1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 YELLOWCAKE, INC., a California Case No. 1:21-cv-00803-AWI-BAM corporation, 12 ORDER VACATING HEARING Plaintiff, 13 ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S v. AMENDED NOTICE OF MOTION AND 14 MOTION TO COMPEL SUBSTANTIVE DASHGO, INC., a Delaware corporation, RESPONSES TO PLAINTIFF’S DEMANDS 15 and AUDIOMICRO, INC. d/b/a ADREV, (Docs. 40, 61) a Delaware corporation, 16 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Defendants. DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S 17 MOTION TO COMPEL SUBSTANTIVE DEMANDS AND FOR CONTEMPT OF 18 ORDER DATED JULY 27, 2022 (Doc. 87) 19 Currently before the Court are motions to compel filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 20 Procedure 37 and Local Rule 251 by Plaintiff Yellowcake, Inc. (“Yellowcake”) to compel the 21 following: (1) production of documents responsive to Yellowcake’s Request for Production of 22 Documents, Set One (“RFP Set One”); (2) substantive responses to Yellowcake’s Interrogatories 23 Nos. 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22 and 25 (“Interrogatories”); and (3) production of all 24 relevant documents responsive to Yellowcake’s Request for Documents, Set Two (“RFP Set 25 Two”). (Docs. 61, 87.) The parties have filed Joint Statements Re: Discovery Disagreement 26 relative to both motions. (Docs. 80, 88.) The Court finds the motions suitable for resolution 27 without oral argument. Local Rule 230(g). Accordingly, the hearing on Yellowcake’s Motion to 28 1 Compel Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands and for Contempt of Order Dated July 27, 2 2022, (Doc. 87), currently set for November 18, 2022, is HEREBY VACATED. 3 Having considered the moving papers, record in this action, and the parties’ joint 4 statements, and for the reasons that follow, Yellowcake’s Amended Motion to Compel 5 Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands (Doc. 61) will be denied and Yellowcake’s Motion 6 to Compel Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands and for Contempt of Order Dated July 7 27, 2022 (Doc. 87) will be granted in part and denied in part. 8 I. Background and Discovery Dispute 9 Yellowcake is an intellectual property holding company that owns, holds, and exploits 10 intellectual property, including, sound recordings. Yellowcake alleges that Defendants Dashgo, 11 Inc. (“Dashgo”), Audiomicro, Inc. d/b/a Adrev (“Adrev”), Benjamin Patterson, and Noah Becker 12 (collectively “Defendants”) willfully infringed and exploited two (2) catalogs of copyrighted 13 sound recordings of regional Mexican music owned by Yellowcake. The catalogs are identified 14 as “Yellowcake’s Copyrighted Works” and “Foreign Works.” Yellowcake asserts that 15 Defendants infringed the copyrights by distributing and exploiting the songs well after prior 16 distribution agreements were terminated and after Defendants acknowledged in writing that the 17 sound recordings belonged to Yellowcake and that they would stop exploiting them. (See 18 generally Doc. 31.) 19 In the First Amended Complaint, Yellowcake’s Copyrighted Works were defined to 20 include 165 domestic copyrighted sound recordings and Yellowcake’s Foreign Works were 21 defined to include 1,075 foreign copyrighted sound recordings. (Doc. 7, First Amended 22 Complaint (“FAC”) ¶¶ 1, 2. Copies of the Copyright Registrations for Yellowcake’s Copyrighted 23 Works were annexed to the FAC as Exhibit A and a list of Yellowcake’s Foreign Works was 24 annexed to the FAC as Exhibit B. (Id.) 25 Yellowcake filed the operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on February 16, 26 2022. (Doc. 31.) In the SAC, Yellowcake’s Copyrighted Works were defined to include 1,672 27 domestic copyrighted sound recordings—approximately 1,500 more than alleged in the FAC— 28 and the Foreign Works were defined to include 363 foreign copyrighted works—approximately 1 700 less than alleged in the FAC. (Doc. 31, SAC ¶¶ 1, 2, 24.) A list of Yellowcake’s 2 Copyrighted Works was annexed to the SAC as Exhibits A and B and a list of Yellowcake’s 3 Foreign Works was annexed to the SAC as Exhibit C. (Id.) 4 On March 24, 2022, Yellowcake filed a motion to compel discovery pursuant to Federal 5 Rule of Civil Procedure 37 and Local Rule 251. (Doc. 40.) The notice of motion did not identify 6 the discovery at issue. On May 17, 2022, the Court held a status conference with the parties 7 regarding various pending discovery motions. (Doc. 60.) At the conference, Yellowcake agreed 8 to file an amended notice of motion to clarify the discovery at issue. (Id.) 9 On May 24, 2022, Yellowcake filed an Amended Notice of Motion and Motion to Compel 10 Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands. (Doc. 61.) The amended motion clarified that 11 Yellowcake sought to compel: (1) production of documents responsive to Yellowcake’s RFP Set 12 One; (2) substantive responses to Yellowcake’s Interrogatories (Nos. 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 13 20, 21, 22 and 25); and (3) production of all relevant documents responsive to Yellowcake’s RFP 14 Set Two. (Id. at 2.) RFP Set One and the Interrogatories relied on definitions of Yellowcake’s 15 “Copyrighted Works” and “Foreign Works” as ascribed in the FAC. (See Doc. 80-1, Appendix, 16 Ex. 1 (RFP Set One); Ex. 2 (Interrogatories). As identified below, RFP Set Two also relies on the 17 copyrighted works at issue in the SAC. 18 On July 21, 2022, while the amended motion to compel remained pending, and before the 19 filing of a Joint Statement Re: Discovery Disagreement pursuant to Local Rule 251, the Court 20 granted Defendants’ motion for entry of a two-tier protective order (“July 2022 Order”). (Doc. 21 78.) In that order, the Court agreed with Defendants’ assertion that the definitions of 22 Yellowcake’s Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works in Yellowcake’s RFP Set One and 23 Interrogatories were obsolete. (Id. at 6.) The Court stated:
24 Plaintiff’s RPD and Interrogatories Set One both incorporate the same definitions of “Yellowcake’s Copyrighted Works” and the “Foreign Works” as set forth in 25 the FAC, but not the definitions set forth in the SAC. The definitions in the FAC of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works are different from the definitions in the 26 SAC. Any RPD based upon terminology or allegations in the FAC are superseded by the SAC. However, the Court understands that Plaintiff has recently provided a 27 “list” of copyrighted works (both domestic and foreign) that Plaintiff contends Defendants infringed. The parties are directed to meet and confer to identify the 28 list and which definitions will be used for responding to the RPD and 1 Interrogatories Set One. The Court will not enforce a request or interrogatory that contains superseded definitions. 2 (Id. at 6, n. 4) (emphasis added). In addition, the Court also considered Defendants’ responses to 3 RFP Set One and Interrogatories and indicated: 4 The Court has reviewed, briefly, the response by Defendants to the RPD. Much of 5 the response consists of what the Court characterizes as boilerplate objections. Boilerplate objections are not appropriate, and a party’s objections should be 6 specific and supported by evidence if challenged. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2); Bragel Intl., Inc. v. Kohl's Dept. Stores, 2018 WL 7890682, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 7 14, 2018); Peck v. Cty. of Orange, No. 2:19-CV-04654 DS FAF MX, 2020 WL 4218223, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 10, 2020) (boilerplate “General Objections” are 8 inappropriate and overruled.) Once the parties have met and conferred on the “list” of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works at issue in this case, as discussed 9 infra, Defendants are required to supplement their responses to the RPD and Interrogatories Set One to eliminate boilerplate objections to the discovery 10 requests. 11 (Doc. 78 at 8, n. 6) (emphasis added). In granting the motion for a two-tier protective order, the 12 Court further ordered:
13 3. The parties are directed to meet and confer to identify the “list” of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works and which definitions will be used for responding to the 14 RPD and Interrogatories. To the extent such a “list” has not been provided by Plaintiff to Defendants, the parties are directed to meet and confer and Plaintiffs 15 are directed to provide such a list, with specificity. Defendants are entitled to know the works, with specificity, they are alleged to have infringed. 16 4. Once the parties have met and conferred on the “list” of Copyrighted Works and 17 Foreign Works at issue in this case, and following entry of the protective order, Defendants are required to supplement their responses to the RPD and 18 Interrogatories Set One eliminating the boilerplate objections to the discovery requests. 19 (Doc. 78 at 21.) 20 On August 12, 2022, the parties filed a Joint Statement Re: Discovery Disagreement Re: 21 Plaintiff’s Amended Notice of Motion and Motion to Compel Substantive Responses to 22 Plaintiff’s Demands.1 (Doc. 80.) The joint statement failed to identify any substantive meet and 23 confer efforts ordered by the Court to resolve the “list” of copyrighted works and relevant 24 25
26 1 The joint statement exceeds one hundred fifteen (115) pages, not including exhibits or attachments, which would bring the total filing to over seven (700) pages for the Court’s review and consideration. The 27 Court has routinely admonished the parties against unnecessarily burdening the Court’s limited resources with excessive briefing. Because the parties have been unable to comply with the Court’s admonishments, 28 all future filings will be subject to strict page limitations which the Court will impose at the relevant time. 1 definitions.2 According to Defendants, “[a]s of the August 12, 2022 due date for submission of 2 [the] joint statement, no agreement [had] been reached between the parties as to the requisite list 3 and definitions.” (Id. at 27, n. 10.) Defendants therefore argued that the Court should not 4 enforce any of Yellowcake’s discovery that was the subject of Yellowcake’s motion to compel. 5 Defendants also argued that the motion to compel was premature because the Court ordered that 6 once the parties had met and conferred on the “list” of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works at 7 issue in this case, and following entry of the protective order, Defendants were required to 8 supplement their responses to Yellowcake’s document requests and interrogatories. Defendants 9 further suggested that the discovery responses at issue in the motion would be superseded by 10 Defendants’ supplemental responses. (Id.) 11 On August 17, 2002, the Court entered a two-tier protective order applicable to 12 disclosures and responses to discovery. (Doc. 82.) 13 On September 2, 2022, Yellowcake filed a request for an emergency court conference 14 regarding discovery related to the “list” of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works at issue. 15 (Doc. 84.) Yellowcake complained that following the Court’s July 2022 order concerning the 16 protective order, it provided Defendants with a detailed list of every copyrighted sound recording 17 allegedly infringed in the SAC, but despite receiving that list, Defendants still refused to respond 18 to Yellowcake’s discovery demands. (Id. at 1.) Because the request for an emergency 19 conference was procedurally improper, the Court declined to consider it (or Defendants’ 20 opposition). The Court also declined to resolve the dispute through its informal discovery 21 dispute process and informed the parties that they could file a formal discovery motion in 22 compliance with Local Rule 251. (Doc. 86.) 23 On October 3, 2022, Yellowcake filed a Notice of Motion and Motion to Compel 24 Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands and For Contempt of Order Dated July 27, 2022. 25 (Doc. 87.) Yellowcake moved to compel the following: (1) production of all relevant documents 26 responsive to Yellowcake’s RFP Set One, “based on list of Songs in dispute provided by Plaintiff 27 2 Subsequent records indicate that meet and confer efforts were ongoing prior to the filing of the joint 28 statement on August 12, 2022, and that no resolution had been reached by the time of filing. (See Doc. 88.) 1 to Defendants;” (2) production of documents responsive to Yellowcake’s RFP Set Two, “based 2 on list of Songs in dispute provided by Plaintiff to Defendants;” and (3) responses to 3 Yellowcake’s Interrogatories. (Doc. 87 at 2.) Yellowcake also requested the imposition of 4 discovery sanctions based on Defendants’ purported failure to comply with the Court’s July 2022 5 Order, along with attorneys’ fees for the motion. (Id.) 6 On October 7, 2022, the parties filed a Joint Statement Re: Discovery Disagreement 7 related to the second motion to compel. (Doc. 88.) According to the joint statement, following 8 the Court’s July 2022 Order granting the request for a two-tier protective order, Yellowcake’s 9 counsel sent correspondence to Defendants indicating that Exhibits A, B, and C to the SAC 10 contained a current and complete list of the works alleged infringed. However, Yellowcake’s 11 counsel agreed to provide another copy of the list with the International Standard Recording 12 Codes (“ISRC”) and universal product code (“UPC”) for each of the works infringed. (Id. at 4; 13 Doc. 88-2, Ex. 2.) 14 On August 9, 2022, Yellowcake sent Defendants copies of Exhibits A, B, and C to the 15 SAC, which purportedly included Plaintiff’s ISRC codes, Dashgo’s UPC codes, and Colonize 16 Media, Inc.’s UPC codes. (Doc. 88 at 5; 88-3, Ex. 3.) 17 On August 11, 2022, Defendants responded, indicating that “unlike other means of 18 identifying a song (artist name/song title/album title, copyright registration number, UPC code), 19 the only means of identifying a unique iteration of sound recording is by ISRC code – but then 20 only insofar as an ISRC is accurate.” (Doc. 88-4, Ex. 4.) Defendants’ counsel reported that a 21 spot check of the ISRC codes on Exhibits A, B and C enclosed with Yellowcake’s August 9, 2022 22 letter revealed discrepancies. Defendants provided three examples, one from each exhibit, and 23 informed Yellowcake that they did not intend to research each and every work listed on the three 24 exhibits in part because it was Yellowcake’s burden to provide the “list” ordered by the Court. 25 (Id.) Defendants also insisted that Yellowcake provide evidence that each of the Foreign Works 26 was eligible for copyright protection under the Copyright Act and indicated that such evidence 27 would include documents and information that disclosed the date of first publication and/or date 28 1 of first fixation of each of the “Foreign Works” in Mexico. Defendants contended that discovery 2 related to any “Foreign Works” ineligible for copyright would not be relevant to this action. (Id.) 3 On August 18, 2022, Yellowcake sent Defendants additional correspondence and 4 explained that ISRC codes are not the only way to identify a specific sound recording and 5 sometimes there are mis-indexed ISRCs or multiple ISRCs for the same sound recording. As to 6 the discrepancies identified by Defendants, Yellowcake asserted that it was highly unlikely that 7 there was a discrepancy for more than a few titles and that Defendants could continue their search 8 and bring any more discrepancies to counsel’s attention to investigate, explain and rectify. 9 Despite disagreeing with Defendants’ position, Yellowcake nonetheless provided a “new list 10 mirroring Exhibits A, B and C to the Second Amended Complaint which includes both 11 Yellowcakes’ ISRC codes, Dashgo’s prior ISRC codes, Yellowcake’s UPC codes and Dashgo’s 12 UPC codes for the works infringed as well as a note when such ISRC code is not available on 13 Sound Exchange database but used in connection with digital service providers.” (Doc. 88-5, Ex. 14 5.) Yellowcake asserted that Defendant Dashgo was then “in possession of every single possible 15 identifier related to the copyrighted works.” (Id.) Yellowcake further contended that Defendants 16 had no basis to continue to withhold documents related to the Foreign Works, asserting that it had 17 sufficiently established chain of title and standing with regard to those works. (Id.) 18 On August 19, 2022, Defendants responded by letter and (1) enclosed the ISRC Handbook 19 (4th ed. 2021) published by the International ISRC Registration Authority; (2) explained that 20 Defendants, and the digital services providers with which Defendants do business, require ISRCs 21 to uniquely identify a particular sound recording; (3) set forth why only one distinct ISRC applies 22 to a single distinct sound recording, and why a distinct ISRC is presumptively the most effective 23 way to determine which distinct sound recording is being referenced; (4) explained why 24 Yellowcake was responsible for correcting any ISRC errors; and (5) explained that a UPC code, 25 being unique to an album rather than to an individual sound recording, did not inform Defendants 26 as to which specific works Defendants are alleged to have infringed. Defendants also noted that 27 the exhibits provided by Yellowcake with its August 18, 2022 letter did not contain the 28 represented information. (Doc. 88 at 16; Doc. 88-6, Ex. 6.) Additionally, Defendants’ letter also 1 purported to provide Yellowcake with an example of why, even as to the allegedly registered 2 sound recordings (those with an “SR” number), Yellowcake could not make out a prima facie 3 case that the works allegedly infringed were eligible for copyright protection. The letter also 4 reiterated Defendants’ position that the “Foreign Works” would only be eligible for copyright 5 protection if Yellowcake could establish that each work met the requirements of 17 U.S.C. § 6 104(b). (Id.) 7 II. Legal Standards 8 Broad discretion is vested in the trial court to permit or deny discovery . . . .” Hallett v. 9 Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002). Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 10 allows a party to “obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any 11 party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 12 Information within the scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable. 13 Id. However, the Court must limit the extent of discovery if it determines that (1) the discovery 14 sought is unreasonably cumulative, duplicative or can be obtained from other source that is more 15 convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive, (2) the party seeking discovery has had ample 16 opportunity to obtain the information by discovery, or (3) the proposed discovery is outside the 17 permissible scope. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i)-(iii). 18 As relevant here, under Rule 33 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, any party may 19 serve upon any other party written interrogatories within the scope of Rule 26(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 20 33(a)(2). Each interrogatory must, to the extent it is not objected to, be answered separately and 21 fully in writing under oath. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(b)(3). The grounds for objecting to an interrogatory 22 must be stated with specificity. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(b)(4). 23 Under Rule 34, a party may serve on any other party, a request within the scope of rule 24 26(b):
25 (1) to produce and permit the requesting party or its representative to inspect, copy, test or sample the following items in the responding party’s possession, 26 custody, or control:
27 (A) any designated documents or electronically stored information— including writings, drawings, graphs, charts photographs, sound recordings, 28 images, and other data or data compilations—stored in any medium from 1 which information can be obtained whether directly or, if necessary, after translation by the responding party into a reasonably usable form. . . . 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(1)(A). 3 Motions to compel are governed by Rule 37. Under that rule, a party may move for an 4 order compelling discovery where a party fails to answer an interrogatory submitted under Rule 5 33 or a party fails to produce documents as requested under Rule 34. Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 37(a)(3)(B)(iii), (iv). “[A]n evasive or incomplete disclosure, answer, or response must be treated 7 as a failure to disclose, answer, or respond.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(4). The motion must include a 8 certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with the party 9 failing to make the disclosure or discovery in an effort to obtain it without court action.3 Fed. R. 10 Civ. P. 37(a)(1). 11 A party “who has responded to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for 12 admission—must supplement or correct its disclosure or response ... as ordered by the court.” 13 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(B). If a party fails to do so, “the party is not allowed to use that 14 information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure 15 was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). “In addition to or instead of 16 this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to be heard: (A) may order 17 payment of the reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, caused by the failure; (B) may 18 inform the jury of the party's failure; and (C) may impose other appropriate sanctions, including 19 any of the orders listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)–(vi).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)(A)–(C); see Beard v. 20 Cty. of Stanislaus, No. 1:21-cv-00841-DAD-SAB, 2022 WL 2704856, at *3–4 (E.D. Cal. July 12, 21 2022). 22 /// 23 /// 24
26 3 Given the extent and frequency of the discovery disputes in this action, the parties will be required conduct at least one telephonic or in person conference as part of their obligations to meet and confer in 27 good faith to resolve any future discovery dispute prior to seeking judicial intervention. The Court also has not ruled out requiring personal appearances by all counsel to resolve any discovery disputes in the 28 future. 1 III. Discussion 2 A. Amended Motion to Compel Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands 3 Yellowcake filed its amended motion to compel substantive responses to RFP Set One, 4 Interrogatories and RFP Set Two on May 24, 2022. (Doc. 61.) Subsequently, by its July 2022 5 Order, the Court required that the parties meet and confer to identify the list of Copyrighted 6 Works and Foreign Works and which definitions would be used for responding to the RFP Set 7 One and Interrogatories, and, once completed, that Defendants supplement their responses to RFP 8 Set One and Interrogatories to eliminate boilerplate objections. (Doc. 78 at 6, n.4 and 8, n. 6.) As 9 of August 12, 2022, the parties had not resolved or concluded their meet and confer efforts 10 regarding the list of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works and Defendants had not 11 supplemented their responses. (See Doc. 80.) Thereafter, the parties continued to meet and 12 confer on the list of works, but still had not reached an agreement as of October 3, 2022, when 13 Yellowcake filed its second motion to compel, (Doc. 87). Defendants also had not supplemented 14 their initial responses after entry of the two-tier protective order. 15 In its July 2022 Order, the Court informed the parties that it would not enforce a request 16 or interrogatory containing superseded definitions of the Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works. 17 To date, despite meet and confer efforts, the parties have not reached an agreement on the 18 specificity required to constitute the list of Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works alleged to have 19 been infringed. This disagreement has resulted in the parties’ failure to fully comply with the 20 directives in the Court’s July 2022 Order. Absent an agreed upon, defined, complete list of 21 Copyrighted Works or Foreign Works (and supplemental discovery responses from Defendants), 22 Yellowcake’s initial motion to compel is unenforceable. Further, the initial motion has been 23 supplanted or otherwise rendered moot by Yellowcake’s second motion to compel discovery 24 responses filed on October 3, 2022. The second motion likewise requires reference to the list of 25 Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works, the sufficiency of which remains in dispute. (Doc. 87 26 (seeking to compel substantive responses to RFP Set One “based on list of Songs in dispute 27 provided by Plaintiff to Defendants”; RFP Set Two “based on list of Songs in dispute provided by 28 Plaintiff to Defendants,” and Yellowcake’s Interrogatories).) 1 For these reasons, Yellowcake’s amended motion to compel will be denied as moot. No 2 fees or costs will be awarded to either party in connection with the amended motion. 3 B. Motion to Compel Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands and For 4 Contempt of Order Dated July 27, 2022 5 As previously stated, in its second motion, Yellowcake moves to compel responses to its 6 RFP Sets One and Two and its Interrogatories. Yellowcake also moves for imposition of a 7 discovery sanction against Defendants for their failure to comply with the Court’s July 2022 8 Order and for an award of attorneys’ fees incurred in making this motion pursuant to Rule 9 37(b)(2)(C). (Docs. 87, 88.) 10 1. Parties’ Positions 11 Yellowcake claims that it complied with the Court’s July 2022 Order and provided 12 Defendants with a detailed list of every copyrighted sound recording allegedly infringed in the 13 SAC. Yellowcake represents that it has provided every relevant identifier for each work 14 including the artist, song title, album title, copyright registration number (if a domestic work), all 15 known ISRCs previously used by Plaintiff and by Dashgo (with a note where an ISRC was not 16 available in the ISRC database), all known UPCs previously used by Yellowcake and Dashgo, all 17 known URLs for any works infringed on YouTube, and copies of royalty reports Defendants 18 provided when they distributed the works. (Doc. 88 at 6.) Yellowcake therefore contends that it 19 has produced “all identifying information it could find regarding each sound recording at issue 20 and, when reviewed in total, is more than sufficient for Defendants to identify the sound 21 recordings.” (Doc. 88 at 9.) Yellowcake complains that despite being provided with this 22 identifying information, Defendants continue to claim they cannot identify the disputed works. 23 Yellowcake argues that any assertion by Defendants that they cannot identify the works at 24 issue is disingenuous particularly because Defendants distributed the sound recordings for years. 25 Yellowcake asserts that, in fact, when it demanded that Defendants stop distributing some of the 26 songs after one of the prior distribution agreements had terminated, Yellowcake’s counsel sent 27 Defendants a list similar to the one provided, and Defendants immediately identified the works 28 1 and stopped distributing them without requesting any more information. (Id. at 9; Docs. 88-8 and 2 88-9, Exs. 8 and 9.) 3 To the extent Defendants identified discrepancies based on their spot check of the list, 4 Yellowcake contends that Defendants can still search for documents and information related to 5 the other titles whose codes are accurate and provide Yellowcake with a list of ISRC codes they 6 believe are inaccurate, in which case, Yellowcake can investigate and reconcile any 7 discrepancies. (Doc. 88 at 8.) Yellowcake further suggests that it is highly unlikely that 8 Defendants have other ISRCs for the approximately 2,000 copyrighted sounds recordings at issue, 9 particularly as many of the artists whose sound recordings are in dispute are under exclusive 10 contract with Yellowcake. (Id.) 11 Further, Yellowcake alleges that Defendants started to unlawfully distribute its 12 sound recordings again in the spring of 2020. Yellowcake therefore seeks documents and 13 information regarding Defendants’ acts of infringement which occurred using the ISRCs being 14 used at that time. Yellowcake claims that these ISRCs are the ones they provided in Exhibit 5, 15 (Doc. 88-5, Ex. 5.) 16 With regard to the Foreign Works, Yellowcake claims Defendants are refusing to produce 17 any information based on a claim that Yellowcake must first definitively prove its chain of title to 18 the Foreign Works. (Doc. 88 at 10.) Yellowcake asserts that this is not required under Federal 19 Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b) permitting the discovery of relevant information. Yellowcake 20 argues that the relevance of documents and information related to the Foreign Works it alleges 21 were infringed by Defendant is undisputed. Although Yellowcake contends that it is not required 22 to prove its case to obtain relevant discovery it nonetheless “has proven its chain of title to the 23 Foreign Works and provided Defendant with hundreds of pages of proof substantiating its chain 24 of title in response to Defendants’ Discovery Demands.”4 (Id.) (emphasis in original). 25 Yellowcake suggests that any challenge to the chain of title should be through summary judgment 26 and “Defendants have no right to unilaterally impose a summary judgment standard on 27 4 Yellowcake’s responses to Defendants’ discovery demands related to the Foreign Works are the subject 28 of a separate motion to dismiss. 1 [Yellowcake] as a threshold for having to respond to [Yellowcake’s] Discovery Demands.” (Id. 2 at 11.) 3 As a final matter, Yellowcake contends that the Court should grant Yellowcake its fees 4 and costs in making this motion because of Defendants’ repeated refusal to resolve this issue and 5 should hold Defendant Dashgo in civil contempt for failure to comply with the Court’s July 2022 6 Order. 7 In opposition, Defendants primarily argue that the motion should be denied because, as of 8 its filing, the superseded definitions of the Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works have not 9 changed and Yellowcake “has utterly failed to provide a list of specifically-identifiable 10 copyrighted works Defendants allegedly infringed.”5 (Doc. 88 at 12.) 11 Defendants explain that after the July 2022 Order, they requested the following 12 information for the allegedly infringed works: (1) song title; (2) name of artist; (3) album title; (4) 13 copyright registration number (where applicable); (5) copyright claimant; (6) date of copyright 14 registration; (7) date of first publication (whether in the U.S. or in Mexico); (8) date of first 15 fixation (in Mexico); (9) UPC; (10) ISRC; and (11) date(s) of alleged infringement. (Doc. 88 at 16 13, n. 4.) Defendants subsequently dropped their demand for (1) copyright claimant; (2) 17 registration date; (3) first publication date for registered sound recordings and (4) alleged 18 infringement dates. (Id. at 13, n.6.) 19 Defendants contend that Yellowcake has failed to provide the necessary ISRCs for the 20 allegedly infringed sound recordings. Defendants explain that ISRCs are a standard mechanism 21 to identify specific sounds recordings, but only insofar as those ISRCs are accurately assigned 22 and applied. Defendants further explain that all reports generated by Defendants, or received by 23 Defendants from third parties, rely on accurate ISRCs, each associated with a single, unique and 24 distinct sound recording. (Doc. 88 at 17.) Defendants admit that Yellowcake has provided a list 25 of over 2,000 ISRCs for the allegedly infringed sound recordings. However, Defendants believe 26
27 5 Defendants also contend that Yellowcake has failed to meet and confer as ordered. The Court disagrees. Based on the exchange of correspondence following the July 2022 Order, the Court finds that the parties 28 have engaged in meet and confer efforts, albeit unsuccessfully, to resolve the issue. 1 that if there are inaccuracies or discrepancies in the ISRCs, then it is Yellowcake’s burden, not 2 Defendants’ burden, to ensure that the list is accurate. Defendants also believe that to the extent 3 the list is inaccurate, it would force them to search for documents and information having no 4 relevance to the claims and allegations in this action. 5 Defendants further contend that the ISRCs provided by Yellowcake in Exhibit 5 have a 6 prefix code of “QM6DC”, which is not Dashgo’s prefix code, and Yellowcake has failed to 7 explain how or why Defendants would be using ISRCs with Yellowcake’s or Colonize’s prefix 8 code during the relevant time period. Defendants acknowledge that when Yellowcake previously 9 demanded that Defendants cease distributing certain works following termination of identified 10 distribution agreements, the lists provided by Yellowcake’s counsel, (Docs. 88-8 and 88-9, Exs. 8 11 and 9), identified the specific recordings by Dashgo’s ISRC (“US3DF” prefix code). (Id. at 18, 12 n. 12.) Defendants indicate that is not the case here. Defendants suggest that if Yellowcake lacks 13 identifying information regarding a certain sound recording alleged to have been infringed, then it 14 should withdraw the allegation. 15 Defendants also argue that Yellowcake should be required to establish that each of the 16 Copyrighted Works or Foreign Works is eligible for copyright protection. Defendants assert that 17 those Copyrighted Works or Foreign Works that are not protected by copyright are irrelevant to 18 any party’s claim or defense in this action. Defendants admit that a copyright registration creates 19 a prima facie presumption of a valid copyright, but they argue that this presumption is rebuttable 20 upon an offer of some evidence or proof to dispute or deny the prima facie case of infringement. 21 (Doc. 18 at 20.) To support their assertions regarding the burdens of proof in copyright 22 infringement, Defendants rely on the Ninth Circuit’s Model Jury Instructions. (Id) 23 Defendants believe they should be awarded their attorneys’ fees for having to oppose this 24 second motion to compel, which they contend is unjustified and meritless. 25 2. Analysis 26 There appear to be two primary disputes preventing finalization of the list of Copyrighted 27 Works and Foreign Works. First, the parties dispute the specificity required by the Court’s July 28 1 2022 Order. In particular, they dispute whether Yellowcake has provided the specific information 2 Defendants need to identify the Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works. 3 Yellowcake represents:
4 Plaintiff provided Defendants with . . . all possible identifying information that Plaintiff could possibly provide including: (i) the artist name; (ii) song title; (iii) 5 album title; (iv) copyright registration number (if a domestic work); (v) all known ISRCs previously used by Plaintiff and by Dashgo (with a note where an ISRC 6 was not available in the ISRC database); (vi) all known UPCs previously used by Plaintiff and by Dashgo; and (vii) all known URLs for any works infringed on 7 YouTube. 8 (Doc. 88 at 6) (emphasis in original). Defendants disagree that all possible identifying 9 information has been provided. Defendants contend that not only do they require accurate ISRCs, 10 but that those ISRCs should utilize a Dashgo prefix, such as that identified in Yellowcake’s 11 Exhibits 8 and 9. Despite the representations of Yellowcake’s counsel that Exhibits A, B and C 12 provided on August 18, 2022, included the relevant ISRC codes, Defendants assert that those 13 exhibits did not include Dashgo’s prior ISRC codes. (Doc 88-5, Ex. 5.) Defendants also contend 14 that despite counsel’s representation, Yellowcake also has not provided both Yellowcake’s UPC 15 codes and Dashgo’s UPC codes and that the exhibits include no note when the ISRC code is not 16 available on Sound Exchange. (Doc. 88 at 16, n. 10.) 17 After review of the relevant exhibits provided on August 18, 2022, and based on 18 Defendants’ representations, it appears necessary for Yellowcake to provide either clarification or 19 additional information to identify the Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works at least with the 20 relevant Dashgo ISRC or UPC codes. Accordingly, to the extent not already provided, 21 Yellowcake will be required to provide Defendants with all known ISRC codes previously used 22 by Dashgo, both Yellowcake’s UPC codes and Dashgo’s UPC codes, and a notation when the 23 ISRC code is not available on Sound Exchange. If the relevant ISRC code or UPC code is not 24 available for a particular sound recording, then Yellowcake shall note the unavailability of such 25 information. 26 The Court acknowledges that certain discrepancies in the previously provided lists have 27 been identified by Defendants. These discrepancies would not otherwise invalidate the list, 28 invalidate Yellowcake’s discovery demands, or relieve Defendants of their discovery obligations. 1 Following receipt of supplemental information from Yellowcake, detailed above, Defendants can 2 still identify documents and information related to the remaining sound recordings and provide 3 Yellowcake with a list of ISRC codes they believe are inaccurate. Yellowcake will then be 4 required to investigate and reconcile any discrepancies. Defendants shall produce discovery 5 responses and documents as to those sound recordings which do not require clarification. 6 The second issue preventing finalization of the list of Copyrighted Works and Foreign 7 Works appears to be Defendants’ demand that Yellowcake establish that each of the sound 8 recordings allegedly infringed is eligible for copyright protection. Defendants suggest that for the 9 Copyrighted Works, this would include evidence that each sound recording is protected by 10 copyright, such as evidence that each sound recording allegedly infringed is the same recording 11 registered with copyright office. For the Foreign Works, this would include proof of the chain of 12 title to those works. 13 Yellowcake has provided copyright registration numbers for the domestic works at issue. 14 The parties do not dispute that a copyright registration creates a prima facie presumption of a 15 valid copyright. Defendants have not cited authority for the proposition that to be entitled to 16 discovery in a copyright infringement action, the plaintiff must establish--beyond the prima facie 17 presumption--that the domestic sound recordings are eligible for copyright protection. It is 18 Defendants’ burden to rebut the presumption. See United Fabrics Intern., Inc. v. C&J Wear, Inc., 19 630 F.3d 1255, 1257 (9th Cir. 2011) (noting infringement defendant has burden to rebut 20 presumption of validity and must offer some evidence or proof to dispute or deny the plaintiff’s 21 prima facie case of infringement). For purposes of the instant motion, Yellowcake will not be 22 required to provide additional evidence or proof of a valid copyright. 23 Yellowcake also represents that it has provided evidence regarding the chain of title to the 24 Foreign Works and has provided documents to substantiate its chain of title in response to 25 Defendants’ discovery demands. The Court recognizes that Defendants’ discovery demands 26 regarding the Foreign Works are the subject of a separate motion to compel and the Court will 27 address that motion by separate order. For purposes of the instant motion, however, Yellowcake 28 will not be required to provide additional evidence or proof of chain of title for the Foreign 1 Works. As appropriate and necessary, Defendants may challenge chain of title by way of 2 summary judgment or other dispositive motion. 3 Following Yellowcake’s clarification or provision of additional information necessary to 4 identify the Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works as contemplated by this Order, Defendants 5 will be required to supplement their discovery responses. 6 3. Attorneys’ Fees 7 Yellowcake requests its fees and costs in making this motion and also requests that the 8 Court hold Defendant Dashgo in civil contempt for failure to comply with the Court’s July 2022 9 Order. Defendants also request their attorneys’ fees for having to oppose this second motion to 10 compel. 11 The Court does not find an award of attorneys’ fees or civil contempt appropriate. The 12 parties attempted to comply with the Court’s July 2022 Order by engaging in meet and confer 13 efforts. There is no indication that any party has disobeyed a court order to provide or permit 14 discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b). Further, because the instant motion will be denied in part, an 15 award of attorneys’ fees is not mandatory. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a). 16 IV. Conclusion and Order 17 For the reasons stated, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 18 1. Yellowcake’s Amended Notice of Motion and Motion to Compel Substantive 19 Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands (Doc. 61) is DENIED as moot; and 20 2. Yellowcake’s Motion to Compel Substantive Responses to Plaintiff’s Demands and 21 for Contempt of Order Dated July 27, 2022 (Doc. 87) is GRANTED IN PART and 22 DENIED IN PART: 23 a. Within thirty (30) days from the date of the Order, Yellowcake shall provide 24 written clarification or additional information to identify the Copyrighted 25 Works and Foreign Works, to include all known ISRC codes previously used 26 by Defendant Dashgo, both Yellowcake’s UPC codes and Dashgo’s UPC 27 codes, and a notation when the ISRC code is not available on Sound Exchange. 28 If the relevant ISRC code or UPC code is not available for a particular sound 1 recording, then Yellowcake also shall note the unavailability of such 2 information; 3 b. Within thirty (30) days following receipt of written clarification or additional 4 information from Yellowcake, Defendants shall supplement their responses to 5 the RFP Set One, RFP Set Two and Interrogatories Set One based on the list of 6 Copyrighted Works and Foreign Works. Defendants’ supplemental responses 7 also shall eliminate boilerplate objections to the discovery requests. For those 8 sound recordings that do not require additional clarification or information, 9 Defendants shall supplement their discovery responses within twenty-one (21) 10 days from the date of this Order; 11 3. The Court sets a STATUS CONFERENCE on February 9, 2023, at 10:00 AM in 12 Courtroom 8 (BAM) before Magistrate Judge Barbara A. McAuliffe to address 13 any remaining discovery issues regarding Yellowcake’s RFP Set One, RFP Set Two 14 and Interrogatories Set One and Defendants’ supplemental responses. Not later than 15 February 2, 2023, each party shall file a brief status report, not to exceed four (4) 16 pages, identifying any remaining issues related solely to Yellowcake’s RFP Set One, 17 RFP Set Two and Interrogatories Set One and Defendants’ supplemental responses. 18 The parties shall appear at the conference remotely with each party connecting either 19 via Zoom video conference or Zoom telephone number. The parties will be provided 20 with the Zoom ID and password by the Courtroom Deputy prior to the conference. 21 The Zoom ID number and password are confidential and are not to be shared. 22 Appropriate court attire required. 23 4. The hearing set for November 18, 2022 is VACATED. 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25
26 Dated: November 14, 2022 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27