy, LLC, attorneys; Phillip C. Wiskow, on the briefs).
Michael N. Aquino argued the cause for respondent (Salomon & Aquino, LLC, attorneys; Michael N. Aquino, on the brief).
PER CURIAM In this personal injury action, plaintiff appeals from two orders dated
December 1, 2020: one denying her motion to vacate an order enforcing a
purported settlement; and the other granting defendant's cross-motion to compel
plaintiff to sign a settlement release prepared by defendant's counsel. Plaintiff
contends that her previous attorney and his paralegal, who settled plaintiff's
lawsuit, were unauthorized to do so. There are no certifications from plaintiff's
previous attorney or his paralegal, and there are no signed settlement papers.
On this record, we cannot discern whether previous counsel—and his
paralegal—had authority to settle plaintiff's lawsuit. We reverse without
prejudice, remand, and direct the judge to conduct a plenary hearing and make
appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Plaintiff filed a personal injury lawsuit against defendant after his vehicle
struck her in a crosswalk. Plaintiff's former counsel sent two demand letters, in
October 2018 and March 2019, to defendant's counsel. Both demanded
$250,000 to settle the case. At those times, plaintiff's lawsuit did not settle for
that amount.
Plaintiff certified that on June 29, 2019, she advised her former counsel's
paralegal (paralegal) that her settlement demand was $500,000. Plaintiff also
certified that on August 25, 2019, she met with her former counsel and reiterated
A-1278-20 2 her settlement demand was $500,000 and that she would consider "a little less"
once her bills were finalized. From July 2019 to September 2019, settlement
negotiations ensued.
On September 1, 2019, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel stating that
plaintiff's then-counsel discussed defendant's counteroffer1 with plaintiff and
they were "waiting for her official response," but that "it doesn't look like she is
budging down from the demand of $250,000 still." From this e-mail, defense
counsel understood plaintiff's settlement demand was $250,000. Plaintiff
certifies that the paralegal was never authorized to make this "counteroffer"
because, on June 29, she had told the paralegal in an e-mail that her settlement
demand was $500,000.
On September 16, 2019, defense counsel personally conferred with
plaintiff's then-counsel and reached a settlement agreement for $250,000.
Defense counsel sent an e-mail to plaintiff's then-counsel directly, confirming
the details of their agreement. After receiving notification from her then-
counsel's office that he had settled the case, plaintiff met with her then-counsel
to discuss the value of her injuries and "he insisted that . . . [d]efendant's
$250,000 offer was the best offer [she] was going to receive." Plaintiff alleges
1 On appeal, the parties do not identify the amount of this counteroffer. A-1278-20 3 she advised her then-counsel that $250,000 was not a fair offer, and in response,
her then-counsel cautioned that she could receive a smaller award if they were
to go to trial.
Nevertheless, on September 21, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel
that "[plaintiff] is ready to sign as soon as you have the release ready." Then,
on October 12, the paralegal e-mailed defense counsel representing that plaintiff
"rescinded accepting the offer and wants her case reinstated" because she "is
anticipating she will need another surgery and does not want to settle . . . prior
to confirming." In a later e-mail to defense counsel, the paralegal stated that
plaintiff accepted the amount previously but changed her mind after her partner
"looked in 'google' about other cases being awarded more money for the same
injuries."
On December 13, 2019, six days before the return date for defendant's
motion to enforce the purported settlement, plaintiff certified that she received
an e-mail from her then-counsel's office that defendant had filed a motion to
enforce the settlement. Plaintiff alleges she was not asked to provide a
certification detailing her settlement discussions with her then-counsel or
paralegal or explain to the judge that she never authorized the $250,000
settlement.
A-1278-20 4 On December 20, 2019, the motion judge heard oral argument on the
motion to enforce the alleged settlement between the parties. During the
hearing, an attorney from her then-counsel's office, argued there was
"ambiguity" in the e-mails from the negotiations and that the paralegal may have
"misspoke with th[e] dollar amount" because there was "inconsistency." On that
day, the motion judge granted the motion to enforce the settlement and found
the settlement to be "completely straightforward." The motion judge ruled there
was no issue of material fact that would require a plenary hearing, as there was
a settlement on September 16, which was "further confirmed by an e[-]mail by
defense counsel, further confirmed by agreed upon release that was sent to
plaintiff's counsel, and that thereafter . . . plaintiff rescinded the offer for her
own reasons." Plaintiff then hired new counsel, who moved to vacate the order
under Rule 4:50-1. That led to the judge entering the orders under review.
On appeal, plaintiff argues the motion judge erred in concluding there were
no material issues of fact as to whether there was a settlement between the parties.
Plaintiff maintains a settlement never existed because she never authorized her
former counsel to demand and then accept $250,000 to settle the case. Plaintiff
contends that because her prior counsel failed to advise the motion judge that
plaintiff did not give authorization to settle for that amount, this court should remand
A-1278-20 5 for a plenary hearing to give plaintiff an opportunity to demonstrate there was no
authorization.
"A settlement agreement between parties to a lawsuit is a contract." Nolan v.
Lee Ho, 120 N.J. 465, 472 (1990). "The '[i]nterpretation and construction of a
contract is a matter of law for the court subject to de novo review.'" Kaur v. Assured
Lending Corp., 405 N.J. Super. 468, 474 (App. Div. 2009) (alteration in original)
(quoting Spring Creek Holding Co. v. Shinnihon U.S.A. Co., 399 N.J. Super. 158,
190 (App. Div. 2008)). Thus, a trial judge's "interpretation of the law and the legal
consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special
deference." Alfano v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 393 N.J. Super. 560, 573 (App. Div.
2007) (quoting Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm., 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).
The standard for reviewing a contested motion to enforce a settlement is
the same as a motion for summary judgment. Amatuzzo v. Kozmiuk, 305 N.J.
Super. 469, 474-75 (App. Div. 1997). The judge should hold a plenary hearing
"to establish the facts unless the available competent evidence, considered in a
light most favorable to the non-moving party, is insufficient to permit the judge,
as a rational factfinder, to resolve the disputed factual issues in favor of the non-
moving party." Ibid. (citing Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 142 N.J. 520, 540
(1995)). Not every factual dispute triggers the need for a plenary hearing; a
A-1278-20 6 hearing is only required where "the evidence shows the existence of a genuine
issue of material fact." Eaton v. Grau, 368 N.J. Super. 215, 222 (App. Div.
2004). However, "trial judges cannot resolve material factual disputes upon
conflicting affidavits and certifications." Harrington v. Harrington, 281 N.J.
Super. 39, 47 (App. Div. 1995).
"The general rule is that unless an attorney is specifically authorized by the
client to settle a case, the consent of the client is necessary." Amatuzzo, 305 N.J.
Super. at 475 (citing City of Jersey City v. Roosevelt Stadium Marina, Inc., 210 N.J.
Super. 315, 327 (App. Div. 1986)). This court in Amatuzzo explained that
[n]egotiations of an attorney are not binding on the client unless the client has expressly authorized the settlement or the client's voluntary act has placed the attorney in a situation wherein a person of ordinary prudence would be justified in presuming that the attorney had authority to enter into a settlement, not just negotiations, on behalf of the client.
[Ibid. (citing U.S. Plywood Corp. v. Neidlinger, 41 N.J. 66, 74 (1963))].
When "the client by words or conduct communicated to the adverse
attorney, engenders a reasonable belief that the attorney possesses authority to
conclude a settlement, the settlement may be enforced. However, the attorney's
words or acts alone are insufficient to cloak the attorney with apparent
authority." Id. at 475-76. "[T]he party asserting the lack of authority must
A-1278-20 7 sustain 'a heavy burden to establish that [her] attorney acted without any kind of
authority.'" Jennings v. Reed, 381 N.J. Super. 217, 231 (App. Div. 2005)
(second alteration in original) (quoting Surety Ins. Co. v. Williams, 729 F.2d
581, 583 (8th Cir. 1984)).
In Amatuzzo, the defendant certified that he never entered into a
settlement agreement with the plaintiff and made his objections to the proposed
settlement clear to his attorney. 305 N.J. Super. at 473. The defendant alleged
he did not provide consent to the terms of an oral agreement between his attorney
and his adversary's counsel. Ibid. The defendant's attorney had sent a fax to the
opposing counsel stating the terms of the proposed settlement were "acceptable"
to the defendant. Id. at 474. This court concluded that the defendant's
certification was "sufficient to raise a material and substantial issue as to
whether he granted his attorney actual authority to settle." Id. at 476. We noted
that the attorney may produce testimony at a hearing to convince the judge that
there was actual authority, but a hearing was nevertheless required to "ascertain
the intent of the parties at the various critical times in the proceedings ." Id. at
474, 476.
Plaintiff has provided certifications expressing she did not authorize her
former counsel or the paralegal to settle the case for $250,000. Plaintiff certified
A-1278-20 8 that she never authorized the paralegal to counteroffer $250,000, which the
paralegal did in an e-mail to defense counsel on September 1, 2019, stating
plaintiff was not "budging down from the demand of $250,000." In support of
her motion to vacate, plaintiff certified that one week earlier, she met with her
former counsel and told him she wanted $500,00 but "also advised [she] would
consider 'a little less.'"
Plaintiff alleges, that sometime between August 22 and September 20,
when she heard from her former counsel's office that defendant "met [their]
number," her former counsel or the paralegal entered into an unauthorized
settlement for $250,000 without her consent. Plaintiff's domestic partner
certified that he went with plaintiff to meet with her former counsel on August
25, and at that time, plaintiff rejected defendant's $250,000 settlement offer and
demanded $500,000. Plaintiff's partner claimed that plaintiff advised her former
counsel that she "would consider a little less once her bills/liens were finalized."
Neither plaintiff's former counsel nor the paralegal have provided certifications or
testified as to whether they received authorization from plaintiff to settle the case for
$250,000. Plaintiff never signed the release sent by defense counsel.
Plaintiff's certification is sufficient to raise a material issue as to whether
her former counsel had authority to settle for $250,000. A plenary hearing is
A-1278-20 9 necessary for the judge to make findings of fact as to whether there was authorization
to settle for $250,000. Like in Amatuzzo, plaintiff's former counsel may provide
any relevant testimony, including whether plaintiff authorized him to settle the case
for $250,000. 305 N.J. Super. at 476. Additionally, apparent authority must be
established through plaintiff's words or actions rather than merely those of her
former counsel. See ibid.
Reversed without prejudice and remanded for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-1278-20 10