F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 15 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
OKAL NATHAN WILLIAMS,
Petitioner - Appellant, v. No. 98-6432 (D.C. No. 97-CV-1989-M) TWYLA SNIDER; OKLAHOMA (Western District of Oklahoma) DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; STATE OF OKLAHOMA,
Respondents - Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, EBEL and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
Okal Nathan Williams, pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his
habeas petition and requests a certificate of appealability. We deny his request
for a certificate of appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).
An Oklahoma jury convicted Williams on two separate charges of Robbery
with a Firearm (“Homeland store robbery”) and Robbery in the First Degree
* The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. (“Comfort Inn robbery”). The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed
Williams’s conviction for Robbery in the First Degree. The court, however,
concluded there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction for Robbery
with a Firearm. The court then entered judgment for the lesser offense of
Robbery in the First Degree in connection with the Homeland store robbery. The
district court denied Williams’s petition for habeas relief filed pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254, and his subsequent request for a certificate of appealability.
Williams argues that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for
failing to seek severance of the two unrelated robbery charges and to object to a
number of evidentiary rulings by the Oklahoma state trial court, including the
admission of hearsay testimony and an eyewitness identification, as well as
evidence of other crimes. Williams also presents his joinder and evidentiary
claims as substantive grounds for habeas relief. He further contends that the state
trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury about the loss or destruction of
evidence, and refused to grant a new trial based on the state’s failure to prove all
elements of the charge of Robbery with a Firearm. Williams asserts that
cumulatively, these alleged trial errors warrant habeas relief.
To prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim Williams must
first show that his counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). Upon
-2- review of the record, we conclude that Williams fails to carry this burden.
Indeed, the record shows that the counsel’s failure to seek severance of the two
robbery charges does not necessarily amount to ineffective assistance, because
counsel may have reasonably believed that joinder would allow him to exploit
conflicting testimony by witnesses to both the Homeland store and Comfort Inn
robberies.
For the same reason, we reject Williams’s argument that his counsel was
ineffective by failing to object to the testimony of a witness who identified
Williams as the Homeland store robber. On cross-examination, the witness
testified that at the pretrial hearing, she had in fact identified someone other than
Williams as the robber, but that shortly before trial, the prosecutor told her she
had identified the wrong man. Counsel’s attempt to show to the jury that the
witness’s testimony was unreliable because of impermissibly suggestive
information from the prosecution offers a reasonable explanation for his failure to
object. Thus, we conclude that Williams’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claims do not present a substantial constitutional issue.
A review of the record also shows that counsel’s failure to object to
admission of hearsay testimony by a police officer was part of a strategy to
highlight the conflicting testimony about the description of the car used by the
Homeland store robber. Moreover, Williams’s girlfriend, who testified at trial
-3- and was available for cross-examination, corroborated the testimony of the
hearsay declarant.
We also find no merit in Williams’s substantive argument that joinder of
the two robbery charges and the court’s various evidentiary rulings rendered his
trial constitutionally unfair. Even if it were improper under state law, the joinder
was not a constitutional violation, because it did not prejudice Williams’s right to
a fair trial. See Lucero v. Kerby, 133 F.3d 1299, 1313-14 (10th Cir. 1998). We
similarly conclude that Williams has failed to show how the admission of the
eyewitness identification or the hearsay testimony, when viewed in light the
totality of evidence adduced by the prosecution, violated his right to a fair trial.
Williams claims that the court’s refusal to instruct the jury about the loss or
destruction of evidence warrants habeas relief. None of the evidence at issue,
however, including items of clothing and a photograph of a car owned by
Williams’s girlfriend, was exculpatory. The evidence, in fact, tended to bolster
the government’s case. See Maes v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 979, 984 (10th Cir. 1995)
(stating that only when a jury instruction is “so fundamentally unfair as to cause
denial of a fair trial” may it form the basis for federal habeas relief).
We are unpersuaded by Williams’s argument that the introduction of
evidence about other crimes requires habeas relief. While questioning a witness,
the prosecution referred to a coat that was discovered on the scene of a bank
-4- robbery. The defense immediately interposed an objection and requested a
mistrial, noting that the judge had ruled against any mention of the bank robbery.
The judge cautioned the prosecutor about making references to the bank robbery.
But he refused to grant the defense motion for mistrial because the prosecutor’s
comment was inadvertent. Viewing the trial as a whole, we conclude that neither
the prosecutor’s comments nor the testimony of the witness served to deprive
Williams of the basic guarantees of due process. See Scrivner v. Tansy, 68 F.3d
1234, 1239-40 (10th Cir. 1995).
Williams also argues that when the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals
determined that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for
robbery with a firearm, it should have ordered a new trial and not merely reduced
his conviction to the lesser offense of robbery in the first degree. The Supreme
Court has noted with approval, however, the practice of curing an erroneous
conviction of a greater offense by directing entry of judgment for a lesser
included offense when the grounds for reversal affect only the greater offense.
See Rutledge v.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 15 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
OKAL NATHAN WILLIAMS,
Petitioner - Appellant, v. No. 98-6432 (D.C. No. 97-CV-1989-M) TWYLA SNIDER; OKLAHOMA (Western District of Oklahoma) DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; STATE OF OKLAHOMA,
Respondents - Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, EBEL and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
Okal Nathan Williams, pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his
habeas petition and requests a certificate of appealability. We deny his request
for a certificate of appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).
An Oklahoma jury convicted Williams on two separate charges of Robbery
with a Firearm (“Homeland store robbery”) and Robbery in the First Degree
* The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. (“Comfort Inn robbery”). The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed
Williams’s conviction for Robbery in the First Degree. The court, however,
concluded there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction for Robbery
with a Firearm. The court then entered judgment for the lesser offense of
Robbery in the First Degree in connection with the Homeland store robbery. The
district court denied Williams’s petition for habeas relief filed pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254, and his subsequent request for a certificate of appealability.
Williams argues that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for
failing to seek severance of the two unrelated robbery charges and to object to a
number of evidentiary rulings by the Oklahoma state trial court, including the
admission of hearsay testimony and an eyewitness identification, as well as
evidence of other crimes. Williams also presents his joinder and evidentiary
claims as substantive grounds for habeas relief. He further contends that the state
trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury about the loss or destruction of
evidence, and refused to grant a new trial based on the state’s failure to prove all
elements of the charge of Robbery with a Firearm. Williams asserts that
cumulatively, these alleged trial errors warrant habeas relief.
To prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim Williams must
first show that his counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). Upon
-2- review of the record, we conclude that Williams fails to carry this burden.
Indeed, the record shows that the counsel’s failure to seek severance of the two
robbery charges does not necessarily amount to ineffective assistance, because
counsel may have reasonably believed that joinder would allow him to exploit
conflicting testimony by witnesses to both the Homeland store and Comfort Inn
robberies.
For the same reason, we reject Williams’s argument that his counsel was
ineffective by failing to object to the testimony of a witness who identified
Williams as the Homeland store robber. On cross-examination, the witness
testified that at the pretrial hearing, she had in fact identified someone other than
Williams as the robber, but that shortly before trial, the prosecutor told her she
had identified the wrong man. Counsel’s attempt to show to the jury that the
witness’s testimony was unreliable because of impermissibly suggestive
information from the prosecution offers a reasonable explanation for his failure to
object. Thus, we conclude that Williams’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claims do not present a substantial constitutional issue.
A review of the record also shows that counsel’s failure to object to
admission of hearsay testimony by a police officer was part of a strategy to
highlight the conflicting testimony about the description of the car used by the
Homeland store robber. Moreover, Williams’s girlfriend, who testified at trial
-3- and was available for cross-examination, corroborated the testimony of the
hearsay declarant.
We also find no merit in Williams’s substantive argument that joinder of
the two robbery charges and the court’s various evidentiary rulings rendered his
trial constitutionally unfair. Even if it were improper under state law, the joinder
was not a constitutional violation, because it did not prejudice Williams’s right to
a fair trial. See Lucero v. Kerby, 133 F.3d 1299, 1313-14 (10th Cir. 1998). We
similarly conclude that Williams has failed to show how the admission of the
eyewitness identification or the hearsay testimony, when viewed in light the
totality of evidence adduced by the prosecution, violated his right to a fair trial.
Williams claims that the court’s refusal to instruct the jury about the loss or
destruction of evidence warrants habeas relief. None of the evidence at issue,
however, including items of clothing and a photograph of a car owned by
Williams’s girlfriend, was exculpatory. The evidence, in fact, tended to bolster
the government’s case. See Maes v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 979, 984 (10th Cir. 1995)
(stating that only when a jury instruction is “so fundamentally unfair as to cause
denial of a fair trial” may it form the basis for federal habeas relief).
We are unpersuaded by Williams’s argument that the introduction of
evidence about other crimes requires habeas relief. While questioning a witness,
the prosecution referred to a coat that was discovered on the scene of a bank
-4- robbery. The defense immediately interposed an objection and requested a
mistrial, noting that the judge had ruled against any mention of the bank robbery.
The judge cautioned the prosecutor about making references to the bank robbery.
But he refused to grant the defense motion for mistrial because the prosecutor’s
comment was inadvertent. Viewing the trial as a whole, we conclude that neither
the prosecutor’s comments nor the testimony of the witness served to deprive
Williams of the basic guarantees of due process. See Scrivner v. Tansy, 68 F.3d
1234, 1239-40 (10th Cir. 1995).
Williams also argues that when the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals
determined that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for
robbery with a firearm, it should have ordered a new trial and not merely reduced
his conviction to the lesser offense of robbery in the first degree. The Supreme
Court has noted with approval, however, the practice of curing an erroneous
conviction of a greater offense by directing entry of judgment for a lesser
included offense when the grounds for reversal affect only the greater offense.
See Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292, 306 (1996). This practice is proper
where, as here, there is no showing that “‘but for the improper inclusion of the
[erroneous] charge, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Id.
(quoting Morris v. Matthews, 475 U.S. 237, 246-47 (1986)).
-5- Williams’s final argument that the cumulative effect of the state court’s
errors supports his petition for habeas relief fails. Even if the admission of
hearsay evidence constituted constitutional error, such error would be clearly
harmless. Moreover, unless more than one error occurred at trial, an alleged
cumulative effect of trial error cannot be the basis for habeas relief. See Hoxsie
v. Kerby, 108 F.3d 1239, 1245 (10th Cir. 1997). Cumulative error analysis “does
not apply . . . to the cumulative effect of non-errors.” Id.
Concluding that there is no merit to any of the claims Williams raises and
that he has failed to make a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right,” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), we deny his request for a certificate of
appealability.
DISMISSED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge
-6-