United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
Nos. 95-30541, 95-30637.
The POLICE ASSOCIATION OF NEW ORLEANS, Through its President, Ronald J. CANNATELLA; Forrest Austin, Jr.; Albert Bowman; Kathleen Brown; Randall Chestnut; Roy Gibliant; Eric Hessler; Imbraguglio; Bedford Jones; Jerome Laviolette; Charles Little; Luther Lumpkin, III; Wesley Morris; Larry Nettles; Michael Nuessly; Leo Peters, Jr.; Elmon Randolph; Steven Smegal; Arthur Smock, III; Kenneth Solis; Michael Sposito; Brett Thorne; Frank Vaccarella; Keith Wehmeier; Gerald Young, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, etc., et al., Defendants,
City of New Orleans, a Louisiana municipality, Defendant-Appellant.
Larry WILLIAMS; Gustave Thomas; Willie Carter, Jr.; Edgar Morgan, Jr.; Ronal Bechet, Sr.; Patricia Lebeaux; Jeanne McGlory, On behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, A Municipal Corporation, Defendant-Appellant,
and
Marc Morial, In his capacity as Mayor of New Orleans; Richard Pennington, As Superintendent of Police of New Orleans; New Orleans Civil Service Commission; Sidney H. Cates, IV, Chairman, New Orleans Civil Service Commission; Gerri M. Elie, Doctor; William R. Forrester, Jr.; Glenda Jones Harris; John P. Nelson, Commission Members, Defendants.
Dec. 9, 1996.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before WISDOM, EMILIO M. GARZA and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
WISDOM, Circuit Judge:
On May 27, 1987, the City of New Orleans agreed to a consent decree (the "Decree") with
a class of African-American police officers (the "Williams Class") who contended that the promotion
and hiring policies of the New Orleans Police Department (the "NOPD") were discriminatory. The
Decree, which ended 14 years of protracted litigation, established a system to govern hiring and
promotion within the NOPD.
In the first of these two consolidated cases, Police Association of New Orleans [PANO] v. City of New Orleans, the PANO and 24 police officers who are not African-American assert that on
December 31, 1993 the City made certain transfers and promotions in violation of the Decree and
state and federal constitutional law. The district court found for the plaintiffs. In the second case,
Williams v. City of New Orleans, the City appeals the district court's refusal to modify the terms of
the Decree. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the district court in the PANO case. We
reverse the judgment of the district court refusing to modify the Decree in the Williams case. We
vacate the district court's order holding the City in contempt, and remand for the entry of an order
consistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
The purpose of the Decree was to provide equal employment opportunity in the NOPD, to
eliminate the effects of any past racial discrimination in the NOPD, and to improve citizen trust in and
respect for the NOPD. The Decree altered the NOPD's promotion procedures in two meaningful
ways.
First, the NOPD was required to establish and fund 30 sergeant, 12 lieutenant, and two
captain positions that could be filled only by African-American officers. These po sitions, called
"supernumeraries", represented a one-time affirmative action program. The Decree provides that
vacant supernumerary positions may be filled only by African-American officers, subject to the
condition that the NOPD may eliminate every fourth vacancy at its option. Aside from the
requirement that only African-American officers fill the supernumerary positions, the terms and
conditions of employment as a supernumerary are indistinguishable from those of regular officers of
the same rank.
Second, the Decree created a "Band System" for promotions within the NOPD. Prior to the
Decree, all officers seeking promotion who passed t he New Orleans Civil Service Commission
examination (the "examination") for that position were ranked in order of their scores and promoted
in the order of their ranking. The Band System, by contrast, groups officers in bands according to
their scores, so that all officers within a particular band are considered to have substantially equal
ability. The Decree requires the NOPD first to promote all officers within the lowest number band
(comprised of officers having the highest test scores), then proceed to the higher number bands
(comprised of officers with lower test scores). The Superintendent of Police must promote all
officers in one band before proceeding to the next, but has discretion to select among the individuals
within a particular band. The Decree mandated these changes in the promotion process to increase
the opportunities for the advancement of African-American officers.
After the Decree was entered, a group of officers who are not African-American intervened
to voice their objection to the creation of the supernumerary positions. The intervenors asserted that
the Decree failed to insure that the ratio of regular sergeants, lieutenants, and captains to all officers
in the NOPD would not fall below the ratio that exi sted on October 1, 1981. On that date, the
proportion of ranked positions to all officers in the NOPD was as follows: 14.5 percent sergeants,
4.9 percent lieutenants, 1.8 percent captains. As a result, on May 27, 1987, the City and the Williams
Class entered into a stipulation that addressed the intervenors' concerns. In the stipulation, the City
agreed that the 1981 ratios would be maintained and that calculation of these ratios would not include
the 44 supernumerary positions.
The most recent sergeant's promotional list was established in February 1991. By December
30, 1993 all officers in Bands 1, 2, 3, and 4 had been promoted. In Band 5 all African-American
officers had been promoted and 34 non-African-American officers remained. Band 6 was comprised
of both African-American and non-African-American officers. All 30 supernumerary sergeant
positions were filled.
In November 1993, PANO informed the NOPD that it needed to create additional regular
sergeant positions in order to comply with the stipulation. The City determined that the creation of
16 new regular sergeant positions would raise the ratio of regular sergeants to all officers above the
14.5 percent threshold requirement. Under the Decree, the new sergeants were to be selected from
those officers remaining in Band 5. This action, however, would result in the promotion of
non-African-American officers only. The City decided that, as a matter of policy, the promotions should better reflect the racial demographics of the city's population.1 To achieve this end, on
December 31, 1993, the City transferred eight African-American supernumerary sergeants to eight
of the newly created regular sergeant positions. The City then exercised its option to eliminate every
fourth vacant supernumerary position as provided by the Decree. This left six vacant supernumerary
positions. Because those positions could be filled by African-American officers only, the City passed
over the 34 officers in Band 5 who were not African-American and promoted six African-American
officers from Band 6. The City then filled the remaining ten newly created regular sergeant positions
with ten of the non-African-American officers from Band 5, leaving 24 unpromoted. The net result
of this scheme was 16 new sergeants: ten non-African-American officers from Band 5, and six
African-American officers from Band 6.
On January 7, 1994, PANO and the 24 officers who were not African-American and were
awaiting promotion to the rank of sergeant filed this action. Each of the individual officers had
passed the sergeant examination and was placed in Band 5 of the Commission's promotional register.
The plaintiffs asserted that, through the transfers and promotions of December 31, 1993, the City,
the Superintendent of Police, and the Director of the Civil Service Commission violated the equal
protection and due process clauses of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution
and Article I, Section 3 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974. The plaintiffs asserted causes of action
1 New Orleans is over 60 percent African-American. Superintendent Joseph Oricke testified that:
[A]t the time the consent decree was signed, the number of supernumeraries that were promoted was based on the percentages of white and African-American officers on the job at that time. That percentage has changed since the signing of the consent decree and we were creating sixteen new positions that did not exist at the time the consent decree was sign [sic].
Additionally, Lynne Schackai, the Assistant Personnel Director of the Commission, testified that there was a concern about racial hostility within the NOPD, and that there was a belief that more African-American supervisors could better supervise African- American officers who, in turn, were needed to relate to the large African-American population in New Orleans. Michael Doyle, the Commission's Director of Personnel, testified that he "assumed" the transfer occurred because "they wanted to get some African-American officers". Leonard Simmons, the Commission's Chief Administrative Officer, testified that, at the time of the promotions, he was "very concerned that our rank in the police department ... did not reflect the constituency which it served". under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief,
compensatory and punitive damages, and attorney's fees and costs.
Two of the 24 officers who were not African-American remaining in Band 5 contended that
they were denied promotions because they maintained their "residence" as opposed to their "domicile"
in Orleans Parish.2 These officers asserted that Municipal Ordinance 15420, which required all city
employees to be domiciled in Orleans Parish in order to be eligible for promotion, violated an express
provision of the Decree. Paragraph X of the Decree provides:
In accordance with present law, no applicant for Police Recruit shall be hired by the NOPD unless he or she is a resident of the Parish of Orleans. In order to be eligible for promotion to the ranks of Police Sergeant, Police Lieutenant, Police Captain or Police Major, an officer shall establish that his or her residence is in the Parish of Orleans, unless he or she can show that this requirement was waived as to him or her and that such waiver is still in effect.
The parties agreed that this case did not involve any disputed issues of fact, but rather turned
solely upon interpretation of federal constitutional and statutory law and the Decree. All parties
agreed that the district court should resolve the dispute based on trial memoranda submitted by
counsel for all parties.
On April 4, 1995, the district court issued a Memorandum and Order finding specifically: (1)
the transfers and promotions made by the City on December 31, 1993 violate the Decree and the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, (2) the City violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and
42 U.S.C. § 1983 with respect to each of the individual plaintiffs, and (3) Municipal Ordinance 15420
2 The Louisiana Supreme Court has explained the distinction between domicile and residence:
Domicile and residence are two separate concepts. Domicile includes residence but it also includes the added element of an intent to make the residence one's principal establishment. A person can have several places of residence but only on place of domicile.
Gowins v. Gowins, 466 So.2d 32, 34 (La.1985) (citation omitted). The Louisiana Civil Code provides:
The domicile of each citizen is in the parish wherein he has his principal establishment.
The principal establishment is that in which he makes his habitual residence....
La.Civ.Code Ann. art 38 (West 1993). and its successor Ordinance 16923 conflict with the Decree and, therefore, cannot be applied to
NOPD officers. Because there were alternative courses of action by which the City could remedy
the violations and comply with the order, the district court gave the City an opportunity to fashion
a remedy to correct the violations of the Decree and federal statutory and constitutional law by May
1, 1995.
On May 1, the City had not complied with the April 4 order, but instead presented a proposed
remedy to the district court. On May 1, the City also filed a motion to amend the Decree to require
"domicile" rather than "residency" for promotions within the NOPD. On May 15, the district court,
after a hearing on the proposed remedy, found that it was unsatisfactory because the City continued
to apply a domiciliary requirement to the officers waiting for promotion. The district court found that
the City ignored the district court's finding that the domiciliary requirement violated the Decree and
held the City in contempt. The district court ordered the City to pay a fine of $5,000 a day until the
City effectuated a remedy in compliance with the April 4 order and the Decree. On the same day, the
City filed a motion to stay the contempt order and an alternative motion for clarification and
reconsideration of the April 4 order. On May 17, the district court denied the City's motion to amend
the consent decree. On May 18, the district court denied the City's motion to stay the contempt order
and the motion for clarification or reconsideration of the April 4 order.
On May 30, 1995, the City filed a Notice of Appeal from (1) the April 4 order, (2) the order
of contempt issued by the district court on May 15, and (3) the order denying the City's motion to
stay and the motion for clarification or reconsideration issued on May 18. On June 14, 1995, the City
filed a separate Notice of Appeal from the order denying the City's motion to amend the Decree.
On June 2, 1995, the City filed a motion to set aside the contempt order and provided the
court with a second proposed remedy, the promotion of the eight non-African-American officers in
Band 5, conditioned upon a reserved right to return the officers to their former positions if the City
prevailed on its appeal of the district court's April 4 order. The district court held a hearing on June
7. The court found that the second proposed remedy was unsatisfactory because neither the Decree
nor the New Orleans Civil Service Rules provide for this type of "conditional promotion". The district court denied the City's motion to set aside the contempt order, and specified a remedy—the
unconditional promotion of all the officers remaining in Band 5 effective retroactively to March 3,
1995.
On June 7, 1995, the City filed a second motion to set aside the contempt order. The motion
stated that all officers remaining in Band 5 had been promoted in accordance with the court's order.
On June 12, the district court held a hearing on this motion. The district court found the City in
substantial compliance with its June 7 order. The court ordered the City purged of contempt
retroactively to June 7, on the condition that the City provide documentary evidence by June 13, 1995
of the promotions of each of the 24 non-African-American officers. At the June 12 hearing the
district court also amended its June 7 o rder to provide that all these promotions be effective
retroactively to December 31, 1993. On June 13, the City provided the required documentary
support. At a hearing on June 14, the district court found that the City had complied with its orders
and set aside the contempt order, retroactive to June 7. The di strict court also adjusted the
retroactive promotion date of the 24 non-African-American officers to place them on par with the
six African-American officers illegally promoted to sergeant on December 31, 1993. On July 6, the
City filed an Amended Notice of Appeal from the district court's orders of June 7, June 14, and June
21. The Amended Notice of Appeal also included notice of appeal from the three orders that were
the subject of the City's May 30, 1995 Notice of Appeal.
II. APPELLATE JURISDICTION
The April 4, June 7, and June 21 orders, taken together, have the practical effect of granting
an injunction.3 We therefore exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).4 The definition
3 See Laje v. R.E. Thomason Gen. Hosp., 564 F.2d 1159, 1161 (5th Cir.1977) (Holding that interlocutory order to grant a doctor staff privileges during the pendency of the action was appealable under § 1292(a)(1) because it "was in the nature of an injunction".); Schulner v. Jack Eckerd Corp., 706 F.2d 1113, 1114 (11th Cir.1983) (Holding that an order to reinstate employee pending determination of damages was appealable under § 1292(a)(1) because it "was in the nature of an injunction".). 4 28 U.S.C. § 1292 provides in relevant part:
(a) [T]he courts of appeals shall have jurisdiction of appeals from: of an injunction under § 1292 is broad. That section applies to "[o]rders that are directed to a party,
enforceable by contempt, and designed to accord or protect some or all of the substantive relief 5 sought in the complaint in more than a temporary fashion." The orders appealed satisfy this
definition: they were directed to the City, enforced by contempt, and permanently granted virtually
all of the substantive relief sought by the plaintiffs. Thus, the orders have the practical effect of
granting an injunction. The Supreme Court has held, however, that for an order to be appealable
under § 1292(a)(1), the litigant must also show that the order having the effect of an injunction causes
serious, perhaps irreparable, consequences.6 In this case, the unconditional retroactive promotion of
police officers to the rank of sergeant is such an irreparable consequence. This Court, therefore, has
appellate jurisdiction over these orders.
Our conclusion that appellate jurisdiction exists over the orders having the practical effect
of an injunction is a prerequisite to our consideration of the plaintiff's challenge to the district court's
contempt order because "a judgment of civil contempt is not a final decree and therefore is not
appealable in itself. However, where the validity of the underlying order or injunction is questioned
on appeal there may also be an appeal of a remedial contempt order."7
The district court's May 17, 1995 order denying the plaintiff's motion to amend the Decree
is the court's final judgment with regard to the attempted amendment and is, therefore, appealable
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
(1) Interlocutory orders of the district courts of the United States ... granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions, or refusing to dissolve or modify injunctions.... 5 16 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, ARTHUR R. MILLER, EDWARD H. COOPER & EUGENE GRESSMAN, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Jurisdiction § 3922, at 29 (1977); (quoted in Santana Products v. Compression Polymers, 8 F.3d 152, 154 (3rd Cir.1993); I.A.M. Nat. Pension Fund v. Cooper Industries, Inc., 789 F.2d 21, 24 (D.C.Cir.1986); United States v. Western Electric Co., 777 F.2d 23, 28 n. 12 (D.C.Cir.1985)). 6 Carson v. American Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 84, 101 S.Ct. 993, 996, 67 L.Ed.2d 59. 7 Blaylock v. Cheker Oil Co., 547 F.2d 962, 965 (6th Cir.1976) (quoted in Western Water Management, Inc. v. Brown, 40 F.3d 105, 108 n. 1 (5th Cir.1994); United States v. Bayshore Associates, Inc., 934 F.2d 1391, 1398 (6th Cir.1991); Mercury Motor Express, Inc. v. Brinke, 475 F.2d 1086, 1091 (5th Cir.1973)). III. DISCUSSION
Municipal Ordinance 16923
Two of the plaintiffs in this case were passed over for promotion in 1993 because they were
not domiciled in Orleans Parish, as required by Municipal Ordinance 15420. This ordinance
contained a "grandfather clause", which the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1995 held to be
unconstitutional.8 In response to this decision, the City adopted a similar ordinance, Municipal
Ordinance 16923, containing no "grandfather clause". This ordinance provides that any employee
domiciled outside Orleans Parish on February 16, 1995 will not be terminated, but that from that date
on, no city employee is eligible for promotion unless the employee establishes domicile in Orleans
Parish. The district court found that Ordinance 15420 and its successor 16923 conflicted with an
express provision in the Decree that required only residency for promotion. Therefore, the district
court ruled that the NOPD had improperly applied Ordinance 15420 to deny promotions in the past,
and that any future application of Ordinance 16923 to promotions would also be improper. We agree
with the district court's conclusion.
The Decree was entered before the passage of the Municipal Ordinance 16923. Until the
Decree is amended or expires it binds the City as to promotional requirements within the NOPD. The
City cannot unilaterally amend the bargain struck in the Decree through the passage of a municipal
ordinance.
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
The district court found that the City's actions also violated the equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. We agree.
The equal protection clause provides that "[n]o State shall ... deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."9 The Supreme Court has stated that the "rights created
by the first section of the fourteenth amendment are, by its terms, guaranteed to the individual. The
8 Police Association of New Orleans v. City of New Orleans, 649 So.2d 951, 956-57 (La.1995). 9 U.S. Const.Amend. XIV, § 1. rights established are personal rights."10 "Any preference based on racial or ethnic criteria must
necessarily receive a most searching examination to make sure that it does not conflict with
constitutional guarantees."11 In City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., the Supreme Court held that,
to be constitutional, racial classifications in affirmative action programs must withstand the exacting
standards of strict scrutiny.12 Application of strict scrutiny involves two distinct inquiries. First, any
racial classification must be justified by a compelling state interest.13 Second, the means used by the
state to accomplish its purpose must be "narrowly tailored to the achievement of that goal".14 For
the reasons that follow, we hold that City's actions were not constitutional.
Since the Court's decision in Croson, circuit courts have labored to determine what
characteristics a plan of racial preference must possess to be "narrowly tailored" or to achieve a
"compelling governmental interest".15 While Croson does not require a city to incriminate itself by
10 Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 22, 68 S.Ct. 836, 846, 92 L.Ed. 1161 (1948). 11 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448, 491, 100 S.Ct. 2758, 2781, 65 L.Ed.2d 902 (1980). 12 488 U.S. 469, 109 S.Ct. 706, 102 L.Ed.2d 854 (1989); See also Laurence H. Tribe, Joint Statement, Constitutional Scholar's Statement on Affirmative Action After City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 98 YALE L.J. 1711 (1989); Diane E. Dixon, The Dismantling of Affirmative Action Programs: Evaluating City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 7 N.Y.L.SCH.J.HUM.RTS. 35 (1990); Cassandra D. Hart, Unresolved Tensions: The Croson Decision, 7 HARV.BLACKLETTER J. 71 (1990); Douglas D. Scherer, Affirmative Action Doctrine and the Conflicting Messages of Croson, 38 U.KAN.L.REV. 281 (1990); Kathleen M. Sullivan, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.: The Backlash Against Affirmative Action, 64 TUL.L.REV. 1609 (1990). See also RONALD D. ROTUNDA & JOHN E. NOWAK, TREATISE ON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: SUBSTANCE & PROCEDURE § 18.10 (2d Ed.1992). 13 Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267, 274, 106 S.Ct. 1842, 1847, 90 L.Ed.2d 260 (1989). 14 Fullilove, 448 U.S. at 480, 100 S.Ct. at 2776. 15 See O'Donnell Constr. Co. v. Dist. of Columbia, 963 F.2d 420 (D.C.Cir.1992); Stuart v. Roache, 951 F.2d 446 (1st Cir.1991); Harrison & Burrows Bridge Constructors v. Cuomo, 981 F.2d 50 (2d Cir.1992); Contractors Ass'n of Eastern Penn. v. City of Philadelphia, 91 F.3d 586 (3d Cir.1996); Alexander v. Estepp, 95 F.3d 312 (4th Cir.1996); Middleton v. City of Flint, 92 F.3d 396 (6th Cir.1996); Billish v. City of Chicago, 989 F.2d 890 (7th Cir.1993) (en banc); Donaghy v. City of Omaha, 933 F.2d 1448 (8th Cir.1991); Associated General Contractors of California v. City and County of San Francisco, 950 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir.1991); Adarand Constructors Inc. v. Pena, 16 F.3d 1537 (10th Cir.1994); Cone Corporation v. Hillsborough County, 908 F.2d 908 (11th Cir.1990); Nicole Duncan, Croson Revisited: A Legacy of Uncertainty in the Application of Strict Scrutiny, 26 COLUM.HUM.RTS.L.REV. 679 (1995). proving its own participation in past discrimination, Justice O'Connor did require a showing of at least
passive involvement in past discrimination.16 The Court offered little guidance, however, as to how
much proof is required. This Court has addressed this issue on several occasions.
In Black Fire Fighters Association v. City of Dallas,17 the city and the Black Fire Fighters
Association sought approval of a settlement of an employment discrimination action. The Dallas Fire
Fighters Association intervened to oppose the settlement. After examining the "skip promotion"
system, a panel of this Court held that the system violated the equal protection clause. In Edwards
v. City of Houston,18 associations representing various members of a police department sought to
intervene in a consent decree entered into by the city and a class of African-American and Hispanic
police officers. There, we held that the plan instituted by the consent decree did not violate the equal
protection clause. Finally, in Hopwood v. State of Texas, this Court assessed the constitutionality of
an affirmative action admissions policy at the University of Texas School of Law. There, we found
that the use of race as a factor in the school's admissions policy was violative of the equal protection
clause.
Unlike the cases discussed above, this case does not require us to conduct an examination of
evidence of past discrimination. We need not assess any plan offered by the City to determine
whether it is "narrowly tailored". We cannot conduct such analysis because we have no plan before
us, nor any specific evidence of past discrimination.
The City contends that the promotions and transfers were made to give a better reflection of
the racial composition of the city; "more African-American supervisors could better supervise
African-American officers who in turn were needed to relate to the larger African-American
population". 19 Notwithstanding the validity of the City's goal, this alone does not justify a racial
16 Croson, 488 U.S. at 492, 109 S.Ct. at 720-21. 17 19 F.3d 992 (5th Cir.1994). 18 37 F.3d 1097 (5th Cir.1994). 19 Deposition of Lynne Schackai, Assistant Personnel Director of the New Orleans Civil Service Commission. classification. Rather, under Croson and its progenitors, an affirmative action plan must be narrowly
tailored to remedy past specific instances of discrimination.20 The City has introduced no evidence
of specific past discrimination that it was attempting to remedy with the instant promotions.
To the ext ent that the City offers the Decree itself as a finding of past discrimination, it s
assertion similarly fails. We recognize that, in the present case, the City was attempting to remedy
racial imbalances in the police department. We further understand that this was also the purpose of
the Decree. Nonetheless, if the Decree was not meeting its purpose, the City should have petitioned
the court to modify the Decree. It is settled that, to the extent a decree is drafted to deal with events
in the future, the court must remain continually willing to modify the order to ensure that it
accomplishes its intended result.21 Further, a court must never overlook substantial changes in the
circumstances surrounding a decree, lest it become an "instrument of wrong".22 The City failed to
seek modification of the Decree prior to the promotions, and has offered no explanation for its failure.
Notwithstanding demographic changes or the City's benevolent intent, modification is the only proper
course and, fatally, a course the City failed to pursue. The Decree cannot be used to justify actions
aside from those mandated by its own terms. Rather, the City must make specific findings,
independent of the Decree, to support the actions before us. The City has not done so. As such,
although the promotions based on race were made with a laudable goal in mind, we cannot hold that
they were in furtherance of a compelling state purpose under Croson.
Even assuming that the promotions were made to remedy specific past discrimination, the
actions before us were not narrowly tailored, as required under the second prong of our equal
protection analysis. If the promotions and transfers of December 31, 1995 were approved, the power
of the City to transfer supernumeraries out of those positions and fill them with more African-
20 Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 307-10, 98 S.Ct. 2733, 2757-59, 57 L.Ed.2d 750. 21 United States v. United Shoe Mach. Corp., 391 U.S. 244, 252, 88 S.Ct. 1496, 1501, 20 L.Ed.2d 562 (1968); Exxon Corp. v. Texas Motor Exchange of Houston, 628 F.2d 500, 503 (5th Cir.1980). 22 United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 115, 52 S.Ct. 460, 462-63, 76 L.Ed. 999 (1932). American officers would be unlimited. Such a policy would severely enervate the Band System and
deprive the police force and the general population of the fundamental benefits of the Decree.
Because the race based promotions were not in furtherance of a compelling state purpose and
were not narrowly tailored, the City's actions violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth
amendment.
The Decree
The City transferred officers from the supernumerary positions to regular sergeant positions
in an attempt to comply with the Stipulation. The vacant supernumerary positions were then filled
with African-American officers from Band 6, leaving 24 non-African-American officers in Band 5.
Although the City maintains that this procedure was consistent with the Decree, the district court
found that the transfer of the eight supernumerary sergeants to regular sergeant positions and the
related promotion of six African-American officers from Band 6 violated the Decree. We agree with
the district court.
The Decree included a color-blind provision prohibiting unlawful discrimination within the
NOPD:
Defendants ... shall not engage in any act, practice, or policy which has the purpose or effect of unlawfully discriminating on the basis of race or color against any employee or applicant for employment in the New Orleans Police Department.
The City's unlawful discrimination violated this express provision of the Decree.
The City's transfer of the supernumeraries to regular sergeant positions also violated the
promotional scheme set out by the Decree. The Decree provides that, in filling regular sergeant
positions, "[p]romotions shall first be made from the group with the highest scores [Band 1], then
from the group with the second highest scores [Band 2], and so forth until the list expires". In this
case, rather than promote the available officers in Band 5, the City filled the vacant regular sergeant
positions with supernumeraries. This is in direct conflict with the Decree.
The City contends that, because the transferred supernumerary sergeants were originally in
Band 5, the promotions were actually made from the highest available band. This is a meritless
contention. It is undisputed that there is no difference between supernumerary and regular sergeant positions with respect to any condition of employment. As such, it cannot be argued that
supernumerary sergeants retain their pre-promotion band levels for eventual "promotion" into regular
sergeant positions. If the positions are the same, the only conceivable reason for the "promotion" of
the supernumeraries is to circumvent the express terms of the Decree.
Finally, the City insists that the New Orleans Civil Service Rules permit the "transfer" of
employees into vacant positions as they come open.23 Such rules do not overcome the direct
language of a judicial decree.
As a policy matter, if we accept the City's argument that its actions were in accordance with
the Decree, each time a regular sergeant position became vacant, the City could transfer a African-
American officer from a supernumerary position and then promote the next available African-
American officer into the vacated supernumerary position. As the district court poi nted out, this
construction of the Decree would eviscerate the Band System and would give the City unchecked
authority to promote African-American officers to the exclusion of all others.
Section 1983
The district court also found that the City's actions violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983. That section
provides:
Every person who, under color of [state law], subjects or causes to be subjected, any citizen ... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.24
Having concluded that the constitutional rights of the plaintiffs were violated, it remains only to
determine whether the City is a "person" within the meaning of § 1983.
23 Rule VI provides in pertinent part:
An employee may be transferred from any position in the classified service to any other position of the same class, or of any other class for which no additional or different qualifications are prescribed for original entrance, on recommendation of the appointing authority and approval of such transfer by the Director, but no employee shall be transferred from a position in one organization unit to a position in another organization unit without the consent of the appointing authorities of both units concerned. 24 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (West 1994). The Supreme Court has held that a municipality may be liable under § 1983.25 This liability,
however, may not be based on a theory of respondeat superior. Rather, local governmental liability
is triggered where the "execution of a government's policy or custom, whether made by its law
makers or those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury
...".26 "Municipal liability attaches only where the decision maker possessed final authority to
establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered."27
The evidence in the present case indicates that the Mayor, the Chief Administrative Officer,
and the Superintendent of Police each knew of and approved the transfers and promotions. The final
decision was made by the Superintendent, who is ultimately responsible for promotions in the NOPD.
Further, the Director of the Civil Service Commission approved the promotions and transfers. Given
these facts, there is little question that municipal liability may attach in this case. Accordingly,
because we find that the City's actions unlawfully discriminated against the plaintiffs in contravention
of the Equal Protection Clause, we hold that the City violated § 1983.
Section 1981
42 U.S.C. § 1981 provides that "[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall
have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts.... The rights
protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and
impairment under color of State law".28 Although the statute speaks explicitly of "contracts", the
Supreme Court has held that an employer's failure to promote an employee because of the employee's
race is actionable under § 1981.29 The Court cautioned, however, that the action is proper only when
25 Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2035-36, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). 26 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. at 2037-38. 27 Pembauer v. City of Cincinatti, 475 U.S. 469, 483, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 1299-1300, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986). 28 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (West 1994). 29 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 185, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 2377, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989). the promotion "rises to the level of an opportunity for a new and distinct relation between the
employee and the employer".30 Hence, the primary inquiry under this cause of action is whether a
promotion to sergeant, which the plaintiffs were denied, would have amounted to a new and distinct
relation between the plaintiffs and the NOPD.
In deciding whether a change of position rises to the level of a new and distinct relation, the
court must compare the employee's current duties, salary, and benefits with those incident to the new
position.31 If the new position involves substantial changes in these areas, a new and distinct relation
is recognized. Examples of such changes abound. A promotion from associate to partner in a law
firm is the sort of promotion that constitutes a new and distinct employment relationship.32 Denial
of a promotion from billing clerk to supervisor, similarly, may be actionable under § 1981.33 If,
however, there is little change between the current and contemplated positions, § 1981 is
inapplicable.34
Sergeants in the NOPD carry supervisory duties not shouldered by regular officers. This
heightened responsibility is rewarded with higher salary and enhanced eligibility for further
promotion. We find that this is the type of change in relation between employee and employer that,
if denied based o n race, triggers the application of § 1981. Because we have determined that the
promotions were denied based on unlawful discrimination, we conclude that the City's actions violate
§ 1981.
The City's Motion to Amend the Consent Decree.
In its April 4 order, the district court found that Municipal Ordinance 15420 and its successor
Ordinance 16923 conflicted with an express provision in the Decree and held that the ordinance could
not be applied to NOPD officers. On May 1, the City moved the district court to amend Paragraph
30 Id. 31 Harrison v. Associates Corp. of North America, 917 F.2d 195, 198 (5th Cir.1990). 32 Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984). 33 Mallory v. Booth Refrigeration Supply Co., Inc., 882 F.2d 908 (4th Cir.1989). 34 Harrison, 917 F.2d at 199. X of the Decree to substitute a requirement of domicile for the existing requirement of residency.
On May 17, the district court denied the motion because the "City failed to establish that a significant
change in facts or law warrants revision of the Decree". The City argues that it was unnecessary to
show such a change because: (1) the motion was unopposed, (2) the motion did not seek to alter an
essential provision of the decree, and (3) the modification would not adversely impact the remedial
purpose of the Decree.
This Court reviews decisions regarding modification of consent decrees for abuse of
discretion.35 In 1992, the Supreme Court issued Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail,36 in which
the court set forth a new "flexible standard" for considering requests to modify consent decrees
stemming from institutional reform litigation. Under the Rufo standard, "a party seeking modification
of a consent decree bears t he burden of establishing that a significant change in circumstances
warrants revision of the decree".37 The Court went on to explain, however, that:
The standard we set forth applies when a party seeks modification of a term of a consent decree that arguably relates to the vindication of a constitutional right. Such a showing is not necessary to implement minor changes in extraneous details that may have been included in a decree ... but are unrelated to remedying the underlying constitutional violation. Ordinarily, the parties should consent to modifying a decree to allow such changes. If a party refuses to consent and the moving party has a reasonable basis for its request, the court should modify the decree.38
In this case, the amendment sought is not related to the primary purpose of the Decree—equal
employment opportunity in the NOPD. Rather, Paragraph X is a minor provision of the Decree.
Paragraph X was included to assure that the Decree would not be interpreted to create an exception
to the city's generally applicable employment requirements. Those requirements have been amended
to require that all city employees maintain their domicile in Orleans Parish to be eligible for
35 Elgin National Watch Co. v. Barrett, 213 F.2d 776, 780 (5th Cir.1954). 36 502 U.S. 367, 112 S.Ct. 748, 116 L.Ed.2d 867 (1992). 37 Id. at 383, 112 S.Ct. 748 at 759-60. 38 Id. at n. 7, 112 S.Ct. 748, at n. 7. promotion. The constitutionality of such a requirement has been consistently upheld.39 The City has
a strong interest in requiring its employees to maintain a domicile in Orleans Parish.40 The City has
a reasonable basis for seeking the amendment to the Decree—uniformity of employment requirements
for all city employees. The plaintiffs did not oppose the amendment. Acco rdingly, we find that,
under the flexible standard articulated in Rufo, the district court's denial of the City's motion to amend
the Decree was an abuse of discretion.
Contempt Order
We review a contempt order for abuse of discretion.41 In this case the City was held in
contempt for applying Municipal Ordinance 16923 to the NOPD officers in clear contravention of
the district court's April 4 order. The City argues that this was an abuse of discretion because the
order was ambiguous, or, alternatively, because the City substantially complied with the order.
In the April 4, 1995 order the district court specifically found:
(1) that the transfers and promotions made by the City on December 31, 1993 violate the Consent Decree entered into by the City on May 27, 1987 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
(2) that the City violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and 42 U.S.C. 1983 with respect to each of the plaintiffs, and
(3) that Municipal Ordinance 16923 directly conflicts with the Decree and is not applicable to NOPD officers.
The district court then ordered the City to "remedy the violations of the Consent Decree and federal
statutory and constitutional law in accordance with this Order not later than May 1, 1995".
The City asserts that this directive is vague and ambiguous, and therefore cannot be a basis
for contempt. The City relies on Longshoreman's Association v. Marine Trade Association,42 in
which the Supreme Court held that a finding of contempt cannot be predicated upon an
39 See, e.g., McCarthy v. Philadelphia Civil Service Comm'n, 424 U.S. 645, 96 S.Ct. 1154, 47 L.Ed.2d 366 (1976); Police Association of New Orleans v. City of New Orleans, 649 So.2d 951 (La.1995). 40 Police Association of New Orleans v. City of New Orleans, 649 So.2d 951, 963 (La.1995). 41 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. LeGrand, 43 F.3d 163, 166 (5th Cir.1995). 42 389 U.S. 64, 88 S.Ct. 201, 19 L.Ed.2d 236 (1967). "unintelligible" order or "a command that defies comprehension".43 The district court's April 4, 1995
order is not such a command. Although it is true that the district court's order does not specify a
remedy, this lack of specificity was intentional. The district court reasoned:
The City struck a bargain in May of 1987 and it is the duty of the elected and duly appointed officials to carry out the obligations to which they are bound by the Consent Decree. The Court's role is to determine whether the City's promotional decisions comport with the Decree and federal law. I have found that they do not. While it is within my power to do so, the principles of federalism and comity as well as common sense dictate that I should not attempt the task of selecting the individuals best qualified for promotion or demotion in the NOPD. In keeping with that policy I find it more appropriate for the City to provide a remedy consistent with this Order.
The district court's well-reasoned order clearly states the court's reasons for not specifying
a remedy on April 4. The court struck a balance. The order was sufficiently definite, but the court
declined to unduly interfere with NOPD promotion procedures. In these circumstances, we find that
the district court's order supported the finding of contempt.
The City argues that the district court abused its discretion in finding the City in contempt
because the City had substantially complied with the April 4 order. This argument is without merit.
From the testimony of Marlin Gusman, Chief Administrative Officer for the City, it is clear that the
City understood that the order found the domiciliary requirement of Municipal Ordinance 16923
inapplicable to NOPD officers. The City, however, decided to apply the domiciliary requirement in
contravention of the order. Although the City had moved the district court to amend the Decree, the
law of the case on May 15, 1995 was clear. The City was not entitled to disregard the district court's
clear mandate in reliance on a proposed amendment to the Decree. Because the City continued to
apply Municipal Ordinance 16923 in clear contravention of the district court's order, the City had not
substantially complied with the order and the finding of contempt was proper.
IV. CONCLUSION
In sum, we find that the district court correctly determined that the City's transfers and
promotions of December 31, 1993 violate the Decree and t he equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. We find, further, that the constitutional
43 Id. at 76, 88 S.Ct. 201, at 208. violations entitle the plaintiffs to relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Accordingly,
in these respects, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Although we hold that the district court properly found the City in contempt on May 15, 1995
for failure to comply with the April 4, 1995 order, we also find that the district court erred on May
17, 1995 by refusing to amend the Decree to mirror the domiciliary requirement of Municipal
Ordinance 16923. Had the court properly granted the motion to amend the Decree, the City's
proposed remedy would have been in accordance with the Decree and the April 4 order as of that
date. We find, therefore, that the City may properly be held in contempt for May 15, 1995 and May
16, 1995 only. Accordingly, we VACATE the district court's contempt order and REMAND to the
district court for entry of an order consistent with this opinion.