SEVERENS, District Judge,
having stated the case generally as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
By the twentieth of the sailing rules prescribed by section 4233 of the Revised Statutes (article 17 of the revised international regulations; Act March 3,1885), it is provided that, when a steamer meets a sailing vessel under circumstances where a collision is to be guarded against, the steamer is bound to keep out of the way of the sailing vessel; and when it is shown that she has not done so, and a collision has occurred, a presumption arises that the steamer was at fault. The Oregon v. Rocca, 18 How. 570; Steamship Co. v. Rumball, 21 How. 372; The Fannie, 11 Wall. 238; The Carroll, 8 Wall. -304; The'Pennland, 23 Fed. 551. That presumption applies to the present case, and fastens the liability for the injury which occurred upon the steamer, unless it is shown that the accident happened, not through the disregard of the rule by the steamer, but in consequence of the violation by the schooner of the duty which devolved on her in the situation in which the-respective vessels were, or by inevitable accident. The learned district judge held that the burden of proof imposed upon the claimants by the operation of the above-mentioned rule was sustained, and came to the conclusion, upon the testimony, that the steamer was not chargeable with fault contributing to the collision, which, as he thought, was solely due to the negligence and mismanagement of the schooner.
Under some circumstances, we would appreciate more fully the disadvantage we are under from being unable to see the witnesses and attend to their manner of delivering testimony; but in the present case there are certain leading facts about which there is no [291]*291serious dispute, and from which we think controlling inferences ought justly to be drawn.
We will first consider the conduct of the steamer. When her captain was first required to pay attention to the schooner, the steamer was moving up the channel in the middle or a little to the north side, a safe distance away, with ample opportunity to make the necessary preparation for passing. The weather was clear, and it was broad daylight. The schooner was over his port bow, well down in Waiskabay,bearingnortheasterlyunder a strong northwesterly wind, and headed towards the entrance of the channel between the buoys, directly in front of him. He saw that she was “loaded deep,” as he says, and he saw that she was so low down to the southeast in the bay that, as she came up to enter the channel, she must accomplish a sharp turn, and might need a good deal of sea room before she could make the turn and get straightened down, and he must have recognized her right to come down in such part of the channel as she found necessary. He was by his own account in this situation when he checked the speed of his engine, and then ordered it stopped, to enable him to see what the schooner was “intending to do,” and to determine his own course,—a very proper precaution. Then, on seeing the schooner making preparations for turning into the channel, by taking down her mainsail and beginning to pay off from her course on a port wheel, instead of stopping or going slowly, as his situation permitted, until the; schooner had come in and had taken her course down, he rang up the engine to put on full steam, ported a little, and moved up into the jaws of Hie entrance on the north side of the middle, reaching there just at the moment when the schooner was performing the most difficult part of her movement. We are of opinion that, this was not a compliance with the rule which required him to keep out of the way of the sailing vessel. It was a case where, as it seems to us, he was bound to the utmost circumspection.
The measure of the obligation of a steamer when such danger of meeting exists is thus stated by the supreme court in The Carroll. 8 Wall. 302-300. Having referred to the rules prescribed for such a case, it is said:
“They require, when a steamship and sailing' vessel are approaching from opposite directions, or on intersecting lines, that tlie steamship, from the moment the sailing vessel is seen, shall with the utmost diligence watch her course and movements, so as to he aide to adopt such timely measures of precaution as will necessarily prevent the two boats coming in contact.”
And in the case of The Falcon, 19 Wall. 75, the court again repeat the rule in the following language:
“It was the duty of the steamer to see the schooner as soon as she could be seen, to watch her progress and direction, to take into account all the circumstances of the situation, and -so to govern herself as to guard against peril to either Vessel.” “The general tendency of the authorities is to enforce the duty of great caution and unremitting vigilance on the part of those engaged in the navigation of vessels propelled by steam.” Ward v. Ogdensburgh, Newb. 139, 154, 5 McLean, 622, Fed. Cas. No. 17,158.
Evidence was offered to show that the captain of the Iron Chief was uncertain about the intentions of the Card when he first saw [292]*292her on her last course across the bay, his judgment rather inclining to the conclusion that she was going up the bay into Lake Superior; and it seems to have been supposed that this uncertainty might have some bearing upon the question whether he exercised due precaution in his movements. We cannot see in the evidence any good reason for the impression which he says he had. But, as he acknowledges that he was in doubt, a situation existed by his own confession into which he could not blindly run. But this is of little moment. It is perfectly clear that he was fully advised of the schooner’s purpose to come down the channel while he yet had time to regulate his own course so that she could pass in safety. The statement in his testimony that, if he had remained where he was, a collision must have occurred, appears to us to have no foundation. By his own account, he was then some 1,200 feet below the entrance of the channel, and there was full opportunity for the schooner to have resumed her course before meeting- him. We are therefore constrained to a different conclusion from that of the district judge, and hold that the steamer was in fault.
In respect to the conduct of the Card, we are unable to find sufficient ground for holding her blamable. The steamer being convicted of a plain violation of the legal rule, and thereby bringing on the collision, her countercharge that the other party was guilty of misconduct contributing to it ought to be clearly made out.
The principal grounds upon which the conduct of the schooner is censured by the court below and by the counsel at the hearing, on appeal are two. The first in their order is that the schooner should have gone to the southward of the usually navigated channel, and passed through an open spread of shallower water, but yet deep-enough for her, and through which vessels occasionally went. It is urged that she should have done this because she was so low down in the bay that it was difficult and might lead to embarrassment if she attempted to go up and turn nearly at right angles, as she must, into the channel, and that she was blamable for needlessly taking a course which invited risk of collision. We may observe in passing that this suggestion of a risk of collision re-enforces the charge of the libelant that the movement in which his vessel was engaged was of such a nature as to impose upon the steamer the duty of great caution. But it cannot be said that the schooner was in fault in taking the well-known navigated channel.
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SEVERENS, District Judge,
having stated the case generally as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
By the twentieth of the sailing rules prescribed by section 4233 of the Revised Statutes (article 17 of the revised international regulations; Act March 3,1885), it is provided that, when a steamer meets a sailing vessel under circumstances where a collision is to be guarded against, the steamer is bound to keep out of the way of the sailing vessel; and when it is shown that she has not done so, and a collision has occurred, a presumption arises that the steamer was at fault. The Oregon v. Rocca, 18 How. 570; Steamship Co. v. Rumball, 21 How. 372; The Fannie, 11 Wall. 238; The Carroll, 8 Wall. -304; The'Pennland, 23 Fed. 551. That presumption applies to the present case, and fastens the liability for the injury which occurred upon the steamer, unless it is shown that the accident happened, not through the disregard of the rule by the steamer, but in consequence of the violation by the schooner of the duty which devolved on her in the situation in which the-respective vessels were, or by inevitable accident. The learned district judge held that the burden of proof imposed upon the claimants by the operation of the above-mentioned rule was sustained, and came to the conclusion, upon the testimony, that the steamer was not chargeable with fault contributing to the collision, which, as he thought, was solely due to the negligence and mismanagement of the schooner.
Under some circumstances, we would appreciate more fully the disadvantage we are under from being unable to see the witnesses and attend to their manner of delivering testimony; but in the present case there are certain leading facts about which there is no [291]*291serious dispute, and from which we think controlling inferences ought justly to be drawn.
We will first consider the conduct of the steamer. When her captain was first required to pay attention to the schooner, the steamer was moving up the channel in the middle or a little to the north side, a safe distance away, with ample opportunity to make the necessary preparation for passing. The weather was clear, and it was broad daylight. The schooner was over his port bow, well down in Waiskabay,bearingnortheasterlyunder a strong northwesterly wind, and headed towards the entrance of the channel between the buoys, directly in front of him. He saw that she was “loaded deep,” as he says, and he saw that she was so low down to the southeast in the bay that, as she came up to enter the channel, she must accomplish a sharp turn, and might need a good deal of sea room before she could make the turn and get straightened down, and he must have recognized her right to come down in such part of the channel as she found necessary. He was by his own account in this situation when he checked the speed of his engine, and then ordered it stopped, to enable him to see what the schooner was “intending to do,” and to determine his own course,—a very proper precaution. Then, on seeing the schooner making preparations for turning into the channel, by taking down her mainsail and beginning to pay off from her course on a port wheel, instead of stopping or going slowly, as his situation permitted, until the; schooner had come in and had taken her course down, he rang up the engine to put on full steam, ported a little, and moved up into the jaws of Hie entrance on the north side of the middle, reaching there just at the moment when the schooner was performing the most difficult part of her movement. We are of opinion that, this was not a compliance with the rule which required him to keep out of the way of the sailing vessel. It was a case where, as it seems to us, he was bound to the utmost circumspection.
The measure of the obligation of a steamer when such danger of meeting exists is thus stated by the supreme court in The Carroll. 8 Wall. 302-300. Having referred to the rules prescribed for such a case, it is said:
“They require, when a steamship and sailing' vessel are approaching from opposite directions, or on intersecting lines, that tlie steamship, from the moment the sailing vessel is seen, shall with the utmost diligence watch her course and movements, so as to he aide to adopt such timely measures of precaution as will necessarily prevent the two boats coming in contact.”
And in the case of The Falcon, 19 Wall. 75, the court again repeat the rule in the following language:
“It was the duty of the steamer to see the schooner as soon as she could be seen, to watch her progress and direction, to take into account all the circumstances of the situation, and -so to govern herself as to guard against peril to either Vessel.” “The general tendency of the authorities is to enforce the duty of great caution and unremitting vigilance on the part of those engaged in the navigation of vessels propelled by steam.” Ward v. Ogdensburgh, Newb. 139, 154, 5 McLean, 622, Fed. Cas. No. 17,158.
Evidence was offered to show that the captain of the Iron Chief was uncertain about the intentions of the Card when he first saw [292]*292her on her last course across the bay, his judgment rather inclining to the conclusion that she was going up the bay into Lake Superior; and it seems to have been supposed that this uncertainty might have some bearing upon the question whether he exercised due precaution in his movements. We cannot see in the evidence any good reason for the impression which he says he had. But, as he acknowledges that he was in doubt, a situation existed by his own confession into which he could not blindly run. But this is of little moment. It is perfectly clear that he was fully advised of the schooner’s purpose to come down the channel while he yet had time to regulate his own course so that she could pass in safety. The statement in his testimony that, if he had remained where he was, a collision must have occurred, appears to us to have no foundation. By his own account, he was then some 1,200 feet below the entrance of the channel, and there was full opportunity for the schooner to have resumed her course before meeting- him. We are therefore constrained to a different conclusion from that of the district judge, and hold that the steamer was in fault.
In respect to the conduct of the Card, we are unable to find sufficient ground for holding her blamable. The steamer being convicted of a plain violation of the legal rule, and thereby bringing on the collision, her countercharge that the other party was guilty of misconduct contributing to it ought to be clearly made out.
The principal grounds upon which the conduct of the schooner is censured by the court below and by the counsel at the hearing, on appeal are two. The first in their order is that the schooner should have gone to the southward of the usually navigated channel, and passed through an open spread of shallower water, but yet deep-enough for her, and through which vessels occasionally went. It is urged that she should have done this because she was so low down in the bay that it was difficult and might lead to embarrassment if she attempted to go up and turn nearly at right angles, as she must, into the channel, and that she was blamable for needlessly taking a course which invited risk of collision. We may observe in passing that this suggestion of a risk of collision re-enforces the charge of the libelant that the movement in which his vessel was engaged was of such a nature as to impose upon the steamer the duty of great caution. But it cannot be said that the schooner was in fault in taking the well-known navigated channel. It was the one marked out on the government chart and directions for sailing, and on the land and water by the beacons, stakes, and buoys placed there for the purpose of furnishing guides for navigation. The schooner had the same privilege to navigate the channel that the steamer had; and, while the situation was such as to require from both parties a careful attention to their respective duties, there was no such risk of collision, when she attempted to go down the channel, as to warrant the imputation that she was guilty of misconduct in claiming and exorcising her common right, and she was justified in expecting from the steamer that she would carefully continue to watch the schooner’s movements until all danger should be passed.
[293]*293The learned district judge, in his opinion, which is printed in the record, held that there was nothing in the situation to make the passage hazardous, and in this we concur with him.
The oilier ground of censure' taken in behalf of respondent against the Card, and one more strongly maintained (luto any other by counsel for the claimant, is that the schooner did not observe the duty which belonged to her, in that she did not keep her course, as she was bound to do by the twenty-third rule of section 4233, Kev. St. (article 22 of the regulations of March 3, 1885). This rule, while if has more general apjilieation to vessels standing on a direct course, yet undoubtedly applies to one moving on a circular or swinging course, under circumstance's where it may reasonably be supposed that the swinging is intended to be for a time maintained until the general course of the vessel can he resumed. And the rule itself is subject to such modification as the necessities of navigation require. In the case of The John L. Hasbrouek, 93 17. S. 405, which arose from a collision on the Hudson river between a steamer coming up and a sloop going down, Mr. Justice Clifford, in discussing the application of the rule in regard to sailing vessels navigating a channel where it is necessary to go around the projections from the hanks or avoid any other impediment to a straight course, or when from any other cause deviations are necessary, says:
“Variations of tlie kind in the course of the vessel are allowable, because they cannot be avoided without imminent danger of immediate destruction; nor is a sailing vessel under such circumstances forbidden to yield to such a necessity, even though those in charge of her deck are aware at the time that a steamer is coming tip the river on a course which involves risk of collision, if it appears that a change of course is reasonably necessary to prevent 1he sailing vessel from running- into the bank, or encountering any other natural obstruction to the navigation. Necessary changes made in the course of the voyage to avoid such obstructions are not violations of the sailing- rule which requires the sailing vessel to keep her course whenever an approaching steamer is required to keep out of the way.”
In the present case, the schooner, having a right to shape her course towards such portion of the opening of the channel as she should find necessary or convenient in order to go down, and expecting the steamer to look out for her movements and keep out of the way, took down her mainsail, put her helm hard a-port, and swung- off to starboard. The extent to which she was swinging was presumably watched and estimated by the steamer. The" latter then moved rapidly up the channel, and, going somewhat to the northward of the center of the channel, passed directly across the hows of the schooner, and almost at right angles with her. It is charged that the schooner, although for a time she swung or paid ofí’ as she should in order to get by, yet, when the steamer was almost passing, suddenly ceased to swing off, and, starhoarding her helm, forged ahead into the steamer. There is a degree of improbability in this proposition which makes it dubious. It is difficult to believe that the captain of the schooner, being on a safe course to pass the steamer, and with no peril to disturb his judgment, should have adopted a maneuver which would inevitably bring Mm into disaster. It is true that, after the schooner’s helm was put hard a-port, it was changed to starboard. The captain of [294]*294the schooner testified that this was done almost on the instant of collision, for the purpose of easing the blow by turning the head of his vessel in the direction of the movement of the steamer. Other witnesses corroborate this account of the matter, and there is no testimony of sufficient moment to justify us in coming to the conclusion that the captain’s statement is not true, confirmed, as it is, by the moral probability that he would not have done so wanton and senseless a thing as that wherewith he is charged. It is not claimed that, if the starboarding was done at the time and for the purpose stated by the captain of the schooner, any fault could be found. It was in extremis, and, besides this, had no effect in producing the collision, and probably lessened the injury.
The other blow from the barge seems to have been altogether needless, if the proper measures liad been seasonably taken. The captain of the Chief says that, when he saw the danger of collision, he ordered the towline cut. If he is not mistaken as to the time of giving this order, we are satisfied its execution was delayed. It was cut at some time. The witnesses differ as to the time, some saying it was about concurrent with the collision with the steamer, others fixing it at about the time the barge struck the schooner. We are satisfied that the latter is near the fact. The barge traveled 600 feet after the first collision, and delivered a heavy blow upon the schooner. If the barge had been released promptly, as she was going up the current, her speed would have been much reduced, and she could also have been made free to direct her own course away from the schooner. Be this as it may, the damage shown was all the legitimate consequence of the prime error, which was not in any degree alleviated before the end.
We think the libelant is entitled to recover for the injury complained of. The decree should be reversed, and the cause remanded to the district court, with directions to ascertain the damages and enter the proper decree thereon in accordance with this opinion.