Adams, Ch. J.
i. railroads: engineer: tracle:r°evi-laratio'ns of man-I. The plaintiff’s intestate was employed as an -engineer on one of the defendant’s trains. While so employed, the engine which he had in charge became derailed, and was thrown down an embankment, and he was killed. The accident was caused by one of the rails becoming disconnected and displaced. The defendant’s negligence is alleged to consist in the fact that the plates, nuts, bolts and fastenings binding the rails in the defendant’s track together were left loose. The defendant denied all negligence, and undertook to show in evidence that the accident was caused by the malicious act of some person done for the purpose of wrecking the train. The defendant also pleaded that the intestate had knowledge of the condition of the track, and continued in the defendant’s service without complaint and without promise of change.
The evidence as to the exact condition of the track consisted principally of the testimony of one Cleveland. He testi[203]*203fied that lie examined the track at the place of the accident the morning before the accident. He then said: “The defect was a low spot on the north side 'of the track. The pressure from the wheels is down and outward.” He added, however, that he did not consider the track unsafe that morning. Whether the low place, or sag, as the witnesses sometimes called it, was sufficient to account for the spikes being drawn, and the fish-plate and nuts being disconnected, seems to have been regarded as the close question of fact in the case. As. touching the question of the dangerous condition of the track, three witnesses were introduced, and allowed to testify, against the objection of the defendant, as to what one Crotty said about it. One of them testified that Crotty said that the track was very bad there; also that Crotty said that “ they were expecting an accident there every day.” Another testified that Crotty said that he knew that the track was bad.
Crotty was the section foreman, but what he said was not said at the time and place of the accident. What he said, therefore, was not admissible as a part of the res gestœ. Sweatland v. Ill. & Miss. Telegraph Co., 27 Iowa, 433; Burlington, C. R. & N. R’y Co. v. Verry, 48 Id., 458. It is to be observed, further, that what Crotty said, if it is to be regarded as having any significance, is in the nature of an opinion. It was to the effect that, in his opinion, the track was dangerous. The jury, we think, must have so understood it. It did not show the jury in what the defect consisted. It did not aid the j ury to form an opinion as to the defect, independent of Crotty’s opinion. Now, we cannot think that the question as to whether the low place or sag was dangerous was one to be shown by an opinion.
It is claimed, however, that it was competent to show what Crotty said for the purpose of showing that, as section foreman, he had notice of the defect; and so, through him, the company should be deemed to have had notice of it. If it was competent to show what Crotty said, it was competent to show it as an admission of the defendant speaking through its mere employe. Of course, we have nothing to do with [204]*204the admissions of Crotty unless they are to be considered as the admissions of the defendant. Now, a principal is not bound by the admissions of an agent unless they come within the strict rule of words spoken as a part of the res gestee. The doctrine is summed up by Angelí and Ames in their work on Corporations (section 309) with a large citation of authorities. They say: “The representations, declarations and admissions of the agent of a corporation stand upon the same footing with those of an individual. To bind the principal they must be within the scope of authority confined to the agent, and must accompany the act which he is authorized to do.” Notice to Crotty was to be proven by calling Crotty himself, or some person who gave him notice, or heard it given to him. The plaintiff, indeed, had evidence of the latter kind. In admitting testimony as to what Crotty said we think that thé court erred.
2. SURVIVAL of actions: personal injury: immediate death. 3. railroads: death oi engineer: n^gj|rence* fünowfígUS pieadmgs. II. The defendant asked an instruction in these words: “ The plaintiff in this case having alleged in her petition that A. B. Worden was instantly killed in the -i , accident which it is alleged was produced by the negligence of the defendant, she cannot recover from the defendant, because the law creates no cause of action in such a case, and your verdict should be for the defendant.” The court refused to give this instruction, and the defendant assigns the refusal as error. The question here presented was raised in the case of Conners v. Burlington, C. R. & N. R’y Co., 71 Iowa, 490, and ruled adversely to the position taken by the defendant. The court did not err, we think, in refusing the instruction. III. The court gave an instruction in these words: “You are instructed that the defendant claims, as an affirmative defense, that the decedent had full knowledge of ,, . „ , _ , ,. , , ° the condition of the defendant’s track, com-7 °f in the petition, long prior to tlxe inJul7 complained of, and continued in the service 0f the defendant as engineer without objec-
tion, and without promise of any change therein. The bur[205]*205den of proof rests upon the defendant to establish the allegations of said affirmative defense, to-wit, that the plaintiff had full knowledge of the condition of the defendant’s track, complained of in the petition, long prior to the injury complained of, by a preponderance of the evidence. Therefore, if you believe from the evidence that the decedent, A. B. "Worden, knew and had knowledge that the defendant’s track, at the point in question, was in tlie condition as alleged in the plaintiff’s petition long prior to the injury complained of, then you should find for the defendant on said affirmative defense.” The giving of the instruction is assigned as error.
The .defendant insists that, where an.employe remains in the employment, with knowledge of the defect which caused the accident, without objection, and without promise of change, lie would waive the company’s negligence, even though his knowledge might not amount to full knowledge, and even though he might not have had sueli knowledge for a long time. The defendant, however, in its answer, pleaded that the decedent had full knowledge, and had had such knowledge for a long time. Now, while it may not be necessary in all cases to prove an averment to the extent to which it is made, we think that the court was justified in construing the averment as not broader than tlie case required. Where an employe’s knowledge is relied on as constituting an element of waiver, it should be such as to fairly apprise the employe of the danger. It appears to us that tlie defendant must have used the words “ full knowledge ” in that sense, and that it is not in a condition to complain if the court so understood the answer, and used the same words. If the defendant did not wish to be so understood, and thought that the court had not expressed the true rule, and that the jury might be misled, we think that it should have asked an instruction upon the point.
As to the use of the word “ long,” we are disposed to take substantially the same view. The word does not denote any specific length of time. We think that the defendant must [206]
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Adams, Ch. J.
i. railroads: engineer: tracle:r°evi-laratio'ns of man-I. The plaintiff’s intestate was employed as an -engineer on one of the defendant’s trains. While so employed, the engine which he had in charge became derailed, and was thrown down an embankment, and he was killed. The accident was caused by one of the rails becoming disconnected and displaced. The defendant’s negligence is alleged to consist in the fact that the plates, nuts, bolts and fastenings binding the rails in the defendant’s track together were left loose. The defendant denied all negligence, and undertook to show in evidence that the accident was caused by the malicious act of some person done for the purpose of wrecking the train. The defendant also pleaded that the intestate had knowledge of the condition of the track, and continued in the defendant’s service without complaint and without promise of change.
The evidence as to the exact condition of the track consisted principally of the testimony of one Cleveland. He testi[203]*203fied that lie examined the track at the place of the accident the morning before the accident. He then said: “The defect was a low spot on the north side 'of the track. The pressure from the wheels is down and outward.” He added, however, that he did not consider the track unsafe that morning. Whether the low place, or sag, as the witnesses sometimes called it, was sufficient to account for the spikes being drawn, and the fish-plate and nuts being disconnected, seems to have been regarded as the close question of fact in the case. As. touching the question of the dangerous condition of the track, three witnesses were introduced, and allowed to testify, against the objection of the defendant, as to what one Crotty said about it. One of them testified that Crotty said that the track was very bad there; also that Crotty said that “ they were expecting an accident there every day.” Another testified that Crotty said that he knew that the track was bad.
Crotty was the section foreman, but what he said was not said at the time and place of the accident. What he said, therefore, was not admissible as a part of the res gestœ. Sweatland v. Ill. & Miss. Telegraph Co., 27 Iowa, 433; Burlington, C. R. & N. R’y Co. v. Verry, 48 Id., 458. It is to be observed, further, that what Crotty said, if it is to be regarded as having any significance, is in the nature of an opinion. It was to the effect that, in his opinion, the track was dangerous. The jury, we think, must have so understood it. It did not show the jury in what the defect consisted. It did not aid the j ury to form an opinion as to the defect, independent of Crotty’s opinion. Now, we cannot think that the question as to whether the low place or sag was dangerous was one to be shown by an opinion.
It is claimed, however, that it was competent to show what Crotty said for the purpose of showing that, as section foreman, he had notice of the defect; and so, through him, the company should be deemed to have had notice of it. If it was competent to show what Crotty said, it was competent to show it as an admission of the defendant speaking through its mere employe. Of course, we have nothing to do with [204]*204the admissions of Crotty unless they are to be considered as the admissions of the defendant. Now, a principal is not bound by the admissions of an agent unless they come within the strict rule of words spoken as a part of the res gestee. The doctrine is summed up by Angelí and Ames in their work on Corporations (section 309) with a large citation of authorities. They say: “The representations, declarations and admissions of the agent of a corporation stand upon the same footing with those of an individual. To bind the principal they must be within the scope of authority confined to the agent, and must accompany the act which he is authorized to do.” Notice to Crotty was to be proven by calling Crotty himself, or some person who gave him notice, or heard it given to him. The plaintiff, indeed, had evidence of the latter kind. In admitting testimony as to what Crotty said we think that thé court erred.
2. SURVIVAL of actions: personal injury: immediate death. 3. railroads: death oi engineer: n^gj|rence* fünowfígUS pieadmgs. II. The defendant asked an instruction in these words: “ The plaintiff in this case having alleged in her petition that A. B. Worden was instantly killed in the -i , accident which it is alleged was produced by the negligence of the defendant, she cannot recover from the defendant, because the law creates no cause of action in such a case, and your verdict should be for the defendant.” The court refused to give this instruction, and the defendant assigns the refusal as error. The question here presented was raised in the case of Conners v. Burlington, C. R. & N. R’y Co., 71 Iowa, 490, and ruled adversely to the position taken by the defendant. The court did not err, we think, in refusing the instruction. III. The court gave an instruction in these words: “You are instructed that the defendant claims, as an affirmative defense, that the decedent had full knowledge of ,, . „ , _ , ,. , , ° the condition of the defendant’s track, com-7 °f in the petition, long prior to tlxe inJul7 complained of, and continued in the service 0f the defendant as engineer without objec-
tion, and without promise of any change therein. The bur[205]*205den of proof rests upon the defendant to establish the allegations of said affirmative defense, to-wit, that the plaintiff had full knowledge of the condition of the defendant’s track, complained of in the petition, long prior to the injury complained of, by a preponderance of the evidence. Therefore, if you believe from the evidence that the decedent, A. B. "Worden, knew and had knowledge that the defendant’s track, at the point in question, was in tlie condition as alleged in the plaintiff’s petition long prior to the injury complained of, then you should find for the defendant on said affirmative defense.” The giving of the instruction is assigned as error.
The .defendant insists that, where an.employe remains in the employment, with knowledge of the defect which caused the accident, without objection, and without promise of change, lie would waive the company’s negligence, even though his knowledge might not amount to full knowledge, and even though he might not have had sueli knowledge for a long time. The defendant, however, in its answer, pleaded that the decedent had full knowledge, and had had such knowledge for a long time. Now, while it may not be necessary in all cases to prove an averment to the extent to which it is made, we think that the court was justified in construing the averment as not broader than tlie case required. Where an employe’s knowledge is relied on as constituting an element of waiver, it should be such as to fairly apprise the employe of the danger. It appears to us that tlie defendant must have used the words “ full knowledge ” in that sense, and that it is not in a condition to complain if the court so understood the answer, and used the same words. If the defendant did not wish to be so understood, and thought that the court had not expressed the true rule, and that the jury might be misled, we think that it should have asked an instruction upon the point.
As to the use of the word “ long,” we are disposed to take substantially the same view. The word does not denote any specific length of time. We think that the defendant must [206]*206have meant that the decedent had the knowledge long enough to have afforded him an opportunity to make objections, and that the court did not err in following the answer, and using the woi’d in the same sense as we may assume that it did.
i. IKSTBUCtion: whole of rule in one paragraph. Before leaving the consideration of the instruction, we ought, perhaps, to say that the instruction, standing by itself, does not express the law, because it omits the .. . , . , . , • element ot waiver, which consists m remaining _ . ° after knowledge, without objection and without promise of amendment. But, so far as the instruction is defective in this respect, it is too favorable to the defendant. Besides, the court proceeds in the next instruction to supply what we have pointed out as a defect, intending, of course, that the two instructions should be read together. In this connection, it is proper that we should say that all the essential ideas necessary to the expression of a single rule should, we think, be expressed in a single instruction. Without holding that tiie violation of this rule would be reversible error where this court should be satisfied that the jury could not have been misled, it is manifest that the observance of the' rule would in all cases be better.
6 _. n0 evidence to support: appellant not prejudiced. IV. The twelfth instruction given proceeds . upon the theory that the jury might find that the dededent objected to the defect, or that he had promise of amendment. The defendant assigns the' giving of the instruction as error. The objection urged is that there was no evidence tending to show that the decedent made objection, or had promise of amendment. It may be conceded that there was no such evidence. But, these being matters pertaining to the alleged waiver set up by defendant, the burden was upon the defendant to prove the absence of objection and promise of amendment, and as to the latter there appears to have been no evidence whatever, and we do not think that the defendant is in a condition to complain.
[207]*207
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[206]*206V. The defendant complains of the want of ap instruction [207]*207that if the decedent, in the exercise of reasonble diligence, might have discovered the defect, but failed to do so, and so failed to protect himself, as he might have done, the plaintiff cannot recover. To this we have to say that no such issue appears to have been tendered by the answer, and no such instruction was asked by the defendant. If such failure could in any sense be regarded as contributory negligence, then we have to say that the usual instruction in regard to contributory negligence was given.
7. railroads: FnTuryfde-waiver.track: VI. The court instructed the jury, in substance, that the decedent did not waive the defect by remaining in the company’s employment without objection after knowledge of the defect, if, in doing so, he acted as an ordinarily prudent man would have done under the circumstances. The giving of this instruction is assigned as error. In our opinion, this instruction cannot be approved. Undoubtedly, most employes are willing to incur some risk rather than lose a good situation. But the rule is that, where an employe voluntarily elects to incur a risk without a promise of its removal, and which he need not incur, he assumes the risk. The law will presume that he does so in consideration of' his compensation, and it matters not that other prudent men would probably have done the same thing under the circumstances.
For the errors pointed out the judgment must be
REVERSED.