OPINION AND ORDER
JOHN G. KOELTL, District Judge:
The plaintiffs, Thomas D. Woodhams and Charlene Connors, bring this purported class action asserting several causes of action against the defendants, Alstate Insurance Company (“Alstate Insurance”), Alstate Indemnity Company (“Alstate Indemnity”), Alstate Property
&
Casualty Insurance Company (“Alstate Property”), and Alstate Fire and Casualty Company (“Alstate Fire”) (collectively, “Alstate” or “the defendants”). A1 of the plaintiffs’ claims arise out of Alstate’s alleged practice of requiring that insured property owners suffering real property losses due to fire replace or complete repairs of insured property within a 180-day window in order to receive reimbursement for the cost of replacement or repair, an amount that would be higher than the actual cash value of the damaged property. Wood-hams and Connors suffered an insured fire loss in 2007 but, because they could not complete repairs within 180 days, were denied replacement cost coverage.
The plaintiffs’ complaint alleges eight causes of action. Count I seeks the return of a pro-rated portion of the plaintiffs’ premiums. Count II alleges a breach of the initial insurance contracts. Count III requests a declaratory judgment. Count IV alleges a breach of contracts settling plaintiffs’ claims. Count V alleges fraud. Count VI alleges a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Count VII claims that Alstate owed the plaintiffs a fiduciary duty, which it allegedly breached. Count VIII requests relief under New York General Business Law (“GBL”) section 349, which prohibits deceptive business acts and practices.
Each of these claims, to one degree or another, relies
on the
plaintiffs’ assertion that the 180-day completion requirement is prohibited by New York Insurance Law (“NYIL”) section 3404, which sets minimum terms and provisions for fire insurance policies. The plaintiffs also claim that the 180-day completion requirement is inconsistent with the terms of the insurance contracts, and that Alstate misleadingly offered policies promising replacement or repair coverage while knowing that the 180-day completion requirement would bar most losses from coverage.
The plaintiffs brought their action in the New York State Supreme Court, New York County. The defendants subsequently removed the action pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d), and now move to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c). They argue principally that the 180-day completion requirement is not contrary to law and that the filed rate doctrine bars the court from ordering refunds of portions of the plaintiffs’ premiums. They also argue that the 180-day completion requirement is consistent with all relevant contracts and that none of Alstate’s communications were deceptive or misleading, and that the plaintiffs failed to plead fraud with particularity, in violation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9. Finally, Alstate Fire and Alstate Property argue that the plaintiffs lack standing to sue them, because the plaintiffs never contracted with Alstate Fire or Alstate Property.
I.
A.
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the allegations in the complaint are accepted as true and all reasonable inferences must be drawn in the plaintiffs’ favor.
McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp.,
482 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir.2007);
Gant v. Wallingford Bd. of Educ.,
69 F.3d 669, 673 (2d Cir.1995). The Court should not dismiss the complaint if the plaintiffs have stated “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
— U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). While the Court should construe the factual allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.”
Id.; see also SEC v. Rorech,
673 F.Supp.2d 217, 221 (S.D.N.Y.2009). The standards to be applied to a motion pursuant to Rule 12(c) are the same as those applied to a motion pursuant to 12(b)(6).
See, e.g., Cleveland v. Caplaio Enters.,
448 F.3d 518, 521 (2d Cir.2006).
In deciding the motion, the Court may consider documents that are referenced in the complaint, documents that the plaintiffs relied on in bringing suit and that either are in the plaintiffs’ possession or were known to the plaintiffs when they brought suit, or matters of which judicial notice may be taken.
Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc.,
282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002);
see also Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc.,
987 F.2d 142, 150 (2d Cir.1993).
B.
The following facts are undisputed, unless otherwise noted.
Allstate Fire, Allstate Indemnity, and Allstate Property are each subsidiary companies of Allstate Insurance. (Compl. ¶ 12-13.) Allstate sells property insurance policies in New York that cover, among other things, damage due to fire.
(Id.
¶ 1.)
In the early 1990s, Allstate
allegedly sought to increase its profits by reducing the number and amount of claims it paid out.
(Id.
¶¶ 21-28.) In furtherance of this goal, it changed the language in its property damage policies regarding coverage of replacement or repair costs. Prior to the change, the language read:
If you decide not to repair or replace the damage[d] property, settlement will be on an actual cash value basis, not to exceed the limit of liability applicable to the building. You may make claim within 180 days after the date of the loss for any additional payment on a replacement cost basis if you repair the damaged property.
(Id.
¶ 30.) The plaintiffs point out that this language only required a policyholder to make a claim for this additional replacement cost coverage within 180 days of the date of loss. It did not require that repairs be completed within any period of time.
In the mid-’90s, Allstate revised this policy to state the following:
If you do not ... repair or replace the damagefd] building structure, payment will be on an actual cash value basis
.... You may make claim for additional payment ... if you repair or replace the damaged, destroyed, or stolen covered property within 180 days of the actual cash value payment.
(Id.
¶32.) The policy also stated that “[w]hen the policy provisions conflict with the statutes of the state in which the residence premises is located, the provisions are amended to conform to such statutes.” (Sisson Decl. Ex. B at 4.)
The New York State Insurance Department (“NYSID”) approved this language in 1994. (Wittman Decl. Exs. A, C.)
Since then, Allstate has issued policies with this language. (Compl. ¶ 34.) Although NYSID rejected a revised form that Allstate submitted in 2009, because of the 180-day completion requirement, the complaint does not allege that NYSID ever withdrew the approval issued in 1994.
(Id.
¶¶ 56-60, Ex. C.)
Allstate interpreted its language to require that repairs or replacements be
completed
within 180 days of the date that it paid claimants the actual cash value of the covered property.
(Id.
¶¶ 35-37.) Thus, under Allstate’s interpretation, Allstate’s policies entitle its insured to both the actual cash value of the insured property and, if repairs or replacements were completed within 180 days of the actual cash value payment, the cost of repair or replacement. (Certain exclusions that are irrelevant here also apply.)
Allstate allegedly failed to disclose and, according to the complaint, “intentionally obscured and concealed” the terms of its replacement cost coverage.
(Id.
¶¶ 35, 64-66.) The plaintiffs allege that Allstate has a “policy and practice” of “refusing] to allow its agents to provide to prospective purchasers copies of its policies where they would learn the precise terms and conditions of the coverage they are seeking to purchase,” and that “Allstate does not send a copy of the policy of insurance to the insured until well after the insured has paid the premiums.”
(Id.
¶¶ 64-65.) Attached to the complaint is a printout of a summary of Allstate’s property insurance offerings taken from Allstate’s website.
(Id.
Ex. B.) The website states that Allstate’s policies can cover repair or replacement costs, not to exceed 120% of applicable coverage limits, accompanied by a disclaimer that “all coverages are subject to availability and qualifications. Other terms, conditions and exclusions apply .... Please read your Allstate policy for full coverage details.”
(Id.
Ex. B at 2-4.)
C.
Woodhams and Connors suffered an insured fire loss on January 6, 2007, to real and personal property that was insured by Allstate Indemnity.
(Id.
¶ 67, Sisson Decl. Ex. A.) Because Woodhams and Connors were unable to obtain a building permit for six months, and because of a road construction project, they were unable to complete construction within the 180-day replacement period, and Allstate refused to pay over $58,000 in replacement costs. (Compl. ¶ 67.)
In support of its class allegations, the complaint cites similar occurrences involving nine unnamed Allstate insureds.
(Id.
¶¶ 68-76.)
II.
The defendants argue that the above facts fail to state a claim, and therefore
move for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c).
Although they argue against each count of the complaint individually, each count turns to some degree on the same two questions: whether Allstate’s 180-day completion requirement is inconsistent with NYIL § 3404, and whether the requirement is inconsistent with the language of the Allstate policies themselves. Before addressing the plaintiffs’ individual claims, these issues will be analyzed at the outset.
New York law sets out a standard fire insurance policy, which provides that insured parties shall be entitled to
“THE LESSER AMOUNT OF EITHER
1) THE ACTUAL CASH VALUE OF THE PROPERTY AT THE TIME OF THE LOSS, OR
2) THE AMOUNT WHICH IT WOULD COST TO REPAIR OR REPLACE THE PROPERTY WITH MATERIAL OF LIKE KIND AND QUALITY WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME AFTER SUCH LOSS, WITHOUT ALLOWANCE FOR ANY INCREASED COST OF REPAIR OR RECONSTRUCTION BY REASON OF ANY ORDINANCE OR LAW REGULATING CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR, AND WITHOUT COMPENSATION FOR LOSS RESULTING FROM INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS OR MANUFACTURE, OR 3)TO AN AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING _DOLLARS ....
NYIL § 3404(e).
Policies covering the peril of fire in New York must either conform to the standard fire policy, or be approved by NYSID and “contain], with respect to the peril of fire, terms and provisions no less favorable to the insured than those contained in the standard fire policy.”
Id.
§ 3404(b)(1), (f).
See generally SR Intern. Bus. Ins. Co. v. World Trade Center Props., LLC,
381 F.Supp.2d 250, 257-58 (S.D.N.Y.2005).
The plaintiffs argue that the relevant terms of Allstate’s policies provide “less favorable” coverage than this standard policy. The standard policy, however, clearly sets a minimum floor of the
lesser
of the three options. Thus, any policy that provides a minimum of actual cash value is no less favorable than the standard policy, because the standard fire policy would not obligate an insurer to pay more than the actual cash value in any circumstances. Accordingly, the Allstate policy is not in
consistent with New York law, because it was approved by NYSID and provides actual cash value (and, if certain conditions are met, replacement or repair value as well).
The plaintiffs argue that the statute “entitles the insured to recover the greater amount once repair has occurred.” (PI. Mem. 14.) But that is plainly not what the statute provides. The plaintiffs also argue that Allstate concedes that its policies are in “total derogation” of the statute (PI. Mem. 12), but Allstate has made no such concession. The plaintiffs also claim that NYSID has requested that Allstate cease using the language at issue, and that NY-SID never “knowingly” approved Allstate’s language because Allstate misled it. The former argument is not supported by the complaint or the attached exhibits, which only show that NYSID has rejected the submission of a revised form that contained a completion requirement. (Compl. Ex. C.) The latter allegation, even if true, does not appear to have any legal significance; the plaintiffs have provided no authority for the proposition that a federal court has the power to void the NYSID’s approval of a policy form, in the absence of the NYSID’s withdrawal of approval under NYIL section 2807(b), based on the court’s analysis of the state of NYSID’s knowledge. If the plaintiffs believe that the NYSID was ill advised in approving Allstate’s policy language, its proper remedy is a complaint to the NYSID.
See Wegoland Ltd. v. NYNEX Corp., 27
F.3d 17, 21 (2d Cir.1994) (“Apart from participating in the political process and filing complaints with the regulatory agencies, individual ratepayers simply have no role in attacking the reasonableness of filed rates.”).
Accordingly, the 180-day completion requirement is not barred by New York law.
The plaintiffs also rely heavily on their argument that the 180-day completion requirement is inconsistent with the language of Allstate’s policies. As the plaintiffs argue, any ambiguity in the terms of an insurance policy “must be construed in favor of the insured and against the insurer.”
White v. Continental Cas. Co.,
9 N.Y.3d 264, 848 N.Y.S.2d 603, 878 N.E.2d 1019, 1021 (2007). Therefore, if Allstate’s language can reasonably be construed to allow for reimbursement of repairs or replacements that are not completed within 180 days, Allstate cannot refuse to cover such reimbursements. On the other hand, “contracts of insurance, like other contracts, are to be construed according to the sense and meaning of the terms which the parties have used, and if they are clear and unambiguous the terms are to be taken and understood in their plain, ordinary and proper sense.”
In re Estates of Covert,
97 N.Y.2d 68, 735 N.Y.S.2d 879, 761 N.E.2d 571, 576-77 (2001) (quoting
Hartol Prods. Corp. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
290 N.Y. 44, 47 N.E.2d 687, 689 (1943)) (brackets omitted).
The plaintiffs argue that the policy language does not contain any requirement that the repairs be “completed” within 180 days of the actual cash value payment. (Compl. ¶ 82.) The policy language, however, is not ambiguous, and does not support the plaintiffs’ position.
Two provisions of the plaintiffs’ policy address this issue. Section I Conditions, Number 5(b), entitled “Actual Cash Value,” provides:
If you do not repair or replace the damaged, destroyed or stolen property, payment will be on an actual cash value basis. This means there may be a deduction for depreciation ....
You may make claim for additional payment
as described in paragraph “c” and paragraph “d,”
if you repair or
replace the damaged, destroyed or stolen covered property within 180 days of the actual cash value payment.
(Sisson Dec!., Ex. G at 18 (emphasis added).)
Section I Conditions, Number 5(c), entitled “Building Structure Reimbursement,” provides:
Under Coverage A — Dwelling Protection and Coverage B — Other Structures Protection,
we will make additional payment to reimburse you for cost in excess of actual cash value if you repair, rebuild or replace damaged, destroyed or stolen covered property within 180 days of the actual cash value payment.
This additional payment includes the reasonable and necessary expense for treatment or removal and disposal of contaminants, toxins or pollutants as required to
complete
repair or replacement of that part of a building structure^) damaged by a covered loss.
(Id.
(emphasis added).)
These provisions plainly require that the claim for additional payment be for a repair or replacement “within” 180 days of the actual cash payment. Moreover, the additional payment is to “reimburse” a policyholder for costs in excess of the actual cash value if the policyholder repairs, rebuilds, or replaces damaged property “within” 180 days of the actual cash value payment.
The word “within” is a word of limitation.
See Webster’s II New Riverside Dictionary
1324 (1988) (defining “within” to mean, relevantly, “[i]nside the fixed limits of: not beyond”). The word “reimburse” means “repay” or “pay back or compensate (a person) for money spent or for losses or damages incurred.”
Id.
at 991.
These provisions unambiguously provided for repayment to the policyholder for actual expenses paid to restore the property in this period up to 180 days after the actual cash value payment is made. It is not sufficient that a repair is begun within that period.
The plaintiffs also argue that the use of the word “complete” in the final sentence of Condition Number 5(c), as set out above, indicates that repairs need not be “completed” within 180 days because Allstate knew how to use the word “complete” when it wanted to. This argument is without merit. The use of the word “complete” to describe what pollution abatements can be included in a repair does not broaden in any way the temporal limitation on the repairs that must be reimbursed, which are limited to the repairs done within 180 days of the actual cash value payment.
Similarly, the fact that Allstate uses different language in provisions in different states does not create an ambiguity in the language used in its New York policies.
Accordingly, the 180-day completion requirement does not conflict with the contractual language or with the policy forms approved by NYSID.
III.
These conclusions are dispositive of some, but not all, of the plaintiffs’ specific claims. In any event, each claim should be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
A. Count I: Return of Premiums for Violation of Section 3404
The plaintiffs’ first claim is for a return of the portion of the premiums paid by class members for replacement or repair cost coverage, or for the optional extension of that coverage. As discussed above, the policies did not violate section 3404, and therefore this claim must fail.
The plaintiffs’ demand is also barred by the filed rate doctrine. The filed rate doctrine “bar[s] plaintiffs’ claims seeking the recovery of Insurance premiums that have been approved by the [NY-SID].”
Roussin v. AARP, Inc.,
664
F.Supp.2d 412, 416 (S.D.N.Y.2009),
aff'd
379 Fed.Appx. 30 (2d Cir.2010) (summary order). Because “legislative bodies design agencies for the specific purpose of setting uniform rates” and “courts are not institutionally well suited to engage in retroactive rate-setting,” courts typically do not provide relief from premiums alleged to be unreasonable or otherwise inappropriate.
Wegoland,
27 F.3d at 19 (internal quotation omitted). “[T]he doctrine is applied strictly to prevent a plaintiff from bringing a cause of action even in the face of apparent inequities whenever either ... strand underlying the doctrine is implicated by the cause of action the plaintiff seeks to pursue.”
Marcus v. AT & T Corp.,
138 F.3d 46, 59 (2d Cir.1998). There is no exception to the filed rate doctrine based on an alleged fraud on the rate maker.
See Wegoland,
27 F.3d at 22.
Count I claims, in essence, that portions of Allstate’s policies are worthless and illegal. It seeks a refund of a portion of the premium charged for the policies. Because these policies and the premiums associated with them were approved by NY-SID, Count I is a direct challenge to the reasonableness of the filed rates, and is therefore barred by the retroactive rate-setting strand of the filed rate doctrine.
The plaintiffs argue that the Court would not need to “readjust the rates or recalculate the rates or determine whether the rates were fairly set” because “Allstate itself calculated the rate for the replacement coverage and indicated it to the departments New Jersey Insurance Department [sic].” (PI. Mem. 25.) “Thus, all the Court is being asked to do in this case is to refund a specific amount for which Allstate Insurance received a premium but failed to honor.”
(Id.)
This type of piecemeal attack on a filed rate is barred just as is a claim against a rate as a whole.
See Roussin,
664 F.Supp.2d at 417-18. As Judge Marrero explained, “to condone such an approach would gut the filed rate doctrine, as any future complainant would allege injuries stemming from only particular portions of a filed rate, rather than the entire rate.”
Id.
at 418. Even if this were not the ease, evidence of the proportionate value of a component of coverage in another state sheds little if any light on the value of that component in New York State, which is governed by a wholly different regulatory regime.
In their brief, the plaintiffs also recast their claim as one for “refunds and/or rescission.” (PL Mem. 26.) The only case that the plaintiffs cite in support of this theory is
Dornberger v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,
961 F.Supp. 506 (S.D.N.Y.1997). The insurance policies at issue in
Dornberger,
however, were issued without proper authorization and therefore were not subject to the filed rate doctrine.
See id.
at 514. Thus, even if the plaintiffs were to replead Count One as a claim for rescission,
Domberger
provides no support.
B.Count II: Breach of Contract
The plaintiffs’ second count alleges that Allstate breached the terms of its insurance policies by requiring completion of repairs or replacement within 180 days. As discussed above, this claim is meritless and is therefore dismissed.
C.Count III: Declaratory Judgment
The plaintiffs’ third count requests a declaratory judgment holding that Allstate policyholders need not complete repairs or replacements within 180 days to be entitled to reimbursement for those costs. A declaratory judgment is appropriate only “[i]n a case of actual controversy.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a);
see generally MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.,
549 U.S. 118, 127 S.Ct. 764, 166 L.Ed.2d 604 (2007). Because, as discussed above, the 180-day completion requirement is consistent with both New York law and the language of Allstate’s policies, the plaintiffs are not entitled to a declaratory judgment in their favor.
D.Count IV: Breach of Settlement Contract
The plaintiffs’ fourth count alleges that a distinct contract between the plaintiffs and Allstate was formed when Allstate agreed to pay the actual cash value of the plaintiffs’ damaged property, and that Allstate breached this contract by failing to conform its handling of the plaintiffs’ claims to section 3404 or the terms of its policies. Allstate disputes that any such distinct contract existed.
This claim fails because the plaintiffs have failed to allege the terms of any new contract between themselves and Allstate that somehow differed from the terms of the original insurance contract. They have also failed to allege that there was consideration for any new agreement. To the extent that the plaintiffs are simply repackaging their arguments as to what their insurance policy provided, this claim fails because Allstate’s interpretation of the policy is consistent with section 3404 and the language of the policies.
E.Count V: Fraud
The plaintiffs’ fifth count alleges that Allstate committed fraud by (a) promising to amend its policy to conform with New York law but failing to do so; (b) marketing and selling policies with coverage terms that it did not intend to honor; (c) publishing and marketing false advertising “which fail[ed] to advise the consuming public ... of the differences between Allstate’s nonconforming language and the conforming language utilized by every other insurer in the market place”; and (d) “refusing] as a regular business practice to allow consumers seeking to purchase its product to see the policy language being purchased until significantly after the purchase is consummated and premiums paid.” (Compl. ¶¶ 102-16.)
“Under New York law, to state a claim for fraud a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) a misrepresentation or omission of material fact; (2) which the defendant knew to be false; (3) which the defendant made with the intention of inducing reliance; (4) upon which the plaintiff reasonably relied; and (5) which caused injury to the plaintiff.”
Wynn v. AC Rochester,
273 F.3d 153, 156 (2d Cir.2001). Where a plaintiff pleads fraud by omission, “it must prove additionally that the plaintiff had a duty to disclose the concealed fact.”
Mer
rill Lynch & Co. Inc. v. Allegheny Energy, Inc.,
500 F.3d 171, 181 (2d Cir.2007).
Allegations of fraud are governed by the heightened pleading standard set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 9(b). Rule 9(b) provides that “[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). In order to meet the heightened pleading standard provided by Rule 9(b), a complaint must “(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.”
ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd.,
493 F.3d 87, 99 (2d Cir.2007). Fraudulent statements or conduct must be attributed to each defendant individually; “Rule 9(b) is not satisfied where the complaint vaguely attributes the alleged fraudulent statements to ‘defendants.’ ”
Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp.,
12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir. 1993). The defendants argue that Count V fails to plead fraud with particularity.
None of the plaintiffs’ theories of fraud are successfully pleaded with particularity. First, as discussed above, Allstate neither failed to conform its policies to New York law nor failed to honor the terms of its policies, so no claim of fraud can be premised on a claim to the contrary. Second, the plaintiffs have failed to allege with particularity any fraudulent or misleading advertising or other representations made by any defendant, let alone each defendant. The only particular statement or set of statements identified by the plaintiffs is the webpage printout attached to their complaint. Given that the web-page expressly stated that “all coverages are subject to availability and qualifications. Other terms, conditions and exclusions apply,” it was neither misleading in offering replacement or repair coverage nor could a plaintiff have reasonably relied on it as foreclosing the possibility of a 180-day completion requirement. (Compl. Ex. B at 2-4.) Nothing about these representations was misleading or gave rise to a duty to disclose the exact terms of Allstate’s policies. Third, the plaintiffs have not alleged any facts that would give Allstate a duty to disclose that its policy varied from the policies offered by other insurers.
To the extent that the plaintiffs complain that they were not provided with their policies before they purchased the policies, the plaintiffs do not allege that they did not receive the policies after purchase or that they were unaware of what the policies provided before they sustained a covered loss. Indeed, the gist of part of their fraud allegations is that they assert, incorrectly, that the policies contained terms that Allstate did not intend to honor.
Additionally, the plaintiffs have not alleged with particularity any fraudulent conduct on the part of Allstate Fire or Allstate Property, nor any resulting injury. The complaint does not attribute any specific policy language or representations to those defendants; indeed, it does not attribute any conduct to them whatsoever. Nor does it allege that Woodhams, Connors, or any of the unnamed policyholders took out policies from, made claims to, or even had any contact with Allstate Fire or Allstate Property. The plaintiffs argue that the court should look past these omissions under the “group pleading” doctrine, because the four defendants are allegedly engaged in a joint enterprise. The group pleading doctrine is a limited exception to the requirement of alleging fraudulent statements by each defendant, an exception that has been applied only in the context of securities fraud and only to
“those individuals with direct involvement in the everyday business of the company.”
Polar Int’l Brokerage Corp. v. Reeve,
108 F.Supp.2d 225, 237 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (internal quotation omitted).
See also Ouaknine v. MacFarlane,
897 F.2d 75, 80 (2d Cir. 1990). Moreover, the complaint is still “insufficient to link [Allstate Fire or Allstate Property] to the [alleged] misrepresentations,” such as they are.
See Ouaknine,
897 F.2d at 80. The plaintiffs have alleged nothing about Allstate Fire or Allstate Property beyond the fact that they are “wholly owned subsidiaries of Allstate [Insurance] which market and sell the policies of insurance purchased by Class members.” (Compl. ¶ 13.)
See DiVittorio v. Equidyne Extractive Indus.,
822 F.2d 1242, 1249 (2d Cir.1987) (holding that an allegation that one defendant is a “subsidiary ... which serves as a manager and syndicator” of another defendant is insufficient to charge the subsidiary “with liability for representations” in the parent’s filing).
Accordingly, Count V must be dismissed for failure to plead fraud with particularity.
F. Count VI: Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
The plaintiffs’ sixth count alleges that Allstate failed to handle and adjust the plaintiffs’ claim in good faith, and failed to pay for the covered claims “as required.” (Compl. ¶¶ 121-22.) “As in all contracts, implicit in contracts of insurance is a covenant of good faith and fair dealing, such that a reasonable insured would understand that the insurer promises to investigate in good faith and pay covered claims.”
Bi-Economy Market, Inc. v. Harleysville Ins. Co. of N.Y.,
10 N.Y.3d 187, 856 N.Y.S.2d 505, 886 N.E.2d 127, 131 (2008) (internal quotation omitted). Nevertheless, “New York law ... does not recognize a separate cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when a breach of contract claim, based on the same facts, is also pled,” nor does it recognize “an independent cause of action for bad faith denial of insurance coverage.”
Vitrano v. State Farm Ins. Co.,
No. 08 Civ. 103, 2008 WL 2696156, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2008) (internal quotation omitted, alteration in original). Instead, an alleged breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fan-dealing is part of a general breach of contract claim; in other words, the allegations in Count VI should have been pled under Count II, to the extent that they are not duplicative. In any event, as discussed above, neither of the plaintiffs’ theories are supported by the facts alleged, because Allstate paid the plaintiffs according to the terms of their contract and the plaintiffs have not alleged any other deficits in Allstate’s handling or investigation of the plaintiffs’ insurance claims.
G. Count VII: Breach of Fiduciary Duty
The plaintiffs’ seventh count alleges that Allstate assumed a fiduciary duty toward its policyholders and violated that duty. As a general rule, insurance companies do not owe their policyholders a fiduciary duty under New York law, a principle that goes back over a century.
See Uhlman v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co.,
109 N.Y. 421, 17 N.E. 363, 364-65 (1888);
see gener
ally Rabouin v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,
182 Misc.2d 632, 699 N.Y.S.2d 655, 656-57 (Sup.Ct.1999),
aff'd
282 A.D.2d 381, 723 N.Y.S.2d 651 (2001). While there are situations in which a fiduciary duty may be created between an insurer and its policyholders, “those instances are the exception rather than the rule.”
Rabouin,
699 N.Y.S.2d at 657. There is some disagreement in recent cases as to whether representations made in the course of advertising and solicitation can create a fiduciary relationship, or whether a fiduciary relationship only exists where an insurer defends its policyholder.
Compare Dornberger,
961 F.Supp. at 546-47 (finding a jury question where an insurer had “sought out [the plaintiffs] through an advertising campaign aimed at assuaging their concerns and promising personalized service to handle questions and problems”),
with Fiala v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,
6 A.D.3d 320, 776 N.Y.S.2d 29, 32 (2004) (“[A]n insurance company does not owe its policyholder a common-law fiduciary duty except when it is called upon to defend its insured .... ”),
and Rabouin,
699 N.Y.S.2d at 657 n. 1 (rejecting Domberger).
There is no need to resolve whether
Domberger
was correctly decided, because the complaint does not allege a breach of any fiduciary duty that might exist. The complaint alleges only that Allstate had a “pattern and practice of breaching [its] obligations under the polices [sic] by adjusting losses in a manner deliberately calculated to justify depriving the insured of the benefits of the replacement cost coverage.” (Compl. ¶ 129.) As discussed above, Allstate did not breach any obligations under its policies or under New York law, and therefore the allegations in Count VII must be dismissed.
H. Count VIII: New York General Business Law § 349
The plaintiffs’ final count alleges that Allstate “engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct by denying Plaintiffs’ specified claims without basis,” and that Allstate and its agents’ “misleading, egregious and deceptive actions ... in refusing to acknowledge, process and pay Plaintiffs’ claims promptly, constitute deceptive business acts and practices,” in contravention of GBL section 349. (Compl. ¶¶ 133, 135.) To plead a claim under section 349, a plaintiff must allege “conduct of the defendant that is consumer-oriented” and make “a showing that defendant is engaging in an act or practice that is deceptive or misleading in a material way and that plaintiff has been injured by reason thereof.”
Oswego Laborers’ Local 211 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland, Bank,
85 N.Y.2d 20, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d 741, 744 (1995). Unlike a claim for fraud, a plaintiff need not show reliance or satisfy the particularity requirement of Rule 9.
See Pelman v. McDonald’s Corp.,
396 F.3d 508, 511 (2d Cir.2005).
The defendants argue that the plaintiffs allege only a private contract dispute that is outside the scope of section 349 and, alternatively, that the plaintiffs’ allegations rely on the same flawed contractual arguments as the rest of their complaint. As to their first argument, while “‘[p]rivate contract disputes unique to the parties ... would not fall within the ambit of the statute,’ ” “relief under the statute is not necessarily foreclosed by the fact that the transaction involved an insurance policy.”
N.Y. Univ. v. Continental Ins. Co.,
87 N.Y.2d 308, 639 N.Y.S.2d 283, 662 N.E.2d 763, 770-71 (1995) (quoting
Oswego Laborers’,
623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d at 744) (alterations in original). The New York Court of Appeals has held that contracts in which a business “dealt with plaintiffs’ representative as any customer,” using “standard documents” that “were not unique to these two parties ... or a single shot transaction” are the sort of
“consumer-oriented” conduct that is within the scope of section 349, “in the sense that they potentially affect similarly situated consumers.”
Oswego Laborers’,
623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d at 744 (internal quotation omitted). Plainly, the allegations in the complaint concern such consumer-oriented conduct, notwithstanding the fact that the allegedly deceptive practices produced individual contract disputes.
However, the only allegedly misleading and deceptive conduct that the plaintiffs cite in setting out Count VIII is that of “denying Plaintiffs’ specified claims without basis” and “refusing to acknowledge, process and pay Plaintiffs’ claims promptly.” (Compl. ¶¶ 133, 135.) For the reasons explained above, Allstate’s handling of the plaintiffs’ coverage claims was entirely consistent with the terms of its policies, and thus was not misleading or deceptive. Accordingly, Count VIII should be dismissed as well.
CONCLUSION
The Court has considered all of the arguments raised by the parties. To the extent not specifically addressed, they are either moot or without merit. For the reasons explained above, the motions to dismiss the complaint in its entirety pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(c) are granted as to all defendants. The defendants’ other motions are denied as moot. The complaint is therefore dismissed without prejudice. The Clerk is directed to close docket numbers 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16.
SO ORDERED.