FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT April 6, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court ARTHUR MCKEE WISEHART,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 20-1198 (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00021-MSK-NYW) ARTHUR DODSON WISEHART; (D. Colo.) WISEHART SPRINGS INN; CHARLES WINSTON WISEHART,
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McHUGH, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Arthur McKee Wisehart (AMW), pro se, 1 appeals the district court’s order
denying his motion for summary judgment and its order granting summary judgment
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We construe arguments by pro se parties liberally and recognize that they should be held to a less stringent standard than arguments drafted by an attorney. See, e.g., Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). AMW, however, alleged that he “is a 1954 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School, where he was an Assistant Editor of the Michigan Law Review [and] a member of the Order of the Coif.” R., Vol. 1 at 972. When an attorney chooses to represent himself, we for Arthur Dodson Wisehart (ADW), Charles Winston Wisehart (Winston), and
Wisehart Springs Inn (the Inn). AMW also appeals the denial of his motion to
disqualify defendants’ counsel. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2015, AMW filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of
New Jersey naming as defendants two of his sons, ADW and Winston, and the Inn, a
bed and breakfast operated by ADW and his wife. AMW’s pro se complaint alleged
that defendants were engaged in a racketeering enterprise to misappropriate property
that belonged to him and/or his wife, Carol C. Lipin (Lipin), including four parcels in
Delta County, Colorado (the Property). The Inn is located on the Property.
AMW filed an amended complaint in November 2016—the operative pleading
in this case. The amended complaint, which was again based on AMW’s alleged
ownership of the Property and defendants’ scheme to misappropriate it, contained
three claims for relief—two claims for violation of the Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and one claim for unjust enrichment.
do not extend the same liberal construction to his arguments. See, e.g., Comm. on the Conduct of Att’ys v. Oliver, 510 F.3d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir. 2007). But we need not decide whether to apply a liberal or standard construction because our conclusion would be the same under either construction.
2 A. The Amended Complaint
The Property is an asset of the Dorothy R. Wisehart Trust (the Trust), which
was created in 1987 by AMW’s mother and named Dorothy and AMW as co-trustees;
AMW’s wife, Elizabeth, and their four children, including ADW, were the income
beneficiaries. When Dorothy died in 1993, AMW became sole trustee. The Trust
agreement provided for the removal of any trustee and the appointment of a successor
trustee “by written request of not less than three-fourths of the current income
beneficiaries of the Trust.” R., Vol. 1 at 1190. In January 2010, four of the five
income beneficiaries—Elizabeth and three of AMW’s four children—executed a
document that removed AMW as sole trustee and appointed AMW and ADW as
co-trustees (Appointment of Co-Trustee). See id. at 1190-95. AMW, as contingent
beneficiary, approved ADW’s appointment as co-trustee. See id. at 1191.
Following Elizabeth’s death in 2013, AMW married Lipin in March 2015.
According to AMW, “on or about May 12, 2015,” he “terminated” the Trust and
recorded four warranty deeds “transferring” the Property to himself, id. at 986, and
then “on or about January 2, 2016,” he conveyed the Property by quit-claim deeds to
Lipin, id. at 964. AMW alleged that when ADW learned the Trust had been
terminated and Lipin owned the Property, ADW, Winston, and others, including their
attorneys, launched a “conspiratorial racketeering enterprise” based on fraudulent
concealment and fraud and deceit to regain ownership of the Property for the Trust,
id. at 975, which included two state-court suits to prevent AMW from conveying the
Property and other Trust assets to himself. According to AMW, the Appointment of
3 Co-Trustee was a “fabricated[] and false document . . . manufactured by [ADW and
Winston],” id. at 986, and even if it was not a fake, he was “fraudulently induced” to
sign the Appointment when he “was in his early eighties, and suffering medically
from a threatening hernia,” id. at 997.
In January 2018, AMW’s suit was transferred to the United States District
Court for the District of Colorado.
B. The Lipin Suit
In the meantime, Lipin was actively engaged in litigation involving the
Property. In 2016, she filed a trespass suit against ADW, his sister, Ellen Wisehart,
and their spouses, in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (the
Lipin suit). On February 12, 2018, the district court entered summary judgment for
defendants in an order that found (1) AMW and ADW were co-trustees of the Trust
pursuant to the Appointment of Co-Trustee, (2) AMW had no right as a co-trustee to
convey the Property to himself individually, and (3) AMW held no interest in the
Property when he quit-claimed his interest to Lipin. Lipin appealed.
C. Summary Judgment
In August 2018, while Lipin’s appeal was pending, AMW moved for summary
judgment. In a November 2018 order, the district court noted that ownership of the
Property was the subject of the order entered in Lipin’s suit on February 12, 2018,
and was currently on appeal. “Given the potential impact of such appeal in this
case,” the court directed “the parties [to] show cause . . . why this case should not be
administratively closed until the Tenth Circuit issues its ruling.” Id., Vol. 3 at 43.
4 But before the district court decided whether to close the case, this court issued its
decision in Lipin’s appeal, which “affirm[ed] the district court’s determination that
the Trust owns the Property.” Lipin v. Wisehart, 760 F. App’x 626, 635 (10th Cir.
2019) (per curiam). 2
On March 5, 2019, the district court denied AMW’s motion for summary
judgment. The court began its analysis by noting that although AMW sought
judgment on both his RICO and unjust enrichment claims, “the Motion is devoid of
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT April 6, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court ARTHUR MCKEE WISEHART,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 20-1198 (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00021-MSK-NYW) ARTHUR DODSON WISEHART; (D. Colo.) WISEHART SPRINGS INN; CHARLES WINSTON WISEHART,
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McHUGH, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Arthur McKee Wisehart (AMW), pro se, 1 appeals the district court’s order
denying his motion for summary judgment and its order granting summary judgment
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We construe arguments by pro se parties liberally and recognize that they should be held to a less stringent standard than arguments drafted by an attorney. See, e.g., Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). AMW, however, alleged that he “is a 1954 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School, where he was an Assistant Editor of the Michigan Law Review [and] a member of the Order of the Coif.” R., Vol. 1 at 972. When an attorney chooses to represent himself, we for Arthur Dodson Wisehart (ADW), Charles Winston Wisehart (Winston), and
Wisehart Springs Inn (the Inn). AMW also appeals the denial of his motion to
disqualify defendants’ counsel. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2015, AMW filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of
New Jersey naming as defendants two of his sons, ADW and Winston, and the Inn, a
bed and breakfast operated by ADW and his wife. AMW’s pro se complaint alleged
that defendants were engaged in a racketeering enterprise to misappropriate property
that belonged to him and/or his wife, Carol C. Lipin (Lipin), including four parcels in
Delta County, Colorado (the Property). The Inn is located on the Property.
AMW filed an amended complaint in November 2016—the operative pleading
in this case. The amended complaint, which was again based on AMW’s alleged
ownership of the Property and defendants’ scheme to misappropriate it, contained
three claims for relief—two claims for violation of the Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and one claim for unjust enrichment.
do not extend the same liberal construction to his arguments. See, e.g., Comm. on the Conduct of Att’ys v. Oliver, 510 F.3d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir. 2007). But we need not decide whether to apply a liberal or standard construction because our conclusion would be the same under either construction.
2 A. The Amended Complaint
The Property is an asset of the Dorothy R. Wisehart Trust (the Trust), which
was created in 1987 by AMW’s mother and named Dorothy and AMW as co-trustees;
AMW’s wife, Elizabeth, and their four children, including ADW, were the income
beneficiaries. When Dorothy died in 1993, AMW became sole trustee. The Trust
agreement provided for the removal of any trustee and the appointment of a successor
trustee “by written request of not less than three-fourths of the current income
beneficiaries of the Trust.” R., Vol. 1 at 1190. In January 2010, four of the five
income beneficiaries—Elizabeth and three of AMW’s four children—executed a
document that removed AMW as sole trustee and appointed AMW and ADW as
co-trustees (Appointment of Co-Trustee). See id. at 1190-95. AMW, as contingent
beneficiary, approved ADW’s appointment as co-trustee. See id. at 1191.
Following Elizabeth’s death in 2013, AMW married Lipin in March 2015.
According to AMW, “on or about May 12, 2015,” he “terminated” the Trust and
recorded four warranty deeds “transferring” the Property to himself, id. at 986, and
then “on or about January 2, 2016,” he conveyed the Property by quit-claim deeds to
Lipin, id. at 964. AMW alleged that when ADW learned the Trust had been
terminated and Lipin owned the Property, ADW, Winston, and others, including their
attorneys, launched a “conspiratorial racketeering enterprise” based on fraudulent
concealment and fraud and deceit to regain ownership of the Property for the Trust,
id. at 975, which included two state-court suits to prevent AMW from conveying the
Property and other Trust assets to himself. According to AMW, the Appointment of
3 Co-Trustee was a “fabricated[] and false document . . . manufactured by [ADW and
Winston],” id. at 986, and even if it was not a fake, he was “fraudulently induced” to
sign the Appointment when he “was in his early eighties, and suffering medically
from a threatening hernia,” id. at 997.
In January 2018, AMW’s suit was transferred to the United States District
Court for the District of Colorado.
B. The Lipin Suit
In the meantime, Lipin was actively engaged in litigation involving the
Property. In 2016, she filed a trespass suit against ADW, his sister, Ellen Wisehart,
and their spouses, in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (the
Lipin suit). On February 12, 2018, the district court entered summary judgment for
defendants in an order that found (1) AMW and ADW were co-trustees of the Trust
pursuant to the Appointment of Co-Trustee, (2) AMW had no right as a co-trustee to
convey the Property to himself individually, and (3) AMW held no interest in the
Property when he quit-claimed his interest to Lipin. Lipin appealed.
C. Summary Judgment
In August 2018, while Lipin’s appeal was pending, AMW moved for summary
judgment. In a November 2018 order, the district court noted that ownership of the
Property was the subject of the order entered in Lipin’s suit on February 12, 2018,
and was currently on appeal. “Given the potential impact of such appeal in this
case,” the court directed “the parties [to] show cause . . . why this case should not be
administratively closed until the Tenth Circuit issues its ruling.” Id., Vol. 3 at 43.
4 But before the district court decided whether to close the case, this court issued its
decision in Lipin’s appeal, which “affirm[ed] the district court’s determination that
the Trust owns the Property.” Lipin v. Wisehart, 760 F. App’x 626, 635 (10th Cir.
2019) (per curiam). 2
On March 5, 2019, the district court denied AMW’s motion for summary
judgment. The court began its analysis by noting that although AMW sought
judgment on both his RICO and unjust enrichment claims, “the Motion is devoid of
any mention or support for the claim based on unjust enrichment.” R., Vol. 3 at 674.
It then turned to the RICO claims, which were “based on the predicate offenses of
‘fraudulent concealment’ and ‘fraud and deceit.’” Id. at 673.
The district court explained that to prevail on a RICO claim, among other
things, “a plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence at least two
predicate acts of racketeering activity . . ., [which] includes a variety of federal and
state criminal offenses [listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)].” Id. at 675 (brackets and
internal quotation marks omitted). The court found that AMW was not entitled to
summary judgment because he “identifies no specific predicate offense that
constitutes racketeering and he fails to provide evidence of specific conduct that
might fit within the scope of a predicate offense. Instead, he alleges in conclusory
2 In March 2019, Lipin filed a second pro se suit concerning the Property. The district court dismissed the case on the grounds of issue preclusion, and we affirmed. See Lipin v. Wisehart Springs Inn, Inc., No. 20-1007, 2021 WL 140767, at *3 (10th Cir. Jan. 15, 2021).
5 form that the Defendants engaged in ‘fraudulent concealment’ and ‘fraud and
deceit[,]’” neither of which are listed as predicate offenses in § 1961(1).
Id. at 675-76.
At the same time, the district court noted Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
56(f)(3), which provides that after giving notice and an opportunity to respond, “the
court may . . . consider summary judgment on its own after identifying for the parties
material facts that may not be genuinely in dispute.” The court invoked Rule 56(f)(3)
and informed AMW that judgment would enter against him unless he “come[s]
forward with evidence sufficient to establish a prima facie case for [his RICO]
claims.” R., Vol. 3 at 677.
AMW filed a response; however, the district court found it was deficient
because it failed to identify any cognizable predicate offenses or evidence of conduct
that might fit within the scope of an enumerated offense. In particular, the court
noted that AMW relied on “a listing of 16 docket numbers” that did not contain any
evidence relevant “to the issues raised by the Court in its March 5 Order.” Id. at 953
n.1. Therefore, the court granted summary judgment to defendants.
AMW appeals the orders that denied (1) his motion for summary judgment and
granted summary judgment to defendants and (2) his motion to disqualify
defendants’ counsel.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review summary judgment decisions de novo, applying the same legal
standard as the district court.” May v. Segovia, 929 F.3d 1223, 1234 (10th Cir. 2019)
6 (internal quotation marks omitted). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a),
summary judgment is appropriate if “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” And under Rule 56(f)(3), “[a]fter . . . notice and . . . time to respond, the court
may . . . consider summary judgment on its own after identifying for the parties
material facts that may not genuinely be in dispute.”
A party’s positions concerning material facts are established by citation to
“particular parts of materials in the record.” May, 929 F.3d at 1234 (internal
quotation marks omitted). “Once the moving party has identified a lack of a genuine
issue of material fact, the nonmoving party has the burden to cite to specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). “Unsubstantiated allegations carry no probative weight in summary
judgment proceedings.” Bones v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 366 F.3d 869, 875 (10th Cir.
2004).
“We review a district court’s decision on a motion to disqualify counsel for
abuse of discretion.” Chavez v. New Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 839 (10th Cir. 2005).
“A district court abuses its discretion if its decision is arbitrary, capricious,
whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.” Bylin v. Billings, 568 F.3d 1224, 1229
(10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
7 III. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Disqualify Counsel
In August 2018, AMW filed a renewed motion to disqualify defendants’
counsel on the grounds that the attorney (1) was engaged in unethical conduct,
(2) had aided and abetted defendants’ fraud through various court filings, (3) had a
conflict of interest, and (4) was a necessary witness at trial. The magistrate judge
denied the motion in an order dated October 16, 2018. See R., Vol. 2 at 1015-24.
The magistrate judge found that “[a]s the moving party, [AMW] has the
burden of establishing the grounds for disqualification,” and noted that “courts have
historically been highly cynical of motions to disqualify opposing counsel, [because]
such motions are often dilatory or tactical devices.” Id. at 1018 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The court then carefully examined each of AMW’s claims and found
there was no evidence to support them; “[r]ather, it appears that [defendants’
counsel] simply takes positions contrary to [AMW’s] position and presents the facts
in a light favorable to [his clients], which does not constitute grounds for
disqualification.” Id. at 1022. It also found that the issue of whether counsel was a
necessary witness was premature.
In a rambling argument, AMW cites a sprinkling of cases and rules that have
no relevance to whether the decision to deny his motion to disqualify was an abuse of
discretion. AMW’s failure to adequately brief the issue means that we will not
consider it on appeal. See Holmes v. Colo. Coal. for the Homeless Long Term
Disability Plan, 762 F.3d 1195, 1199 (10th Cir. 2014) (declining to consider
8 arguments on appeal that were inadequately briefed); Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d
1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994) (declining to consider “a few scattered statements”
and “perfunctory” arguments that failed to develop an issue).
B. The RICO Claims
To prove a RICO claim, a plaintiff must show “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise
(3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” Robbins v. Wilkie, 300 F.3d 1208,
1210 (10th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Racketeering activity is
“any act in violation of specified state and federal crimes.” Resol. Tr. Corp. v. Stone,
998 F.2d 1534, 1543 (10th Cir. 1993). The specified crimes are found at 18 U.S.C.
§ 1961(1). In turn, “[a] pattern requires at least two predicate acts.” Bixler v. Foster,
596 F.3d 751, 761 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
On appeal, AMW fails to discuss the elements of a RICO claim, including the
requirement of at least two predicate acts of racketeering activity; instead, he ignores
these requirements and continues to insist that “the Judgment . . . is required to be
reversed and vacated because it was procured by fraud.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 40.
This argument ignores the law and the grounds on which the district court resolved
summary judgment—that neither “fraudulent concealment” nor “fraud and deceit”
are among the predicate offenses listed in § 1961, and that AMW failed to come
forward with evidence of any other conduct that might fit within the scope of a
cognizable predicate offense. Once again, AMW’s failure to adequately brief the
issue means that we will not consider it on appeal. See Holmes, 762 F.3d at 1199;
Murrell, 43 F.3d at 1389 n.2.
9 IV. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is affirmed. We deny the parties’ respective
motions to take judicial notice.
Entered for the Court
Joel M. Carson III Circuit Judge