MR. JUSTICE JOHN C. HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the court.
This appeal is from an award granting attorney fees arising out of an action on an agreement between Julius H. Winer, M.D. and Martin M. Even, M.D., plaintiffs and appellants herein, and the Jonal Corporation, an entity organized under the laws of Montana, its president Allen R. Blum, and its vice-president John G. Swinford, defendants and respondents herein. Several other parties were named and joined to the action for various reasons, among them defendants William K. and Francis G. Strickfaden; attorney Paul Kallman representing Blum and appearing pro se; and two other Montana corporations, Midwest Pacific Development Company and the Western States Sales Company. Two others, Robert and Dorothy Jean Paulin were parties to a related contract with the Jonal Corporation, and were joined as defendants as necessary and proper parties.
On March 10, 1970, Winer and Even executed a written agreement providing for a loan to the Jonal Corporation in the amount of $51,000 on a five year promissory note. The note was to be secured by an undivided one-half interest in certain real property located in Billings, Montana. At about the same time, Robert and Dorothy Paulin agreen to loan Jonal Corporation $52,500 on an identical note secured by the remaining undivided one-half interest in that same real property.
In late 1971, Winer and Even were contacted by Blum and informed the Jonal Corporation was experiencing serious financial difficulty. This began a series of negotiations which, on February 25, 1972, culminated in an agreement cancelling
the promissory notes of 1970 and replacing them with a promissory note in the amount of $137,500. This note represented an obligation owed by Western State Sales Company to William K. Strickfaden. The note had been assigned by Strickfaden to Midwest Pacific Development Company, the parent of Jonal Corporation a wholly owned subsidiary.
Several days prior to the execution of this new agreement, Strickfaden filed a suit in federal district court together with a notice of lis pendens, against Jonal Corporation, Midwest. Pacific Development Company, Blum and Swinford. These documents referred to the same property as that described in the original agreement of March 10, 1970, and purported to restrain the sale or transfer of that property pending the outcome of the litigation. The suit was settled several months later by a stipulation which also transferred control of Jonal Corporation to Strickfaden.
On December 15, 1972, Winer and Even and Paulins issued a satisfaction of the mortgage securing the new agreement in exchange for the sum of $100,000.
On July 28, 1972, Winer and Even filed in the district court, Yellowstone County, this action to recover damages for breach of contract and for fraud and conspiracy. Other forms of relief were also requested, among them rescission, foreclosure of an equitable lien and legal mortgage, specific performance and reformation. Trial was had on September 17 and 18, 1974, before the court sitting without a jury. The court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law supported defendants and denied all relief to plaintiffs. Judgment was entered on October 8, 1974.
Appellants Winer and Even are residents of California, as are respondents Blum, Swinford, Kallman, and the Paulins. Respondents Strickfaden are residents of Colorado. No conflicts of law issues have been raised.
Appellants challenge certain findings and conclusions of the district court regarding the award of attorney fees. In
paragraph 10 of the substituted agreement of February 25, 1972, this statement appears:
“10. In the event that suit is brought to enforce this Agreement or any provision thereof the prevailing party shall receive from the adverse party such attorney’s fees as the Court deems reasonable.”
In the context of this provision, the district court found reasonable attorney fees and expenses incurred by these attorneys: Paul Kallman — $3,500; James N. Barber — $1,250; Thomas Towe — $1,000; Gary Wilcox — $675. The district court in its finding of fact No. 26 found:
“That the Defendant Paul Kallman, had he not been an attorney himself, would have had to employ an attorney to defend him in this action and that he is entitled to be paid * * * even though he acted as his own attorney.”
Appellants first contend that the award of attorney fees to respondent Paul Kallman, a licensed California attorney, and representing Blum, was improper. They point out the general rule as adopted by this Court, that in the absence of contractual agreement or specific statutory authority, attorney fees are not recoverable as costs by the prevailing party.
Nikles v. Barnes,
153 Mont. 113, 454 P.2d 608;
Stalcup v. Montana Trailer Sales &
Equipment
Co.,
146 Mont. 494, 409 P.2d 542;
Kintner v. Harr,
146 Mont. 461, 408 P.2d 487; In re Mickich’s Estate, 114 Mont. 258, 136 P.2d 223. It is suggested by appellants that their action against respondents Blum and Kallman sounds in tort and not in contract, since appellants’ claims against them were based on allegations of fraud. This claim clearly has no merit, nor is it consistent, especially in view of appellants’ consistent requests for attorney fees in all counts of their pleadings at the trial level.
The district court’s findings regarding the award of attorney fees are also challenged on grounds that an attorney who appears in propria persona may not be awarded his own attorney fee. In support of this position, appellants cite several
California cases:
O’Connel v. Zimmerman,
157 Cal.App.2d 330, 321 P.2d 161;
City of Long Beach v. Sten,
206 Cal. 473; 274 P. 968;
City of Los Angeles v. Hunt,
8 Cal.App.2d 401, 47 P.2d 1075.
While these cases support the rule for which they are cited, appellants neglect to comment upon the line of cases which stand for the exact opposite. The better rule is that a party who appears for himself, and is himself an attorney or counselor at law, is entitled to be awarded the same costs as he would be entitled to had he employed another. The rule and supporting authority is reviewed at 5 Am.&Eng.Annot.Cases "834, and the rationale stated therein derives from the application of plain common sense:
“* * * It can make no difference to the defeated party, who is by law bound to pay the costs of the attorney of the prevailing party * * * whether that attorney is the prevailing party himself or another attorney employed by him.
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MR. JUSTICE JOHN C. HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the court.
This appeal is from an award granting attorney fees arising out of an action on an agreement between Julius H. Winer, M.D. and Martin M. Even, M.D., plaintiffs and appellants herein, and the Jonal Corporation, an entity organized under the laws of Montana, its president Allen R. Blum, and its vice-president John G. Swinford, defendants and respondents herein. Several other parties were named and joined to the action for various reasons, among them defendants William K. and Francis G. Strickfaden; attorney Paul Kallman representing Blum and appearing pro se; and two other Montana corporations, Midwest Pacific Development Company and the Western States Sales Company. Two others, Robert and Dorothy Jean Paulin were parties to a related contract with the Jonal Corporation, and were joined as defendants as necessary and proper parties.
On March 10, 1970, Winer and Even executed a written agreement providing for a loan to the Jonal Corporation in the amount of $51,000 on a five year promissory note. The note was to be secured by an undivided one-half interest in certain real property located in Billings, Montana. At about the same time, Robert and Dorothy Paulin agreen to loan Jonal Corporation $52,500 on an identical note secured by the remaining undivided one-half interest in that same real property.
In late 1971, Winer and Even were contacted by Blum and informed the Jonal Corporation was experiencing serious financial difficulty. This began a series of negotiations which, on February 25, 1972, culminated in an agreement cancelling
the promissory notes of 1970 and replacing them with a promissory note in the amount of $137,500. This note represented an obligation owed by Western State Sales Company to William K. Strickfaden. The note had been assigned by Strickfaden to Midwest Pacific Development Company, the parent of Jonal Corporation a wholly owned subsidiary.
Several days prior to the execution of this new agreement, Strickfaden filed a suit in federal district court together with a notice of lis pendens, against Jonal Corporation, Midwest. Pacific Development Company, Blum and Swinford. These documents referred to the same property as that described in the original agreement of March 10, 1970, and purported to restrain the sale or transfer of that property pending the outcome of the litigation. The suit was settled several months later by a stipulation which also transferred control of Jonal Corporation to Strickfaden.
On December 15, 1972, Winer and Even and Paulins issued a satisfaction of the mortgage securing the new agreement in exchange for the sum of $100,000.
On July 28, 1972, Winer and Even filed in the district court, Yellowstone County, this action to recover damages for breach of contract and for fraud and conspiracy. Other forms of relief were also requested, among them rescission, foreclosure of an equitable lien and legal mortgage, specific performance and reformation. Trial was had on September 17 and 18, 1974, before the court sitting without a jury. The court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law supported defendants and denied all relief to plaintiffs. Judgment was entered on October 8, 1974.
Appellants Winer and Even are residents of California, as are respondents Blum, Swinford, Kallman, and the Paulins. Respondents Strickfaden are residents of Colorado. No conflicts of law issues have been raised.
Appellants challenge certain findings and conclusions of the district court regarding the award of attorney fees. In
paragraph 10 of the substituted agreement of February 25, 1972, this statement appears:
“10. In the event that suit is brought to enforce this Agreement or any provision thereof the prevailing party shall receive from the adverse party such attorney’s fees as the Court deems reasonable.”
In the context of this provision, the district court found reasonable attorney fees and expenses incurred by these attorneys: Paul Kallman — $3,500; James N. Barber — $1,250; Thomas Towe — $1,000; Gary Wilcox — $675. The district court in its finding of fact No. 26 found:
“That the Defendant Paul Kallman, had he not been an attorney himself, would have had to employ an attorney to defend him in this action and that he is entitled to be paid * * * even though he acted as his own attorney.”
Appellants first contend that the award of attorney fees to respondent Paul Kallman, a licensed California attorney, and representing Blum, was improper. They point out the general rule as adopted by this Court, that in the absence of contractual agreement or specific statutory authority, attorney fees are not recoverable as costs by the prevailing party.
Nikles v. Barnes,
153 Mont. 113, 454 P.2d 608;
Stalcup v. Montana Trailer Sales &
Equipment
Co.,
146 Mont. 494, 409 P.2d 542;
Kintner v. Harr,
146 Mont. 461, 408 P.2d 487; In re Mickich’s Estate, 114 Mont. 258, 136 P.2d 223. It is suggested by appellants that their action against respondents Blum and Kallman sounds in tort and not in contract, since appellants’ claims against them were based on allegations of fraud. This claim clearly has no merit, nor is it consistent, especially in view of appellants’ consistent requests for attorney fees in all counts of their pleadings at the trial level.
The district court’s findings regarding the award of attorney fees are also challenged on grounds that an attorney who appears in propria persona may not be awarded his own attorney fee. In support of this position, appellants cite several
California cases:
O’Connel v. Zimmerman,
157 Cal.App.2d 330, 321 P.2d 161;
City of Long Beach v. Sten,
206 Cal. 473; 274 P. 968;
City of Los Angeles v. Hunt,
8 Cal.App.2d 401, 47 P.2d 1075.
While these cases support the rule for which they are cited, appellants neglect to comment upon the line of cases which stand for the exact opposite. The better rule is that a party who appears for himself, and is himself an attorney or counselor at law, is entitled to be awarded the same costs as he would be entitled to had he employed another. The rule and supporting authority is reviewed at 5 Am.&Eng.Annot.Cases "834, and the rationale stated therein derives from the application of plain common sense:
“* * * It can make no difference to the defeated party, who is by law bound to pay the costs of the attorney of the prevailing party * * * whether that attorney is the prevailing party himself or another attorney employed by him. He, like any other professional man, is paid for his time and services, and if he renders them in the management and trial of his own cause it may amount to as much pecuniary loss or damage to him as if he paid another attorney for doing it. * * *”
See also 20 Am.Jur.2d, Costs § 78.
The district court’s finding No. 26 is amply supported in both law and policy, and was therefore not error.
Appellants also attack the district court’s actions regarding the award of attorney fees as being in excess of its jurisdiction under section 93-2023, R.C.M.1947, which provides:
“It shall be unlawful for any court within this state to allow attorneys’ fees in any action or proceeding before said court in which attorneys’ fees are allowed by law to either party to such action or proceedings, when such party is represented by anyone other than a duly admitted or licensed attorney at law.”
This Court first construed the provision cited above in 1923. It was held that an attorney who has not been licensed to practice
in the state of Montana may not recover attorney fees, although district courts may still permit such attorneys to conduct a particular case.
Vaill v. Northern Pacific Railway Co.,
66 Mont. 301, 213 P. 446. This view has been examined and adopted by a number of other jurisdictions. See Annot., 11 A.L.R.3d 907.
An opposing view has evolved from
Brooks v. Volunteer Harbor No. 4,
233 Mass. 168, 123 N.E. 511, 4 A.L.R. 1086, wherein it was held that an attorney licensed in one state may recover for services rendered in a state in which he is not duly licensed, if he initially discloses that fact to his client and further informs him of the necessity to associate with local counsel. This is a rule which, in all fairness, we feel impelled to adopt. We find that such an interpretation is better suited to the modern practice of law and in the interests of promoting comity between the states. Such a rule is particularly appropriate in cases such as the instant one, where the attorney in question is a member in good standing of the California Bar. Under these circumstances, neither the spirit nor the intent of section 93-2023, regulating the right to practice law in this state, has been violated.
These statements appear in
Freeling v. Tucker,
49 Idaho 475, 289 P. 85, 86, regarding the purpose of statutes such as Montana’s section 93-2023:
“* * * The statutes above referred to governing admission to the bar in this state, requiring a license to practice law in this jurisdiction and providing a penalty for violation of their provisions, are obviously aimed at persons who hold themselves out as qualified to, or actually carry on the business of practicing law in this jurisdiction without the proper credentials so to do, in flagrant disregard of the requirements. Respondent has not offended the spirit or intention of these statutes, the facts of this case showing it to be one calling for the application of the rule permitting an attorney from a sister state, regularly admitted and licensed to practice therein, to make appearance in the courts of this state, as a matter of comity, incident to the
disposition of a particular matter isolated from his usual practice in the state of his residence.”
Vaill v. Northern Pacific Railway Co.,
supra, must be overruled.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES CASTLES, HASWELL and DALY concur.