Williams v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

245 F. Supp. 3d 129, 2017 WL 1185173, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46371

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: March 29, 2017
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2015-0596
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

TANYA S. CHUTEAN, United States District Judge

Plaintiff Roger Williams is a Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (“WMATA”) bus operator and a member of the Amalgamated Transit Union Local 689 (‘“Union”). WMATA and the Union are parties to a Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”), and Plaintiff alleges that WMATA violated the terms of the CBA when it accused him of violating its periodic drug testing guidelines and subsequently suspended him. He further alleges that the Union breached its duty of fair representation by failing to take the matter to arbitration and instead entering into a settlement agreement without his knowledge and without an investigation. WMATA and the Union have moved for dismissal of Plaintiffs lawsuit. For the reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT both motions.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is a WMATA bus driver who, on March 15, 2013, received a letter from WMATA scheduling a Department of Transportation (“DOT”) required medical examination for March 18, 2013. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17-19). Plaintiff appeared for the examination and, prior to leaving, received WMATA documents indicating that his “evaluation [wa]s complete” and that he was approved for return to duty without restrictions. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21-23; Pis. Resp. to Union Mot. at Ex. A.). After leaving the medical examination, however, he received a telephone call from one of the staff members at the medical facility informing him he needed to return to finish a urine drug test. (Union Ex. 1). Approximately five minutes later, Plaintiff received another telephone call from the medical facility informing him that everything was fine and there was no need for him return. (Id.)

The following day, March 19, 2013, WMATA issued a Memorandum to the Plaintiff telling him that he was being suspended without pay for 180 days because he violated “WMATA Policy/Instruetion: P/17.21/4.17(B) Refusal to Test,” by failing to “[rjemain at the testing site until the [drug] testing process [wjas completed.” (Pis. Resp. to Union Mot. at Ex. B). As a result of this alleged failure, Plaintiff was suspended and WMATA required that he enroll in the Employee Assistance Program (“EAP”) or face discharge. (Id.) Am. Compl. ¶¶ 25, 27).

Plaintiff enrolled in the EAP, which required that he attend substance abuse education twice a week and submit to periodic drug testing. (Id. ¶¶ 30-32). He attended the education programs, passed all of his fourteen drug tests, and returned to work sometime after July 31, 2013. (Id. ¶¶ 33-36).

Around the time he enrolled in the EAP, Plaintiff ñled a grievance over the suspension based on WMATA’s finding that he had refused to comply with the drug testing policy. (Union Ex. 1). The Union did not communicate with Plaintiff about the grievance until approximately one year later, on March 13, 2014, when he was notified that the grievance had been settled, but was not told the terms of the settlement. (Pis; Resp. to Union Mot. at Ex. D., Williams Deck; Am. Compl. ¶ 41). Plaintiff advised the Union that anything less than exoneration was unacceptable. (Pis. Resp. to Union Mot. at Ex. D., Williams Decl.). Nonetheless, WMATA subsequently deposited the settlement proceeds ($8,434.11) in his bank account. (Id.) Am. Compl. ¶¶ 44-45).

' On July 28, 2014, Plaintiffs attorney sent a letter to WMATA contesting the suspension and rejecting the settlement. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 48-51). Included with the letter was a cashier’s check in the amount of the settlement. (Id.) A WMATA representative signed for the letter on July 30, 2014. (Id. ¶ 52). The check was never returned to Plaintiff and the Union failed to respond to his “numerous inquiries” about his rejection of the settlement. (Id. ¶¶ 53-54). The parties do not indicate whether WMATA endorsed the check.

More than six months later, on March 16, 2015, Plaintiff filed a complaint against WMATA and the Union in District of Columbia Superior Court, asserting claims for negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, conspiracy, and negligent supervision and training. (ECF No. lat ECF pp. 3-15). The Defendants removed the action to this court and Plaintiff subsequently obtained leave to amend his complaint. In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff 'raises twelve claims, which he appears to assert pursuant to state law. 1 The Union seeks dismissal of this action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and WMATA seeks dismissal pursuant to both 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). 2

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint.” Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In most instances, when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may “consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the Court] may .take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Additionally, “the Court may consider documents specifically referenced in the complaint where the authenticity of the document is not questioned.” United Mine Workers of Am., Int’l Union v. Dye, No. CIV.A. 06-1053(JDB), 2006 WL 2460717, at *6 (D.D.C. Aug. 23, 2006); see also N.Y. State Bar Ass’n v. FTC, 276 F.Supp.2d 110, 114 n.6 (D.D.C. 2003) (noting that “a document is not,‘outside’ the complaint if the complaint specifically refers to the document and if its authenticity is not questioned”) (quoting Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 622-23 .(9th Cir. 1997)).

III. ANALYSIS

A, Hybrid Section 301 Claims & Preemption

Although Plaintiff does not explicitly assert a federal hybrid Section 301/ fair representation claim, the court construes his complaint as alleging such because he charges WMATA “with breach of the collective bargaining agreement and charges the union with breaching its statutory duty of fair representation.” See Simmons v. Howard Univ., 157 F.3d 914, 916 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citing DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 165, 103 S.Ct. 2281, 76 L.Ed.2d 476 (1983)). If a plaintiff brings such a claim along with state law claims based on similar conduct, the court must examine whether the state law claims are preempted by the hybrid Section 301 claim. See Brown v. Gino Morena Enters., 44 F.Supp.2d 41, 50 (D.D.C. 1999) (“[T]he Court must first determine whether plaintiffs [state law claims] are indeed pendent claims or whether they are preempted by § 301.”) (citing Lingle v. Norge Div. of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399, 405-06, 108 S.Ct. 1877, 100 L.Ed.2d 410 (1988)); see May v. Shuttle, Inc., 129 F.3d 165, 179 (D.C. Cir. 1997). As a court in this district has noted:

A plaintiff ... cannot wiggle out from under the shadow of the [federal labor law statute] through clever, pleading— for example, by framing a claim as a breach of contract rather than an unfair labor practice. “Pre-emption is designed to shield the system from conflicting regulation of conduct. It is the conduct being regulated, not the formal description of governing legal standards, that is the proper focus,”

Jackson v. Teamsters Local Union 922, 991. F.Supp.2d 71, 78 (D.D.C. 2014) (emphasis in original) (citations and alterations omitted).

1. Preempted Claims Asserted Against WMATA '

Plaintiffs claims against 'WMATA include

• breach of contract ,(e.g., WMATA breached the CBA by lodging unfounded allegations against Plaintiff and disciplining him; WMATA entered into a settlement agreement even though it knew the refusal to test allegation was false) (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77-78);

• wrongful suspension (e.g., WMATA suspended Plaintiff even though he had fully complied with the WMATA DOT physical examination requirements) (Id. ¶ 88) '

• negligence (e.g., WMATA failed to employ necessary and reasonable meas ures when it made a notation on the EAP form that he had refused to test; WMATA carelessly and recklessly suspended Plaintiff even though he fully complied with the WMATA DOT physical examination requirements) (Id. ¶¶ 108,110);

• fraudulent concealment (e.g., WMATA and the Union fraudulently concealed non-action on the plaintiffs request to reject the Settlement Agreement) (Id. ¶ 218).

The Supreme Court has held that “when resolution of a state-law claim is substantially dependent upon analysis of the terms of an agreement made between the parties in a labor contract, that claim must either be treated as a § 301 claim or dismissed as pre-empted by federal labor-contract law.” Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 220, 105 S.Ct. 1904, 85 L.Ed.2d 206 (1985) (citation omitted). All of Plaintiffs claims against WMATA are founded on Plaintiffs assertion that WMATA violated the CBA by: (1) lodging unfounded allegations against him that he had violated the WMATA drug testing policy, despite evidence that he complied with all applicable requirements; (2) wrongfully suspending him; and (3) entering into a settlement agreement with the Union. As such, these claims are “substantially dependent upon analysis of the terms of [the CBA]” and, therefore, must be treated as Section 301 claims. See id. Accordingly, the court will treat Plaintiffs claims against WMATA as Section 301 claims.

2. Preempted Claims Asserted Against Local 689

In Section 301 hybrid cases, state law “claims [asserted against the union] are preempted [if] they do not ‘arise wholly outside the ambit of those obligations circumscribed by a union’s duty of fair representation under the collective bargaining agreement.’ ” Hollie v. Smith, 813 F.Supp.2d 214, 218 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Condon v. Local 2944, United Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO, 683 F.2d 590, 595 (1st Cir. 1982)); see also May v. Shuttle, Inc., 129 F.3d 165, 179 D.C. Cir. 1997) (agreeing that “the federal duty of fair representation preempts identical state law claims”). A union breaches its statutory duty to represent its members when the union’s actions are “arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Plumbers & Pipe Fitters Local Union No. 32 v. NLRB, 50 F.3d 29, 31 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177, 87 S.Ct. 903, 17 L.Ed.2d 842, (1967)).

Plaintiffs claims against the Union include:

• Breach of Duty of Fair Representation (“DFR”) (e.g., the Union’s representation of Plaintiff was deficient and failed to protect Plaintiffs rights; the Union acted in an arbitrary manner) (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 171,177);

• Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (“IIED”)(e.g., Plaintiff suffered severe emotional distress as a result of the Union’s failure to fairly represent him; because of the Union’s careless, reckless and arbitrary conduct,. Plaintiff was injured and subjected to severe stress and emotional distress) (Id. ¶¶ 119,120); 3

• Breach .of Contract (e.g., the Union did not fairly represent Plaintiff; the Un ion “breached its duty to fairly represent the Plaintiff by entering into a covert agreement with WMATA adverse to the plaintiffs interests”) (Id. ¶¶ 131,133);

• Breach of Fiduciary Duty (e.g., the Union breached its fiduciary duty by failing to interview pertinent witnesses; the Union breached its fiduciary duty by failing to communicate with Plaintiff after he rejected the Settlement and failing to reopen the grievance proceedings) (Id. ¶¶ 143-145,148);

• Fraud (e.g., the Union failed to effectively advocate on Plaintiffs behalf during the grievance process; the Union deceived Plaintiff and fraudulently entered into a Settlement Agreement) (Id. ¶¶ 200, 210-11);

• Fraudulent Concealment (e.g., WMA-TA and the Union fraudulently concealed inaction on Plaintiffs request to reject the Settlement Agreement) (Id. ¶ 218);

• Negligent Supervision and Training (e.g., the Union failed to prevent Plaintiffs union representative from acting in an arbitrary and capricious manner; the Union failed to adequately supervise Plaintiffs union representative and prevent him from acting recklessly) (Id, ¶¶ 222, 224).

Although not identified by statute or case law, Plaintiffs DFR claim against the Union is by definition an element of a hybrid Section 301 claim. See Simmons, 157 F.3d at 916 (explaining that hybrid Section 301 claims involve allegations that the employer breached the CBA combined with allegations that the union breached its statutory DFR). Accordingly, Plaintiffs DFR claim is not preempted.

The remaining claims—though labeled otherwise—are essentially the same as Plaintiffs DFR claim; they are all premised on the notion that the Union violated its DFR by handling Plaintiffs grievance in bad faith, as well as in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. 4 As such, these claims do not “arise wholly outside the ambit” of the Union’s duty of fair representation and therefore the claims are preempted. See Hollie, 813 F.Supp.2d at 218. 5

B. Statute of Limitations

Hybrid Section 301 “claims are subject to the six month statute of limitations ... which begins to run when ‘the claimant discovers, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the acts constituting the alleged violation.’ ” Simmons, 157 F.3d at 916 (citations omitted). Accordingly, “[w]here a union rejects or abandons the claims of an aggrieved employee at some point in the grievance process, the six month limitar tion[s period] runs when the employee knows or, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of that union’s decision or action.” Cash v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., No. CIV.A. 04-0013(RWR), 2005 WL 6949855, at *2-4 (D.D.C. Jan. 13, 2005) (citing Lucas v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel., 909 F.2d 419, 421 (10th Cir. 1990)) (alterations omitted).

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs lawsuit is untimely because he filed it after the six month limitations period had run. It is undisputed that the Union notified Plaintiff that it had settled his grievance on or around March 13, 2014. (Pis. Resp. to Union Mot. at Ex. D, Williams Deck; Am. Compl. ¶ 39). While the timing is unclear, it appears that he later learned the terms of the agreement and he advised his Union representative that he rejected the settlement offer. (Id. ¶ 42). Despite his rejection of the offer, WMATA later deposited the settlement proceeds in his bank account; the date of this occurrence is unclear. (Id. ¶¶ 44-45). “As a result of the Union’s lack of action regarding the plaintiffs rejection of the settlement,” Plaintiff took matters into his own hands and, on July 28, 2014, his attorney returned the settlement funds to WMATA. (Id. ¶¶47-48). In the accompanying letter, Plaintiffs counsel indicated that Plaintiff still contested the suspension, that the settlement had been reached without Plaintiffs consent, and that Plaintiff was returning the settlement proceeds as a rejection of the settlement offer. (Id. ¶¶ 49-50). On July 30, 2014, a WMATA representative signed for the package that included the letter and the check. (Id. ¶ 52). After WMATA received the check, the Union never responded to Plaintiffs “numerous inquiries” about the matter. (Id. ¶¶ 53-54).

The six month limitations period began to run after Plaintiff returned the check on July 30, 2014. Thus, Plaintiff had until on or around January 30, 2015 6 to file a timely lawsuit, but he waited until March 16, 2015—more than one and a half months later.

Plaintiff proffers several arguments in an effort to save his claim, all of which are unavailing. First, citing DelCostello v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 103 S.Ct. 2281, 76 L.Ed.2d 476 (1983), Plaintiff argues that the six month statute of limitations does not apply to this case, but rather the District of Columbia three-year limitations period for breach of contract cases.

Plaintiffs argument ignores the issue presented and the holding in DelCostello. In that case, the Supreme Court addressed the question of the appropriate statute of limitations for lawsuits “by an employee or employees against an employer and a un ion, alleging that the employer had breached a provision of a collective bargaining agreement, and that the union had breached its duty of fair, representation by mishandling the ensuing grievancerand-arbi-tration proceedings,” Id. at 154, 103 S.Ct, 2281. The Court concluded that “§ 10(b) [of the National Labor Relations Act>— which provides for a six-month limitations period] should be the applicable statute of limitations governing the suit, both against the employer and against the union.” Id. at 155, 103 S.Ct. 2281; Simmons, 157 F.3d at 910 (“[H]ybrid § 301/fair representation claim[s] ... are subject to the six-month statute of limitations provided in § 10(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 160(b).”) (citations omitted). Thus, the District of Columbia three-year statute of limitations period for breach of contract claims does not apply in this case, which involves hybrid Section 301 claims.

Next, Plaintiff quotes Smith v. Washington Post Co., 962 F.Supp.2d 79, 86 (D.D.C. 2013), in which the court noted that wrongful

acts or breaches of duty which occur in distinct intervals or installments, as opposed to being continuous, cause distinct and severable injuries. Consequently, each breach gives rise to new and separate cause of action and the statutes of limitations in both jurisdictions run separately for each.

(See Pls. Resp. to Union Mot. at ECF p. 6) (citing Smith, 962 F.Supp.2d at 86) (citing Union Labor Life Ins. Co. v. Sheet Metal Workers Nat. Health Plan, Civ. No. 90-2728(RCL), 1991 WL 212232 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 1991)).

Smith involved allegations that the defendant had breached a contract, over a period of at least four years, by unilaterally changing the terms of the contract/ (Id.) Even though Smith filed his lawsuit more than three years after the first breach, the court refused to dismiss the case because it was unclear from the complaint whether Smith had alleged one breach involving unilateral contract changes, or multiple breaches, including some that may have occurred within the limitations period. Smith, 962 F.Supp.2d at 85-86. The court therefore found that it, could not conclusively determine .that the complaint was time barred by. the District of Columbia statute of limitations for breach of com tract. Id. at 86,

Here, Plaintiff does not make allegations similar- to those in Smith and, unlike Smith, Plaintiffs-case does not involve viable state law breach of contract claims. Moreover, to the extent'Plaintiff seeks to rely oh a “continuing violation theory,” if that were possible in this context, he must support his theory with citation to federal legal authority, rather than state law. See Himmelstein v. Comcast of the Dist., L.L.C., 931 F.Supp.2d 48, 60 (D.D.C. 2013) (“When interpreting a federal statute, federal, courts apply -the federal standards of construction, not those applied .by state courts.") (citing Miss. Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 43, 109 act. 1597, 104 L.Ed.2d 29, (1989)) (some citations omitted).

Next, Plaintiff argues that the statute of limitations “has not expired because of the Union’s inaction over a period of time and the Union’s breach of the [CBA].” (Pis. Resp. to Union’s Mot. p; 8). Plaintiff also argues’that he did not become aware that the Union would “take no further action on his grievance” until after he filed this lawsuit and saw the actual settlement document attached to the Union’s motion to dismiss. (Pis. Resp. to WMATA’s Mot. p. 7).

Plaintiffs arguments are mystifying because the filing of this lawsuit, in which Plaintiff clearly asserts a “duty of fair representation” claim, establishes that Plaintiff became aware that the Union was not going to pursue his grievance long before the Union filed its motion to dismiss. See Simmons, 157 F.3d at 916 (citations omitted) (noting that filing a DFR claim establishes that Plaintiff “has by then, as a matter of law, ‘discovered’ the grounds for his hybrid § 301 claim”).

Alternatively, Plaintiff asks this court to exercise its equitable power and toll the limitations period. While “a defendant bears the burden of pleading and proving [the Plaintiffs] failure to ... timely file an action in court, once defendant’s burden has been met, a plaintiff must establish his eligibility to invoke equitable tolling.” Gupta v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 462 F.Supp.2d 56, 59 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997)); Saltz v. Lehman, 672 F.2d 207, 209 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (some citations omitted). The D.C. Circuit has made clear that “[t]he court’s equitable power to toll the statute of limitations will be exercised only in extraordinary and carefully circumscribed instances.” Mondy v. Sec’y of the Army, 845 F.2d 1051, 1057 (D.C. Cir. 1988). For example, the limitations period “may be tolled when the plaintiff is fraudulently induced to delay filing his suit,” Simmons, 157 F.3d at 917 (citations omitted), or where “affirmative misconduct on the part of a defendant lulled the plaintiff into inaction.” Mondy, 845 F.2d at 1057. The court finds that Plaintiff has not met either of these conditions.

1. Equitable Tolling Arguments Based on WMATA’s Conduct.

Plaintiff argues that the limita-r tions period should be equitably tolled because WMATA engaged in affirmative misconduct that prevented him from pursuing his administrative remedies. (Pis. Response to WMATA’s Mot. p. 7) (citing Dove v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 402 F.Supp.2d 91 (D.D.C. 2005), aff'd, No. 05-7118, 2006 WL 7136123 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 13, 2006)). Specifically, he charges WMATA with:

• “[I]nitiating a settlement with the Union on the plaintiffs behalf despite the plaintiffs rejection- of the settlement” (Pis. Response to WMATA’s Mot. pp. 7-8); '

• Failing to notify Plaintiff of the settlement. (Pis. Response to WMATA’s Mot. p. 8);

• Failing to comply with its own grievance procedures, which mandate that WMATA obtain an employee’s written authorization to secure Social Security records for purposes of verifying income when the employee’s grievance is resolved with an award of retroactive pay in excess of one month. (Pis. Response to WMATA’s Mot. pp. 7-8) (citing Pis. Resp. to WMATA’s Mot. at Ex. A, CBA excerpts);

• Violating the CBA, which provides that an employee who is suspended “without sufficient cause” “shall be paid for the time lost at the employee’s regular rate during such suspension.” (Pis. Resp. to-WMATA’s Mot. p. 8).

Plaintiff argues that -these allegations amount to “extraordinary circumstances,” justifying equitable tolling in this case. (Pis. Resp. to WMATA’s Mot. p. 9).

The court disagrees because, even if Plaintiff is right that WMATA violated the CBA in each of these instances, nothing about WMATA’s conduct excuses his failure to file his lawsuit within the six month limitations period. Plaintiff became aware of the settlement on or around March 2014. Wfiiile .it is unclear how much he knew about the terms of the settlement in March 2014, it is undisputed that WMATA received Plaintiffs rejection letter, along with the cashier’s check on July 30, 2014 and apparently never endorsed the check or otherwise responded. Plaintiff filed his lawsuit seven and one-half months later, but gives no reasonable explanation. for missing the six month limitations deadline. WMATA’s failure to respond to Plaintiffs letter and return of the settlement funds did not prevent Plaintiff from filing a timely lawsuit, and without some evidence that WMATA “fraudulently induced [Plaintiff] to delay .filing his suit,” or that WMATA engaged in some “affirmative misconduct [that] lulled the plaintiff into inaction,” Plaintiff has no basis for equitable tolling on his claims. Simmons, 157 F.3d at 917; Mondy, 845 F.2d at 1057.

2. Equitable Tolling Based on the Union’s Conduct

Plaintiff argues that the limitations period should be equitably tolled because the Union’s failure to keep him apprised of the grievance and settlement proceedings prevented him from determining whether the Union followed proper grievance procedures or engaged in affirmative misconduct. (Pis. Resp. to Union’s Mot. pp. 8-9). He also argues that tolling is justified because the Union never took any action to renegotiate the settlement. (Pis. Resp. to Union’s Mot. p. 7r-8).

Plaintiffs arguments are again unavailing. He has not explained how the Union’s failure to keep him apprised of the grievance and settlement process excuses his untimely lawsuit. By the time he returned the check to WMATA, Plaintiff clearly was aware of the results of the grievance negotiations; the question simply becomes when a reasonable person would have realized that the Union had “reject[ed] or abandoned]” his cause. See Cash, 2005 WL 6949855, at *2; see Delaney v. District of Columbia, 612 F.Supp.2d 38, 42 (D.D.C. 2009) (“The statute of limitations begins running when a plaintiff knew or should have known that the union had stopped pursuing his grievance.”) (citing Cephas v. MVM, Inc., 520 F.3d 480, 488 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). That moment should have come shortly after Plaintiff returned the check and the Union refused to respond to his inquires. Instead, Plaintiff waited seven and one-half months after he returned to the check to file his lawsuit, well after expiration of the six month limitations period.

Moreover, the result here does not change simply because Plaintiff made “numerous,” (Am. Compl. ¶ 54), unsuccessful inquiries to the Union in an attempt to reject the settlement agreement. If repeated attempts to reopen a grievance proceeding or reopen settlement negotiations “were to perpetually toll the statute of limitations” despite reasonable indications that such attempts were futile, “the statutory time bar would be illusory.” Plain v. AT & T Corp., 424 F.Supp.2d 11, 22-23 (D.D.C. 2006) (rejecting tolling argument where employer promised in November that it would review plaintiffs termination appeal and she continued to request reinstatement, but received no indication from the employer or the union after November that her appeal was being pursued or had been reopened) (citing Vadino v. A. Valey Eng’rs, 903 F.2d 253, 262-63 (3d Cir. 1990)).

Finally, this is not a case where the Union “fraudulently induced [Plaintiff] to delay filing his suit.” Simmons, 157 F.3d at 917 (citing Demchik v. General Motors Corp., 821 F.2d 102, 105 (2d Cir. 1987)). “Failure to return phone calls does not constitute affirmative misconduct that would give rise to equitable tolling.” Delaney v. District of Columbia, 612 F.Supp.2d 38, 43 (D.D.C. 2009). Although the Union's conduct in not responding to Plaintiffs inquiries may have been improper, under the facts presented here, the Union’s conduct did not prevent Plaintiff from “discovering] ... the acts constituting the alleged violation” within the limitations period.' See Simmons, 157 F.3d at 916. In other words, Plaintiff has not proffered any facts which might establish that—despite his due diligence—he was unable to bring suit within the statutory period. See Dove v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 402 F.Supp.2d 91, 98 (D.D.C. 2005), aff'd, No. 05-7118, 2006 WL 7136128 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 13, 2006)). Accordingly, he has not met his burden of establishing that equitable tolling is appropriate in this case.

IV. CONCLUSION

While the court takes no position on whether Plaintiff would have been successful, his hybrid Section 301 claim could have survived Defendants’ motions to dismiss had he filed it in timely manner. 7 By waiting too long to file suit, despite being aware that the Defendants had taken actions which form the basis of his claim, he failed to diligently protect his rights. Accordingly, the court will grant the Defendants’ motions to dismiss. 8

1 . Even though Plaintiff did not cite to any statutory or common law in his Amended Complaint, his claims appear to be brought under state law, save for his duty of fair representation claim.

2 . Given the court's dismissal of this action on timeliness grounds, the court declines to reach WMATA’s 12(b)(1) jurisdictional argument asserted as a defense to some of Plaintiffs claims. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1); Watters v. WMATA, 295 F.3d 36, 39-40 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (where sovereign immunity applies, a district court lacks jurisdiction).

3 . Although Plaintiff lists the "union” in the title for his IIED count, the last paragraph under this counts states that "[t]he plaintiff’s emotional stress and distress derived solely from the actions taken by WMATA.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 126). In any event, whether or not Plaintiff asserted the IIED claim against WMATA or the Union, the outcome is still the same: the claim is preempted.

4 . Plaintiff also brings a conspiracy claim against both Defendants, alleging that they conspired to deny him the opportunity to fully pursue his grievance. (Pls. Response to Union’s Mot. p. 10; Id. at Ex. C). This claim is preempted because it depends on interpretation of the CBA and application of the Union’s DFR.

Moreover, even if the claim were not preempted, it would still fail because in the District of Columbia, an underlying tort claim is necessary to support a conspiracy claim. Blakeney v. O’Donnell, 117 F.Supp.3d 6, 14 (D.D.C. 2015) ("The District is correct that civil conspiracy is not an independent tort .... A claim for civil conspiracy thus fails unless the elements of [an] underlying tort are satisfied.”) (citations and quotations omitted).

5 . The IIED, fraud, and fraudulent concealment claims are also subject to dismissal because Plaintiff has not pled sufficient facts to support these claims. See Elhusseini v. Compass Grp. USA, Inc., 578 F.Supp.2d 6, 23 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting McManus v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 748 A.2d 949, 958 (D.C. 2000) ("IIED claims require extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant, and "[i]n the employment context, to constitute extreme and outrageous conduct, the conduct must be 'so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.’ ”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) ("In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.”); McQueen v. Woodstream Corp., 248 F.R.D. 73, 77 (D.D.C. 2008) ("[T]he circumstances that the claimant must plead with particularity include matters such as the time, place and content of the false misrepresentations; the misrepresented fact; and what the opponent retained or the claimant lost as a consequence of the alleged fraud.”) (citation omitted).

6 . The court notes that the National Labor Relations Act specifically provides for a “six month,” rather than 180-day limitations period. See Ifill v. N.Y. State Court Officers Ass’n, 655 F.Supp.2d 382, 394 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“Courts have generally construed the six-month limitations period found in 29 U.S.C. § 160(b) to refer to six calendar months rather than 180 days.”) (citing Dowty v. Pioneer Rural Elec. Coop., 573 F.Supp. 155, 158 n.2 (S.D. Ohio 1983)).

7 . The Union has an obligation "to serve the interests of all members without hostility or discrimination toward any, to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and honesty, and to avoid arbitrary conduct.” Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 87 S.Ct. 903, 17 L.Ed.2d 842 (1967). It breaches its duty of fair representation when its "conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining unit is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Id. at 191, 87 S.Ct. 903. Thus, "a union acts in an 'arbitrary' manner when it processes a grievance in a perfunctory fashion ... or fails to conduct a minimal investigation of a grievance." Clark-Williams v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., No. CV 14-99 (RDM), 2016 WL 4186810, at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 16, 2016) (quotations and alterations omitted) (quoting Vaca, 386 U.S. at 191, 87 S.Ct. 903; Peterson v. Kennedy, 771 F.2d 1244, 1245 (9th Cir. 1985)).

Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the court finds that, absent the untimely filing, his Complaint contains allegations sufficient to support a hybrid Section 301 claim—at least in the face of the substantive arguments in the current motions to dismiss.

8 . Plaintiff contends that dismissal of this action is inappropriate because he has not had an opportunity to take discovery, (Pis. Resp. to Union’s Mot. pp. 9-10), but Plaintiff has not explained how anything he might find during discovery would justify his failure to file suit within the limitations period.