Xu v. City of New York
Opinion
14‐1671 Xu v. City of New York
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of April, two thousand fifteen.
PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges,
PAMELA K. CHEN,
District Judge.
Yan Ping Xu, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 14‐1671
The City of New York, The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Dr. Jane R. Zucker, Dennis J. King, Brenda M. McIntyre, Defendants‐Appellees.
The Honorable Pamela K. Chen, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: Yan Ping Xu, pro se, Bay Shore, N.Y.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES CITY OF NEW YORK, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE, & MCINTYRE: Kristin M. Helmers, Janet L.
Zaleon, for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, N.Y.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES ZUCKER & KING: Benjamin H. Torrance, Caleb Hayes‐Deats, Jessica Jean Hu, Jeannette Anne Vargas, for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, N.Y.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Torres, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, and in part VACATED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this order.
Yan Ping Xu, pro se, appeals the district court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings to the City of New York, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, and Brenda M. McIntyre (collectively, the “Municipal Defendants”), and Jane R. Zucker and Dennis J. King (collectively, the “Federal Defendants”). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). The court dismissed Xu’s employment discrimination, retaliation, and constitutional claims on the basis of sovereign immunity, res judicata, collateral estoppel, and failure to state a claim. We assume
the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm in part and, in part, vacate and remand.
Xu alleges that she was employed as a City Research Scientist, working for the Vaccines for Children Program within the Division of Disease Control, which is part of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The Vaccines for Children Program is a federally funded program. Xu was supervised both by the Municipal Defendants and the Federal Defendants, who were employed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and “detailed” to assist the Municipal Defendants in implementing the Vaccines for Children Program. See 42 U.S.C. § 215(b).
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(c), and “employ the same standard applicable to dismissals pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).” Hayden v. Paterson, 594 F.3d 150, 160 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). We construe Xu’s complaint liberally, accept its factual allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor. Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007), and “allow[ ] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant[s are] liable for the misconduct alleged,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The assumption that allegations contained in the complaint are true is “inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.
1. Discrimination and Retaliation Claims Against the Federal Defendants
As the district court ruled, Xu cannot assert a claim against the Federal Defendants in their official capacities pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. The Supreme Court has instructed: “A waiver of the Federal Government’s sovereign immunity must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text, and will not be implied. Moreover, a waiver of the Government’s sovereign immunity will be strictly construed, in terms of its scope, in favor of the sovereign.” Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996) (internal citations
omitted). This principle and the text of Title VII lead to the conclusion that the waiver of sovereign immunity is limited to suits brought by an employee of the federal government (or an applicant for such employment). See Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 829‐30 (1976); see also Cnty. of Suffolk v. Sebelius, 605 F.3d 135, 140 (2d Cir. 2010) (waiver of sovereign immunity must be “unequivocally expressed” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Xu, who alleges that she was a City employee, therefore cannot maintain a suit against the Federal Defendants in their official capacities under Title VII.
Xu also cannot assert claims against the Federal Defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 or 1985 because, as alleged in Xu’s complaint, the Federal Defendants were not acting under color of state law. See Arar v. Ashcroft, 585 F.3d 559, 568 (2d Cir. 2009) (in banc) (“[S]ince federal officials typically act under color of federal law, they are rarely deemed to have acted under color of state law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The Supreme Court has, however, recognized that “the Fifth Amendment confers . . . a constitutional right to be free from illegal discrimination” and that Title VII “leaves undisturbed whatever remedies [plaintiff] might otherwise possess.” Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 236, 247 (1979). Accordingly, suit against the Federal Defendants in their individual capacities would be a potential avenue for relief. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 390 (1971). However, we conclude that the allegations in Xu’s amended complaint are insufficient to state a claim against the Federal Defendants in their individual capacities, and we therefore affirm dismissal. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 683 (requiring factual allegations “sufficient to plausibly suggest” the Federal Defendants acted with a “discriminatory state of mind”).
2. The Section 75‐b Claim
The court properly dismissed Xu’s claim that the Federal Defendants fired her in violation of N.Y. Civ. Serv. Law § 75‐b for speaking out about the alleged inaccuracy of survey data. To the extent the claim is brought against the Federal Defendants in their official capacities, it is barred by sovereign immunity. See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994) (“Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity
shields the Federal Government and its agencies from suit.”). Moreover, § 75‐b “does not apply separately to individual public employees where the pertinent governmental entity is also sued.” Frank v. State, 86 A.D.3d 183, 188 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011). And the dismissal of this claim was specifically affirmed by the New York Appellate Division. See Xu v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Health & Mental Hygiene, 121 A.D.3d 559, 561 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014). So, as the district court ruled, collateral estoppel bars the § 75‐b claim as to all defendants.
3. First Amendment Retaliation
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