Wright v. Old Gringo, Inc.

Opinion

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARSHA WRIGHT, Case No.: 17cv1996-BAS (MSB)

12 Plaintiff, ORDER: 13 v. (1) DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO 14 OLD GRINGO, INC., et al., EXCLUDE PLAINTIFF’S EXPERT 15 Defendants. TESTIMONY AND REPORT [ECF NO. 231]; AND 16

17 (2) GRANTING THE PARTIES’ MOTIONS TO FILE UNDER SEAL 18 [ECF NOS. 230, 234] 19 20 Presently before the Court is Defendant’s “Motion to Exclude Plaintiff’s Expert 21 Testimony and Report” (“Instant Motion”), filed by Defendant on January 24, 2020. 22 (ECF No. 2231 (sealed version), ECF No. 231 (redacted).) Plaintiff filed her opposition to 23 the motion on January 31, 2020. (ECF No. 232.) 24 Defendants’ Instant Motion asks the Court to exclude the December 20, 2019 25 supplemental report of Plaintiff’s expert, Joshua Vanetti, pursuant to Federal Rule of 26

27 2 August 17, 2018 deadline. In opposition, Plaintiff argues that her expert reports were 3 not untimely, and even if they were, any delay was justified and is harmless. 4 For the reasons explained below, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Instant Motion. 5 Also pending before the Court are the parties’ unopposed motions to file 6 confidential portions of their respective expert reports submitted in support of their 7 briefing on the Instant Motion under seal. (See ECF Nos. 230, 234.) For the reasons set 8 forth below, the Court GRANTS the motions to file under seal. 9 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 10 Plaintiff, a former designer for Defendants Old Gringo, Inc. (“OGI”) and Old 11 Gringo, S.A. de C.V. (“OGS”) (a Western wear manufacturer and distributor and its 12 Mexican sister company, together the “Old Gringo Companies”) alleges that the 13 principles and officers of the Old Gringo Companies, Defendants Ernest Tarut (“Tarut”) 14 and Yan Ferry (“Ferry”), told her in January 2013 that they were giving her a 5% 15 ownership interest in the Old Gringo Companies. (See Compl. at 5, ECF No. 1.) The 16 alleged promise was never reduced to writing, and the ownership interest was distinct 17 from her salary and bonus compensation. (Id. at 6.) Plaintiff alleges that over the years, 18 Tarut and Ferry made statements to Plaintiff that affirmed her part ownership and 19 encouraged her to work hard on behalf of the Old Gringo Companies. (Id. at 7-8.) By 20 October 2015, when Plaintiff stopped working with the Old Gringo Companies, Plaintiff 21 had still not received the alleged ownership interest and concluded that contrary to her 22 previous belief, it did not exist. (Id. at 13.) 23 Plaintiff maintains causes of action against OGI, OGS, Yan, and Ferry for (1) fraud 24 and fraudulent misrepresentation, (2) specific performance (to the extent this claim is 25 not based upon contract), (3) promissory fraud, (4) concealment, (5) negligent 26 misrepresentation, (6) promissory estoppel, and (7) unjust enrichment. (Id.; see also 27 ECF No. 62 at 32 (granting in part Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and 2 ECF No. 163 at 16 (denying Defendants’ subsequent motion for summary judgment).) 3 II. RELEVANT PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 4 This dispute once again calls on the Court to address the significant procedural 5 history in this case. The relevant portions are summarized according to topic below. 6 A. Expert Disclosure Deadline 7 This case was filed on September 28, 2017. (ECF No. 1.) Magistrate Judge 8 Stormes, who was then the magistrate judge handling this case, issued a scheduling 9 order on March 2, 2018. (ECF No. 18.) At that time only the two United States-based 10 defendants, OGI and Tarut, had appeared in the case. (See ECF No. 3 (OGI and Tarut’s 11 Answer); ECF No. 8 (Ferry’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction); ECF No. 19 (Order 12 Denying Ferry’s Motion to Dismiss).) Judge Stormes set simultaneous fact and expert 13 discovery deadlines on October 15, 2018 and ordered the parties with the burden of 14 proof on any claim to designate their experts by June 4, 2018, and to make expert 15 disclosures pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2) by August 17, 2018. (Id. 16 at 1-2.) Judge Stormes denied two joint requests of the parties to continue expert 17 disclosure dates, citing the parties’ lack of diligence, (see ECF No. 22 at 2; ECF No. 28 at 18 2), though she continued the expert designation date to July 20, 2018, (ECF No. 22 at 2). 19 At Plaintiff’s request and after consultation with the District Judge’s chambers, 20 Judge Berg vacated the pre-trial dates on April 30, 2019, to be reset after the District 21 Judge ruled on Defendants’ then-pending motions to quash service of summons [ECF 22 No. 61] and for summary judgment [ECF No. 79]. (ECF No. 103.) Judge Berg considered 23 the parties’ “Joint Discovery Plan” addressing their positions on discovery needed due to 24 the recent appearance of OGS, (ECF No. 172), and held telephonic Case Management 25 Conferences after Judge Bashant’s rulings in September of 2019, (ECF Nos. 174, 177), 26 before issuing a Second Amended Scheduling Order, (see ECF No. 179). The Second 27 Amended Scheduling Order permitted Plaintiff a limited period to take additional 2 duty to supplement pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e). (Id. at 6.) 3 B. Plaintiff’s Discovery of Data for Valuation of the Old Gringo Companies 4 Plaintiff first served OGI with written discovery directed to obtaining information 5 for the valuation of the Old Gringo Companies on June 20, 2018. (ECF No. 232 at 11.) 6 The parties filed a Joint Motion for Determination of Discovery Dispute regarding the 7 sufficiency of OGI’s responses thereto on October 2, 2018. (ECF No. 34.) Judge 8 Stormes’ ultimately denied the motion without prejudice on October 31, 2018, 9 permitting the parties to refile after the District Judge’s resolution of the pending 10 Motion for Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 43 at 2-3.) This case was transferred to Judge 11 Berg on November 6, 2018. (ECF No. 47.) Judge Berg addressed many discovery 12 motions stemming from Plaintiff’s efforts to obtain financial documents to value the Old 13 Gringo Companies. (See ECF Nos. 58, 73, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 94, 100, 106, 14 107, 111, 112, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 157, and 159.) After the District Judge 15 denied OGS’ motions to quash service of summons, (see ECF No. 115), and for summary 16 judgment, (see ECF No. 163), the Court permitted Plaintiff a limited period of discovery 17 into OGS. (ECF No. 179 at 4-5.) 18 C. Expert Disclosures 19 On August 2, 2018, counsel for Defendants asked Plaintiff’s counsel for mutual 20 extensions of discovery response deadlines to August 17, 2018. (ECF No. 232-5 at 2.) 21 Plaintiff agreed, on the condition that the parties also move the expert disclosure 22 deadline to September 14, 2018. (Id. at 1.) Defendants’ counsel agreed with a 23 corresponding extension of the expert rebuttal deadline, and later agreed to a further 24 continuance until September 19, 2018. (Id. at 1, 4.) 25 Plaintiff served on Defendants the report of Joshua Vanetti, an expert she 26 retained to value the Old Gringo Companies for her assertion of damages, on September 27 19, 2019. (ECF No. 223 at 8, see also id. at 31-54 (report).) In his “Federal Rule 26 2 therefore he could not render a complete and proper business valuation. (Id. at 35.) 3 Having designated Robert Taylor as their rebuttal expert, then-appearing Defendants 4 submitted a rebuttal report from Mr. Taylor on October 17, 2018, stating Mr. Taylor 5 “had not yet received any report by the Plaintiff’s expert[] quantifying the Plaintiff’s 6 alleged economic damages. If the Plaintiff’s expert[ is] allowed to supplement [his] 7 initial expert report[], I will prepare and issue my rebuttal report.” (ECF No. 232-4 at 4.) 8 On April 24, 2019, Plaintiff served Defendants with a document titled 9 “Supplemental and Corrected Expert Report of Joshua Vannetti, CPA, CVA” (“April 2019 10 Report”). (ECF No. 223 at 13, ECF No. 232 at 20, see also ECF No. 223 at 56-70 (April 11 2019 Report).) Mr. Vanetti again indicated that the information provided by Defendants 12 in discovery was “incomplete and insufficient” to value the Old Gringo Companies. (Id. 13 at 59, 63.) 14 On December 20, 2019, Plaintiff served Mr. Vanetti’s “Supplemental Report in 15 Accordance with FRCP 26(e) Fair Market Value Analysis As of November 29, 2019” 16 (“December 2019 Report”) on Defendants. (ECF No. 223 at 9; see also id. at 72-163 17 (December 2019 Report).) With this Court’s permission, (ECF No. 219), Defendants 18 served Plaintiff with Mr. Taylor’s rebuttal report on January 21, 2020. (ECF No. 232 at 19 17; see also ECF No. 233 (report).) 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 A. Plaintiff’s Delay Serving the December 2019 Report Was Substantially Justified 22 1. Legal Standard 23 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2) sets forth the required disclosures relating 24 to expert testimony. Rule 26(a)(2)(B) specifically describes which witnesses must 25 provide a written report and what that report must contain. If the witness is retained or 26 specially employed to provide expert testimony, the report must contain the following: 27 2 (iii) any exhibits that will be used to summarize or support them; 3 (iv) the witness’s qualifications, including a list of all publications 4 authored in the previous 10 years; 5 (v) a list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, the witness testified as an expert at trial or by deposition; and 6 7 (vi) a statement of the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony in the case. 8 Regarding supplemental disclosures and responses, FRCP 26(e)(2) indicates that 9 for an expert whose report must be disclosed under FRCP 26(a)(2)(B), “the party’s duty 10 to supplement extends both to information included in the report and to information 11 given during the expert’s deposition. Any additions or changes to this information must 12 be disclosed by the time the party’s pretrial disclosures under Rule 26(a)(3) are due.” 13 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) provides the enforcement mechanism for 14 violations of Rule 26’s disclosure provisions, forbidding the “use at trial of any 15 information required to be disclosed by Rule 26(a) that is not properly disclosed.” R & R 16 Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania, 673 F.3d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 17 Hoffman v. Constr. Protective Servs., Inc., 541 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2008); see also 18 Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Rule 19 37(c)(1) gives teeth to [Rule 26(a)’s requirements].”). Specifically, Rule 37 provides that 20 where a party fails to make the required disclosure, it “is not allowed to use that 21 information or witness to supply evidence . . . at a trial, unless the failure was 22 substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). The district court has 23 “particularly wide latitude” regarding whether to issue sanctions under Rule 37(c)(1). 24 Yeti by Molly, Ltd, 259 F.3d at 1106 (citation omitted). 25 2. Analysis 26 In the Instant Motion, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s late disclosure of her 27 2 opposition. She first argues that all of her expert report disclosures were timely. 3 Alternatively, she claims that any late disclosure was substantially justified and 4 harmless. 5 Despite current arguments to the contrary, Plaintiff has consistently raised to the 6 Court and Defendants that her valuation expert was unable to render an opinion as 7 would be required for a complete report because of Defendants’ refusal to produce 8 financial documents for the Old Gringo Companies. Under these circumstances, the 9 December 2019 Report was untimely. Therefore, the critical question here is whether 10 Plaintiff’s delay in producing the complete report was substantially justified or harmless. 11 The Ninth Circuit has identified a non-exhaustive list of factors for district courts 12 to consider when deciding whether an untimely disclosure was substantially justified or 13 harmless: “(1) prejudice or surprise to the party against whom the evidence is offered; 14 (2) the ability of that party to cure the prejudice; (3) the likelihood of disruption of the 15 trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness involved in not timely disclosing the evidence.” 16 Lanard Toys Ltd. v. Novelty, Inc., 375 F. App'x 705, 713 (9th Cir. 2010). “The party facing 17 sanctions bears the burden of proving that its failure to disclose the required 18 information was substantially justified or is harmless.” R & R Sails, 673 F.3d at 1246 19 (citing Torres v. City of L.A., 548 F.3d 1197, 1213 (9th Cir.2008)). 20 The procedural history of this case is particularly complicated. The existence of 21 two international defendants in this case, Ferry and OGS, complicated service and 22 increased litigation, as each of them brought jurisdictional motions to be dismissed from 23 the case, (see ECF Nos. 8, 61). OGS’ motion to quash service of summons on 24 jurisdictional grounds postponed its general appearance from December 2018 to June 25 17, 2019. (See ECF Nos. 61, 116.) Discovery was further delayed by Defendants’ 26 successive motions for summary judgment and motion for reconsideration, (see ECF 27 Nos. 38, 63, 79), as well as the Court’s decisions (perhaps regrettable) postponing the 2 ECF No. 85), until after the resolution of Defendants’ dispositive motions. 3 Although late in the discovery period, Plaintiff served OGI with RFPs that would 4 permit Mr. Vanetti to render an opinion of the Old Gringo Companies in June of 2018. 5 (See ECF No. 232-1 at 9-12.) OGI responded with objections and a refusal to produce 6 the requested documents. (See ECF Nos. 36, 73.) This was only the beginning of 7 Defendants’ efforts to prevent the discovery Plaintiff’s expert required. For example, 8 Defendants argued for the bifurcation of damages discovery and asserted bare claims of 9 trade secret privilege over much of its financial information. (See ECF Nos. 58, 85.) 10 After the Court ordered production of portions of OGI’s financial documents, OGI’s 11 counsel engaged in semantic acrobatics to avoid producing its balance sheets. (See ECF 12 No. 161 at 49-51, 79-80.) 13 Since the first joint motion addressing OGI’s refusal to provide discovery of 14 financial documents, Plaintiff has been transparent about her need for these documents 15 to inform her expert’s valuation of the Old Gringo Companies for her claim of damages. 16 (See, e.g., ECF Nos. 36, 58, 73.) Mr. Vanetti’s September 2018 and April 2019 Reports 17 were as thorough as possible under the circumstances and delivered a consistent 18 message. Mr. Vanetti indicated the nature of the opinion Plaintiff had retained him to 19 render, his qualifications, his other testimony during the required period, the 20 documents he had reviewed and what information he would need to render an opinion 21 on the value of the Old Gringo Companies to calculate Plaintiff’s damages. Plaintiff’s 22 counsel’s open communication about her intention regarding Mr. Vanetti belies any 23 claim of bad faith or willfulness for the delay. 24 Because of Plaintiff’s persistent discovery message, Defendants were aware of 25 Plaintiff’s intent to supplement Mr. Vanetti’s report, and what discovery Plaintiff 26 believed was necessary for her to do so. In fact, Defendants designated a rebuttal 27 expert, (see ECF No. 232-3), who submitted an initial and a supplemental report of his 2 trial. 3 The Court’s conduct also indicated to the parties that Mr. Vanetti would be 4 permitted to supplement his report, such that Defendants cannot now claim surprise. 5 Despite knowing the fact that the expert disclosure deadline had passed and that the 6 purposes of the contested discovery into the Old Gringo Companies’ financial 7 information was for Mr. Vanetti to render an opinion regarding the value of Plaintiff’s 8 damages, the Court addressed the discovery disputes on their merits and proceeded to 9 order the financial discovery it believed was proportional to the task. In so doing, the 10 Court signaled that Mr. Vanetti would be permitted to supplement his report with his 11 opinion once Defendants produced the relevant discovery. If there was any question 12 about the matter, it ought to have been resolved by the Second Amended Scheduling 13 Order, where the Court granted Plaintiff’s request to take discovery into the finances of 14 then newly appearing OGS, but did not find good cause to continue the expert 15 disclosure deadlines and noted the parties’ duty to supplement under Rule 26. Since 16 Plaintiff did not receive any financial documents related to OGS until well after August 17 17, 2018, it would be odd to expect that Plaintiff would not be permitted to supplement 18 Mr. Vanetti’s expert report under the circumstances. 19 Defendants argue that Plaintiff ought to have initially served earlier written 20 discovery and moved the Court to modify the expert disclosure deadline. While these 21 may have been more prudent actions, the Court also considers what Defendants might 22 have done to ameliorate any disadvantage to themselves. Aside from the obvious 23 choice—producing relevant documents—Defendants could have other things as well. 24 For instance, at the September 2019 case management conferences, Defendants could 25 have introduced the issue that they might need time for additional discovery or rebuttal 26 once Plaintiff served her Mr. Vanetti’s anticipated supplemental report. 27 / / / 2 Vanetti’s complete expert report substantially justified. In light of this determination, it 3 is unnecessary to consider whether the delay was harmless. 4 B. The Parties May File their Expert Reports, Redacting Confidential Portions and 5 Filing an Unredacted Version Under Seal. 6 After the Court denied Defendants’ initial motion to file the entirety of Plaintiff’s 7 expert reports under seal as overbroad, (see ECF No. 229), Defendants filed a 8 subsequent Motion to File Under Seal, which seeks to publicly file ECF No. 231, which 9 redacts information that has been designated confidential pursuant to the protective 10 order in this case. (See ECF No. 230 at 2.) Defendants have also filed a sealed, lodged 11 version of their motion and attachments without redactions. (See ECF No. 223.) 12 Plaintiff filed a similar “Motion to Seal re: Exhibit E in Support of Plaintiff’s Opposition 13 and Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to 14 Exclude Expert Testimony.” (ECF No. 234.) Plaintiff seeks to file an unredacted version 15 of Exhibit E to her Opposition, (see ECF No. 235), while publicly filing a version that 16 redacts information deemed confidential under the protective order. (See ECF No. 234 17 (motion), 233 (redacted version). 18 Materials obtained through discovery can be included under seal with non- 19 dispositive motions if the requesting party demonstrates “good cause.” Kamakana v. 20 City and Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006). “When a court grants a 21 protective order for information produced during discovery, it already has determined 22 that ‘good cause’ exists to protect this information from being disclosed to the public by 23 balancing the needs for discovery against the need for confidentiality.” Phillips ex rel. 24 Estates of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir. 2002). However, the 25 protective order makes clear that a motion to file under seal “must be narrowly tailored 26 to seek sealing only of the confidential or privileged material.” (ECF No. 87 at ¶13 27 (emphasis in original).) 1 Having reviewed the parties’ motions to seal [ECF Nos. 230, 234] and the sealed 2 ||lodged proposed documents [ECF Nos. 223, 235], the Court finds that the redactions in 3 parties’ requests are narrowly tailored such that there is good cause to GRANT the 4 || motions to seal made per the Court’s protective order [ECF No. 87]. 5 IV. CONCLUSION 6 For the foregoing reasons the Court ORDERS as follows: 7 1. Defendants’ Instant Motion [ECF Nos. 223, 231] is DENIED. The Court will 8 exclude Mr. Vanetti’s December 2019 Report or testimony related thereto on the 9 || basis of timeliness. 10 2. Defendants’ Motion to File Under Seal [ECF No. 230] is GRANTED. The clerk 11 directed to file ECF No. 223 under seal. 12 3. Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal [ECF No. 234] is GRANTED. The clerk is directed to 13 || file ECF No. 235 under seal. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 ||Dated: February 21, 2020 = _ 2 FF Honorable Michael S. Berg United States Magistrate Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28