Woodbridge Hospitality LLC v. First American Title Company

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: March 3, 2025
• Docket: 2:23-cv-01271
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8

Woodb ridge Hospitality, LLC, ) No. CV-23-01271-PHX-SPL ) 9 ) 10 Plaintiff, ) ORDER vs. ) ) 11 ) First American Title Company, ) 12 ) 13 Defendant. ) ) 14 )

15 Before the Court is Defendant First American Title Company’s (“First 16 American’s”) Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 45) and accompanying Statement of 17 Facts (Doc. 46), Plaintiff Woodbridge Hospitality LLC’s (“Woodbridge’s”) Response 18 (Doc. 50) and Controverting Statement of Facts (Doc. 51)1, First American’s Reply (Doc. 19 52), and Woodbridge’s Sur-Reply (Doc. 57). The Court now rules as follows.2 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 This case arises out of a contract dispute between Woodbridge and First American 22 in connection with the sale of an extended stay hotel in Paradise Valley, Arizona (the 23 “Property”). (Doc. 45 at 5). Woodbridge was formed in 2003 by brothers Suhkbinder 24

25 1 Pursuant to Plaintiff’s Notice of Errata (Doc. 53), Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 to Plaintiff’s Controverting Statement of Facts were resubmitted as exhibits to Doc. 53. 26

27 2 Because it would not assist in resolution of the instant issues, the Court finds the pending motion is suitable for decision without oral argument. See LRCiv. 7.2(f); Fed. R. 28 Civ. P. 78(b); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998). 1 (“Suky”) and Jasbir (“Jas”) Khangura. (Doc. 46 ¶ 1). In 2020, Woodbridge declared 2 bankruptcy, and as part of the bankruptcy, planned to sell the Property to Sterling Real 3 Estate Partners. (Id. ¶ 2). Woodbridge engaged a bankruptcy attorney, a real estate attorney, 4 an accountant, and a broker to assist in the sale. (Id. ¶ 4). They also engaged Defendant 5 First American to facilitate the escrow process, and the matter was assigned to Alix Graham 6 (“Graham”), a Senior Commercial Escrow Officer. (Id. ¶ 10). 7 In August 2021, Woodbridge alleges that Suky Khangura, who took primary 8 responsibility for handling the Property sale, had a telephone call with Graham regarding 9 the potential for completing a 1031 exchange.3 (Id. ¶¶ 3, 11). During that call, Graham 10 allegedly stated that First American could facilitate a 1031 exchange for Woodbridge, but 11 that it “could not be set up until the closing, when funds would be available to be held in 12 escrow” (the “Alleged Statement”). (Id. ¶ 11). At some point following this call between 13 Suky and Graham, Suky had a discussion with the accountant, Tariq Khan (“Khan”), who 14 informed Suky that Graham’s statement—that the 1031 exchange could not be set up until 15 after closing—was incorrect. (Id. ¶ 12). Around the time the Alleged Statement was made, 16 both Suky and Khan had some understanding, based on previous experience, that a 1031 17 exchange had to be set up pre-closing, contrary to Graham’s statement. (Id. ¶¶ 13–14; Doc. 18 51-2 at 11; Doc. 45-1 at 21–22). Nonetheless, based on his alleged conversation with 19 Graham, Suky believed that he had an agreement with First American to set up a 1031 20 exchange (the “Oral Agreement”). (Doc. 51 ¶ 56). 21 On January 27, 2022, Khan emailed Graham, stating that “Woodbridge’s intention 22 is the transaction qualifies for 1031 construction exchange” and briefly explaining what a 23 1031 exchange is. (Doc. 51-5 at 5). However, he did not ask Graham or First American to 24 take any further action regarding the 1031 exchange. (Id.). First American is affiliated with 25 3 A 1031 exchange “is a transaction in which an asset is sold and the proceeds of the 26 sale are then reinvested in a similar asset. No capital gain or loss is recognized, allowing 27 the deferment of capital gains taxes that would otherwise have been due on the first sale.” Jenkins v. Jenkins, 156 P.3d 1140, 1142 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007) (citation omitted); see also 28 26 U.S.C. § 1031. 1 a separate company, First American Exchange Company, LLC, that handles 1031 2 exchange services, and Graham testified that typically, if asked about a 1031 exchange, she 3 would “refer them to First American’s exchange division.” (Doc. 46 ¶ 16; Doc. 51 ¶ 16; 4 Doc. 51-6 at 5). Graham did not respond to Khan’s January 27 email, and did not refer 5 Woodbridge to First American’s exchange division until March. (Doc. 51 ¶¶ 58–59). 6 On February 1, 2022, Woodbridge’s bankruptcy attorney, Philip Rudd (“Rudd”), 7 sent a draft closing instruction letter to First American for its review. (Doc. 46 ¶ 17). The 8 only mention of the 1031 exchange in that letter stated: 9 This transaction is also a part of a 1031 exchange involving the Seller. Please comply with any further written instructions you 10 receive from me, the Seller, and/or Tariq Khan of R&A CPAs, Seller’s CPA, so that the transaction satisfies the requirements 11 for the sale to qualify as part of a 1031 exchange. 12 (Doc. 46 ¶ 18). Woodbridge and First American had the opportunity to, and did, revise the 13 closing instructions, but no material changes were made to the instruction regarding the 14 1031 exchange. (Id. ¶¶ 20–21). On February 2, Woodbridge executed an Escrow 15 Agreement with First American, which does not mention a 1031 exchange. (Id. ¶¶ 22–23). 16 However, the Escrow Agreement does contain a Limitation of Liability provision, which 17 states that First American, as the escrow agent, “shall not have any duties or responsibilities 18 in respect of the Escrow Funds except those set forth in this Agreement.” (Id. ¶ 24; Doc. 19 45-1 at 131). Additionally, the Agreement has an integration clause, providing that “[t]his 20 is the entire Agreement among the parties with respect to the matters set forth herein, and 21 all prior oral and written agreements with respect to the matters set forth herein are 22 superseded by the terms of this Agreement.” (Doc. 46 ¶ 24; Doc. 45-1 at 131). Again, 23 Woodbridge and First American had the opportunity to, and did, revise the Escrow 24 Agreement, but like the Closing Instructions, the final Escrow Agreement contained no 25 provision regarding First American’s alleged agreement to facilitate a 1031 exchange. 26 (Doc. 46 ¶¶ 26–27). 27 Also on February 2, Graham emailed Rudd, noting that the Closing Instructions 28 1 mentioned a 1031 exchange and asking if there were any 1031 documents forthcoming. 2 (Id. ¶ 29). Rudd responded that he would send her 1031 exchange documents “separately 3 once we get there,” and noting that Khan “will be working with us on that aspect of that 4 transaction.” (Id. ¶ 29; Doc. 45-1 at 173). Rudd testified that he believed First American 5 was already working on the 1031 exchange. (Doc. 51 ¶ 61). The evening of February 2, 6 Graham received authority to record and close the sale, which ultimately closed on 7 February 3, 2022. (Doc. 46 ¶ 31). Khan did not respond to the February 2 email from 8 Graham, and First American did not receive any further instructions from Woodbridge 9 regarding the 1031 exchange until February 16. (Id. ¶¶ 30, 32–33). On February 16, Khan 10 emailed Graham, “Please see my email dates [sic] January 27. I have not heard from you 11 about 1031 exchange for this sale and want to make sure it is properly set up. Can you 12 provide us the name and contact information of your exchange intermediary?” (Id. ¶ 33; 13 Doc. 51-5 at 3–4). Graham responded that “[t]he funds are being held in escrow for the 14 time being, pending disbursement order from the Court. I believe you will be able to set up 15 the 1031 at that time.” (Doc. 46 ¶ 34; Doc. 51-5 at 2). However, Graham’s February 16 16 email statement, like the Alleged Statement made in August 2021, was incorrect; the 1031 17 exchange account needed to be set up prior to the close of sale for the exchange to occur. 18 (Doc. 46 ¶ 37). 19 On March 16, Rudd followed up with Graham about the status of the 1031 exchange. 20 (Doc. 51 ¶ 75). She responded that Woodbridge would need to make arrangements with a 21 1031 exchange accommodator, and she copied a member of First American’s exchange 22 division on the email. (Id. ¶ 76). On March 17, Suky, Khan, and Michelle Mautz from First 23 American (“Mautz”) spoke on the phone, after which Khan sent Mautz an email confirming 24 that Suky was authorizing Mautz to proceed with the 1031 exchange. (Id. ¶¶ 79–80). Khan 25 emailed Mautz again on March 18, and she responded that she acknowledged the email, 26 but that First American did not have an active exchange for Woodbridge. (Id. ¶¶ 81, 83). 27 When Rudd inquired about opening an active exchange, Mautz replied that First American 28 could not open an exchange because the closing date had passed. (Id. ¶¶ 84–85). Rudd, 1 Khan, and Suky subsequently contacted multiple exchange companies to try to set up a 2 1031 exchange, but none of the other companies could assist, and no 1031 exchange took 3 place. (Id. ¶¶ 87–89). Finally, on April 19, 2022, Rudd emailed Graham and Mautz with 4 final payment information approved by the bankruptcy court and asked that the funds 5 allotted to Woodbridge be transferred to the 1031 exchange account. (Id. ¶¶ 90–91). Mautz 6 responded that she could not set up an exchange for the funds. (Id. ¶ 92). On May 31, 2023, 7 Woodbridge filed an action in Maricopa County Superior Court, which First American 8 removed to federal court on July 10 based on diversity jurisdiction. (Doc. 1 at 2–3). 9 II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 This case was removed to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, so the 11 Court must apply the substantive law of Arizona. E.g., Am. Triticale, Inc. v. Nytco Servs., 12 Inc., 664 F.2d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 1981) (“It is well settled that a federal court exercising 13 diversity jurisdiction must apply substantive state law.”). However, federal law will govern 14 procedural questions, including the summary judgment standard. See Martinez v. Asarco 15 Inc., 918 F.2d 1467, 1470 n.3 (9th Cir. 1990). 16 Summary judgment is appropriate if “the movant shows that there is no genuine 17 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 18 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial burden 19 of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 20 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The moving party can satisfy its burden by demonstrating that 21 the nonmoving party failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential 22 to that party’s case on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See id. at 322– 23 23. When considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must view the factual 24 record and draw all reasonable inferences in a light most favorably to the nonmoving party. 25 Leisek v. Brightwood Corp., 278 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2002). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 First American moves for summary judgment on Woodbridge’s single remaining 3 claim for breach of contract.4 It argues that the claim fails because the alleged oral contract 4 made between Suky and Graham in August 2021 (the “Oral Agreement”) is in direct 5 conflict with the parties’ written and fully integrated agreements, the Escrow Agreement 6 and Closing Instructions executed on February 2, 2022. (Doc. 45 at 9). However, 7 Woodbridge argues that there is no conflict between the Oral Agreement and the written 8 Escrow Agreement and Closing Instructions because they address entirely different 9 subjects. (Doc. 50 at 7). 10 “The parol evidence rule precludes admission of any understandings or 11 representations made prior to or contemporaneously with the written contract if the contract 12 was intended as a final and complete integration of the parties’ agreement.” Formento v. 13 Encanto Business Park, 744 P.2d 22, 25 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1987); see also United States Fid. 14 & Guar. Co. v. Olds Bros. Lumber Co., 430 P.2d 128, 130 (Ariz. 1967) (“It is firmly 15 established that where an agreement is reduced to writing in such terms as to express a 16 complete contract, evidence of a contemporaneous oral agreement relating to the same 17 subject matter, varying, contradicting or enlarging the written agreement, is inadmissible, 18 in the absence of an allegation of fraud or mistake.”). Despite the parol evidence rule, 19 “[e]xtrinsic evidence is admissible to show that it was not the intention of the parties that 20 the entire agreement be incorporated in the written agreement or that there was a separate 21 agreement dealing with different subject matter. Whether the writing was intended to 22 embody all of the agreement between the parties is in itself a question for the trier of fact.” 23 Turley v. Adams, 484 P.2d 668, 671 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1971). However, the Court may grant 24 summary judgment in First American’s favor if it “can determine as a matter of law that 25

26 4 Two claims were initially brought by Woodbridge against First American: (1) 27 negligent misrepresentation and (2) breach of contract. (Doc. 1-1 at 9–10). However, Woodbridge stipulated to dismissal of the negligent misrepresentation claim prior to First 28 American filing its Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 43). 1 the writing on its face imports a legal obligation without any uncertainty as to the object or 2 extent of such engagement.” See id. 3 Here, it is undisputed that the Escrow Agreement contained a limitation of liability 4 clause stating that First American “shall not have any duties or responsibilities in respect 5 of the Escrow Funds except those set forth in this Agreement” and an integration clause 6 stating that “[t]his is the entire Agreement among the parties with respect to the matters set 7 forth herein, and all prior oral and written agreements with respect to the matters set forth 8 herein are superseded by the terms of this Agreement.” (Doc. 45 at 10–11; Doc. 45-1 at 9 131); see Turley, 484 P.2d at 671 (“Before the parol evidence rule may be invoked, there 10 must first be a determination that there has been an integration of an agreement into a 11 writing or writings.”). An integration clause often “suggests there would be no occasion to 12 consider parol evidence in interpreting the terms of the parties’ contractual agreements.” 13 Talking Rock Land, LLC v. Inscription Canyon Ranch, LP, 2024 WL 1532685, at *6 (Ariz. 14 Ct. App. 2024). 15 “Arizona has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 213 (1981) as the 16 ‘general rule of contract law’ regarding integration clauses.” Dunn v. FastMed Urgent Care 17 PC, 424 P.3d 436, 440 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2018) (quoting Darner Motor Sales, Inc. v. 18 Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 682 P.2d 388, 397–98 (1984)). Section 213 of the 19 Restatement provides the following: 20 Where writings relating to the same subject matter are assented to as parts of one transaction, both form part of the integrated 21 agreement. Where an agreement is partly oral and partly written, the writing is at most a partially integrated agreement. 22 . . . Whether a binding agreement is completely integrated or partially integrated, it supersedes inconsistent terms of prior 23 agreements. To apply this rule, the court must make preliminary determinations that there is an integrated 24 agreement and that it is inconsistent with the term in question. Those determinations are made in accordance with all relevant 25 evidence, and require interpretation both of the integrated agreement and of the prior agreement. The existence of the 26 prior agreement may be a circumstance which sheds light on the meaning of the integrated agreement, but the integrated 27 agreement must be given a meaning to which its language is reasonably susceptible when read in the light of all the 28 circumstances. 1 Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 213 (1981) (citations omitted). The fundamental 2 question at issue, then, is whether the Oral Agreement relates to the same subject matter as 3 the Escrow Agreement and Closing Instructions; if so, if the Oral Agreement is inconsistent 4 with the terms of the Escrow Agreement and Closing Instructions, it is superseded by them. 5 Woodbridge asserts, in a conclusory manner, that “[t]he escrow process and 1031 6 exchange process are entirely separate.” (Doc. 50 at 6). However, as First American points 7 out, it is “a specious argument that the scope of First American’s duties concerning escrow 8 funds . . . does not encompass setting up a 1031 exchange even though Woodbridge’s 9 complaint is that First American did not set up a 1031 exchange account to receive the 10 Escrow Funds prior to closing.” (Doc. 52 at 2). Both the Escrow Agreement and the alleged 11 Oral Agreement pertain to First American’s responsibilities concerning the escrow funds 12 created by the sale of the Property, and the Escrow Agreement specifically tasks First 13 American with placing the escrow funds “in an interest bearing account at First American 14 Trust FSB” as opposed to, e.g., a 1031 exchange account. (Doc. 45-1 at 129). No reasonable 15 jury could find that the Oral Agreement pertained to different subject matter than the 16 Escrow Agreement and Closing Instructions; all three agreements set forth the scope of 17 First American’s duties regarding the proceeds of the sale of the property, whether they 18 were to be placed in a typical escrow account or a qualified 1031 exchange account. 19 Furthermore, the directive for First American to place the escrow funds in the specified 20 account would directly contradict any oral instruction or agreement requiring First 21 American to place the funds in a qualified 1031 exchange account. 22 Because the Oral Agreement pertains to the same subject matter as the Escrow 23 Agreement and Closing Instructions, the Escrow Agreement is a complete statement of the 24 parties’ engagements, and the Oral Agreement would contradict the written Escrow 25 Agreement, this Court agrees with First American that the alleged Oral Agreement was 26 superseded by the parties’ later agreements, and as such, there can be no viable breach of 27 contract claim for violations of the Oral Agreement. See S. H. Kress & Co. v. Evans, 189 28 P. 625, 626 (Ariz. 1920) (“The law is very firmly settled that when parties have put their 1 | engagements into writing in such terms as import a legal obligation without any uncertainty 2| as to the object or extent of such engagement, it is conclusively presumed that the whole 3] engagement of the parties, and the extent and manner of the undertaking was reduced to writing, and all oral testimony of a previous colloquium between the parties, or of 5 | conversations or declarations at the time it is completed, or afterwards, is rejected.”); see 6| also Grubb & Ellis Management Services, Inc. v. 407417 B.C., L.L.C., 138 P.3d 1210, 1213 7| (Ariz. Ct. App. 2006) (“A general principle of contract law is that when parties bind 8 | themselves by a lawful contract the terms of which are clear and unambiguous, a court must give effect to the contract as written.”’). 10 Accordingly, 11 IT IS ORDERED that Defendant First American Title Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 45) is granted. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment against 13 | Plaintiff and in favor of Defendant and terminate this action. 14 Dated this 3rd day of March, 2025. 15 16 7 LG 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28