Hiscock, J.
This is an action of ejectment to recover a parcel of land formerly lying in the hed of the Mohawk river, within the present limits of the city of Utica. Said parcel no longer lies in said bed, for, prior to 1907, under authority of the legislature proceedings .were instituted and consummated to straighten the course of the river in the locality in question with the result that, its channel now lies some distance from the premises in question, and, it is conceded that in the course of or in connection with said proceedings any title, which the state had to the. present parcel was in the year last mentioned conveyed to and is now possessed by the defendant.
Plaintiffs necessarily assert in support of their right, to. recover possession of said premises that the state did • not have title to the bed of the Mohawk river at the point in question at the time it attempted or purported to coiivey title thereto to the defendant. They insist, on the contrary, that under the grant by King George of England to. Warrell and others of the premises known as- Cosby Manor and summarized in the foregoing statement of facts title to the premises in dispute was passed to said Warrell and his associates and from them by an unbroken chain of conveyances to the plaintiffs.
• It is undisputed that the lands granted to Warrell and his associates abutted the Mohawk river on both sides of the premises here in dispute and also that the description, by metes and bounds of the premises by said grant conveyed included the bed of the river and the premises in dispute. I think it may also be stated without serious
question that there is a complete chain of title to said premises from Warrell and his associates to the plaintiffs. It is true that appellant’s counsel now appears to question or criticise somewhat this chain of title; but it was assumed by the trial judge and by the dissenting justices at the Appellate Division that there was such chain and I am not inclined to view very seriously the belated claim of defects.
Assuming such a chain of title, however, it is insisted in behalf of the defendant that the patent which has been referred to did not convey title to the bed of the river, and that subsequently, the state became invested with the title thereto which still remained in the king of England at the time of the Revolution. This claim involves briefly a review of the law in respect of the effect of conveyances upon the title to the bed of the Mohawk river.
It has been frequently held that the title to the bed of the Mohawk river generally has not passed to grantees of riparian lands, but has remained in the People. This result has been secured by the application of two slightly different, or perhaps, to speak more accurately, supplementary theories. One of these has been that in grants made to settlers of the Mohawk valley under the Dutch government, the bed of the river was excepted, and, therefore, passed as unconveyed lands to Great Britain, and still later to the State of New York.
(Smith
v.
City of Rochester,
92 N. Y. 463, 481;
Fulton L., H. & P. Co.
v.
State of New York,
200 N. Y. 400, 413.)
The other theory is the one adopted in the leading case of
People
v.
Canal Commrs.
(33 N. Y. 461), where in an elaborate opinion, and after an exhaustive discussion of authorities, the court reached the conclusion that the rule of the English common law, which treated as navigable and public only those streams where the tide ebbed and flowed, was not applicable to our country; that the proper test was that of actual navigability, and that where a stream was actually navigable, as the Mohawk
was, it was subservient to the public use, and, therefore, that a conveyance bounded by or upon it would carry only to the bank and not to the center of the stream as in the case of non-navigable streams.
But neither theory, and no theory, so far as I am aware, has ever held that the sovereign power might not if it saw fit convey the title to the hed of a stream subject to public purposes and uses, or that such a conveyance if made by the English sovereign before the separation of the colonies was not to be recognized. On the contrary, it has been repeatedly held that this might and should be done.
(Rogers
v.
Jones,
1 Wend. 237, 262;
People
v.
Canal Commrs.,
33 N. Y. 461, 489;
Commrs. of Canal Fund
v.
Kempshall,
26 Wend. 404;
Lewis Blue Point Oyster C. Co.
v.
Briggs,
198 N. Y. 287;
Trustees of Brook-haven
v.
Strong,
60 N. Y. 56;
De Lancey
v.
Piepgras,
138 N. Y. 26, 36;
Smith
v.
Bartlett,
180 N. Y. 360, 365.)
We, therefore, come to the question whether King George having title to the bed of the stream did intend to and did convey the same subject to public rights and uses to Warrell and his associates.
On the first branch of this question there can be no doubt of course that the sovereignty of Great Britain had been extended over the territory including the Mohawk river at this time, for the patent was executed long after the English had terminated by conquest the possession and sovereignty of the Dutch and had succeeded to their rights. But even so, we are asked for two reasons to hold that the grant of the English sovereign did not include the bed of the river.
In the first place, referring to the certificate of Governor Oosby, wherefrom it appears that W arrell and his associates had secured whatever rights
“
Sundry Germans ” and others had acquired in the premises of which they were seeking a grant, it is urged that the patent was simply a confirmatory conveyance and added nothing
to what had been acquired from the Germans, and this does not appear to have included the bed of the stream.
I do not think that the grant had any such narrow force, but that it was sought and executed as a conveyance by the English sovereign as the substantial proprietor of the premises in which possibly the Germans from whom Warrell and his associates took their prior conveyances had acquired some merely possessory rights of a temporary character. There is nothing in the patent or the certificate appended thereto to indicate the source or character of the rights which the Germans had acquired or that they had come from the Dutch government. In
Russell
v.
Schuyler
(22 Wend. 277, 278) it is stated that they were rights purchased of the Indians, and if so they did not amount to or constitute a conveyance of the land.
Trustees, etc., Town of Southampton
v.
Mecox Bay-Oyster Co.,
116 N. Y. 1, 7.)
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Hiscock, J.
This is an action of ejectment to recover a parcel of land formerly lying in the hed of the Mohawk river, within the present limits of the city of Utica. Said parcel no longer lies in said bed, for, prior to 1907, under authority of the legislature proceedings .were instituted and consummated to straighten the course of the river in the locality in question with the result that, its channel now lies some distance from the premises in question, and, it is conceded that in the course of or in connection with said proceedings any title, which the state had to the. present parcel was in the year last mentioned conveyed to and is now possessed by the defendant.
Plaintiffs necessarily assert in support of their right, to. recover possession of said premises that the state did • not have title to the bed of the Mohawk river at the point in question at the time it attempted or purported to coiivey title thereto to the defendant. They insist, on the contrary, that under the grant by King George of England to. Warrell and others of the premises known as- Cosby Manor and summarized in the foregoing statement of facts title to the premises in dispute was passed to said Warrell and his associates and from them by an unbroken chain of conveyances to the plaintiffs.
• It is undisputed that the lands granted to Warrell and his associates abutted the Mohawk river on both sides of the premises here in dispute and also that the description, by metes and bounds of the premises by said grant conveyed included the bed of the river and the premises in dispute. I think it may also be stated without serious
question that there is a complete chain of title to said premises from Warrell and his associates to the plaintiffs. It is true that appellant’s counsel now appears to question or criticise somewhat this chain of title; but it was assumed by the trial judge and by the dissenting justices at the Appellate Division that there was such chain and I am not inclined to view very seriously the belated claim of defects.
Assuming such a chain of title, however, it is insisted in behalf of the defendant that the patent which has been referred to did not convey title to the bed of the river, and that subsequently, the state became invested with the title thereto which still remained in the king of England at the time of the Revolution. This claim involves briefly a review of the law in respect of the effect of conveyances upon the title to the bed of the Mohawk river.
It has been frequently held that the title to the bed of the Mohawk river generally has not passed to grantees of riparian lands, but has remained in the People. This result has been secured by the application of two slightly different, or perhaps, to speak more accurately, supplementary theories. One of these has been that in grants made to settlers of the Mohawk valley under the Dutch government, the bed of the river was excepted, and, therefore, passed as unconveyed lands to Great Britain, and still later to the State of New York.
(Smith
v.
City of Rochester,
92 N. Y. 463, 481;
Fulton L., H. & P. Co.
v.
State of New York,
200 N. Y. 400, 413.)
The other theory is the one adopted in the leading case of
People
v.
Canal Commrs.
(33 N. Y. 461), where in an elaborate opinion, and after an exhaustive discussion of authorities, the court reached the conclusion that the rule of the English common law, which treated as navigable and public only those streams where the tide ebbed and flowed, was not applicable to our country; that the proper test was that of actual navigability, and that where a stream was actually navigable, as the Mohawk
was, it was subservient to the public use, and, therefore, that a conveyance bounded by or upon it would carry only to the bank and not to the center of the stream as in the case of non-navigable streams.
But neither theory, and no theory, so far as I am aware, has ever held that the sovereign power might not if it saw fit convey the title to the hed of a stream subject to public purposes and uses, or that such a conveyance if made by the English sovereign before the separation of the colonies was not to be recognized. On the contrary, it has been repeatedly held that this might and should be done.
(Rogers
v.
Jones,
1 Wend. 237, 262;
People
v.
Canal Commrs.,
33 N. Y. 461, 489;
Commrs. of Canal Fund
v.
Kempshall,
26 Wend. 404;
Lewis Blue Point Oyster C. Co.
v.
Briggs,
198 N. Y. 287;
Trustees of Brook-haven
v.
Strong,
60 N. Y. 56;
De Lancey
v.
Piepgras,
138 N. Y. 26, 36;
Smith
v.
Bartlett,
180 N. Y. 360, 365.)
We, therefore, come to the question whether King George having title to the bed of the stream did intend to and did convey the same subject to public rights and uses to Warrell and his associates.
On the first branch of this question there can be no doubt of course that the sovereignty of Great Britain had been extended over the territory including the Mohawk river at this time, for the patent was executed long after the English had terminated by conquest the possession and sovereignty of the Dutch and had succeeded to their rights. But even so, we are asked for two reasons to hold that the grant of the English sovereign did not include the bed of the river.
In the first place, referring to the certificate of Governor Oosby, wherefrom it appears that W arrell and his associates had secured whatever rights
“
Sundry Germans ” and others had acquired in the premises of which they were seeking a grant, it is urged that the patent was simply a confirmatory conveyance and added nothing
to what had been acquired from the Germans, and this does not appear to have included the bed of the stream.
I do not think that the grant had any such narrow force, but that it was sought and executed as a conveyance by the English sovereign as the substantial proprietor of the premises in which possibly the Germans from whom Warrell and his associates took their prior conveyances had acquired some merely possessory rights of a temporary character. There is nothing in the patent or the certificate appended thereto to indicate the source or character of the rights which the Germans had acquired or that they had come from the Dutch government. In
Russell
v.
Schuyler
(22 Wend. 277, 278) it is stated that they were rights purchased of the Indians, and if so they did not amount to or constitute a conveyance of the land.
Trustees, etc., Town of Southampton
v.
Mecox Bay-Oyster Co.,
116 N. Y. 1, 7.)
These rights whatever they were, under a license from Governor Burnet, had been purchased in “his late Majesty’s name,” and the act of the representatives of the British sovereign in “setting out ” for Warrell and his associates the premises of which the latter desired a grant, and the character of the patent itself whereby, amongst other things, the grantees were charged a substantial yearly rent, all indicate that this patent was conveying the real title and that it was not a mere confirmation of something which had already been substantially-accomplished. (Can
al Appraisers
v.
People,
17 Wend. 571, 588.)
Furthermore, even if the original rights secured by Warrell and his associates from the Germans had consisted of a Dutch grant which excluded the bed of the river, the subsequent English grant would have had the effect to convey title to such bed if its terms included the same.
(Hinckel
v.
Stevens,
165 N. Y. 171, 174.)
' In the' second place it is argued and was thought by the trial judge :that because the patent described the
premises as
“
lying and being * * * on both sides of the Mohawk river,” there was thereby evidenced an intent not to include "the intervening bed. I think, however, that this view gives an undue importance and significance to this descriptive feature in view of the further description of the entire tract by definite boundary lines which not only included the bed of the stream but which also included an amount of land corresponding with remarkable accuracy in the case of so large a tract to the acreage called for by the grant. It was not. at all unnatural that the general location of the land should be fixed by reference to the conspicuous landmark of that country and by statement of the fact that it extended on both sides of the river, but this general location of the tract ought not to be construed as overruling definite and exact boundary lines or as excluding land which was included within those boundary lines: Such boundary lines were controlling and carried title to the bed of the stream subject, as has already been stated, to public rights and uses.
(Hinckel
v.
Stevens,
165 N. Y. 174;
People
v.
Canal Appraisers,
33 N. Y. 461, 500;
Lowndes
v.
Town of Huntington,
153 U. S. 1, 18;
Langdon
v.
Mayor, etc., of N. Y.,
93 N. Y. 129, 145;
Fulton L., H. & P. Co.
v.
State of N. Y.,
200 N. Y. 400;
Rogers
v.
Jones,
1 Wend. 237, 255;
De Lancey
v.
Piepgras,
138 N. Y. 26, 36;
Smith
v.
Bartlett,
180 N. Y. 360, 365.)
In my opinion the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Chase, Hogan and Pound,- JJ-., concur; Willard Bartlett, Ch. J., Cuddeback and Cardozo, JJ., dissent.-
Judgment affirmed.