IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1133 Filed January 21, 2021
WILLIAM LAMONT TAYLOR, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph W. Seidlin,
Judge.
William Taylor appeals the district court order denying his second
postconviction-relief petition. AFFIRMED.
Raya D. Dimitrova of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sharon K. Hall, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ. 2
AHLERS, Judge.
Following a jury trial, William Taylor was convicted of assault on a peace
officer with a dangerous weapon and eluding. After his convictions were affirmed
on appeal, a hearing was held on Taylor’s postconviction-relief (PCR) petitions.
The petitions were denied by the district court on the merits. Taylor appeals the
district court’s denial of his request for PCR. On appeal, Taylor raises a number
of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims.
I. Background
The underlying facts were summarized by our court on Taylor’s direct
appeal from his convictions:
On patrol in the early morning hours of June 13, 2015, Des Moines police noticed a Mercury Mountaineer SUV being driven without proper license plates. When the officers signaled the driver to stop, he instead accelerated—reaching speeds of 80 miles per hour on Interstate 235 and 60 miles per hour in residential neighborhoods. About four miles into the pursuit, the driver—later identified as Taylor—drove onto his own yard and was surrounded by three squad cars. Three separate dash cameras recorded the incident. The videos show Taylor making a U-turn on the grass, and then revving his engine, before ramming headlong into a squad car driven by Officer Trevor Spear. The officers seized Taylor, who told them he was running because he had a warrant out for his arrest. The State charged Taylor with assault on a peace officer with a dangerous weapon, in violation of Iowa Code section 708.3A(2) (2015), as an habitual offender, under section 902.8 and 902.9, and eluding, in violation of section 321.279(2). A jury convicted Taylor on both offenses, and he stipulated to his prior felony convictions. The district court sentenced Taylor to a total of fifteen years in prison with a mandatory minimum term of three years.
State v. Taylor, No. 15-2128, 2017 WL 935066, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2017).
Additional facts will be discussed as necessary. 3
II. Standard of Review
“Our review of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is de novo.” State
v. Roby, 951 N.W.2d 459 (Iowa 2020) (quoting State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174,
179 (Iowa 2017)).
III. Discussion
All of Taylor’s claims on appeal allege his trial counsel was ineffective. “In
order to support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
show (1) that counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) that prejudice
resulted.” State v. Kuhse, 937 N.W.2d 622, 628 (Iowa 2020); accord Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984). “If we conclude a claimant has failed
to establish either of these elements, we need not address the remaining element.”
State v. Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d 316, 320 (Iowa 2015).
To show that trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty, a defendant
“must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687). “[W]e measure counsel’s performance against the standard of a
reasonably competent practitioner.” Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 752 (Iowa
2016) (quoting Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860, 868 (Iowa 2015)). We also
consider “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the
circumstances.” Kuhse, 967 N.W.2d at 628 (quoting Strickland, 468 N.W.2d at
688).
To show prejudice, defendant must show “there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to 4
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 468 N.W.2d at
694).
a. Failure to Investigate Vehicle
Taylor first alleges trial counsel was ineffective for failing to locate the SUV
Taylor used to elude law enforcement and drive into Officer Spear’s squad car.
Taylor claims he did not intentionally ram the SUV into the officer’s squad car,
asserting it rolled into the squad car after being knocked into neutral by another
squad car’s contact with the SUV. Taylor maintains that finding the SUV would
have allowed Taylor to obtain “a mechanic to examine the vehicle in order to
definitively determine if the vehicle was disabled in accordance with [Taylor]’s
testimony,” which in turn would make Taylor’s testimony more credible and
establish he “did not have the necessary intent to assault the police officers after
he stopped the vehicle in his yard.”
We conclude trial counsel did not err by failing to further investigate and
examine the SUV Taylor was driving. On Taylor’s direct appeal, our court already
determined that the evidence on the record, including the four officers’ testimony
and the video evidence, supports the finding that Taylor had the “specific intent to
cause the officer pain or injury or place the officer in fear of undesirable contact.”
Taylor, 2017 WL 935066, at *2. The record shows that Taylor revved the SUV’s
engine immediately before driving the SUV directly into Officer Spear’s vehicle.
Even if we assumed counsel neglected a duty by failing to investigate the condition
of the SUV, a dubious assumption at best, it does not matter, as Taylor cannot
meet the prejudice prong of the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel analysis
because he cannot show a reasonable probability the results would have been 5
different had trial counsel investigated the condition of the vehicle. The evidence
of Taylor’s guilt was simply too overwhelming.
b. Spoliation Instruction
Taylor next argues trial counsel should have requested a spoliation
instruction be given to the jury in relation to the SUV. Such an instruction “is a
direction to the jury that it [may] infer from the State’s failure to preserve [evidence]
that the evidence would have been adverse to the State.” State v. Hartsfield, 681
N.W.2d 626, 630 (Iowa 2004) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Vincik, 398
N.W.2d 788, 795 (Iowa 1987)). A spoliation instruction is warranted when the
defendant establishes that “(1) evidence exists, (2) it is in the possession or under
the control of the State, (3) it would have been admissible at trial, and (4) the State
intentionally destroyed the evidence.” Id. at 631. Taylor claims the State
“deliberately sold” the SUV, and the State’s actions “illustrate bad faith” on the
State’s part sufficient to warrant a spoliation instruction.
Even if we assumed a spoliation instruction would have been given if
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1133 Filed January 21, 2021
WILLIAM LAMONT TAYLOR, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph W. Seidlin,
Judge.
William Taylor appeals the district court order denying his second
postconviction-relief petition. AFFIRMED.
Raya D. Dimitrova of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sharon K. Hall, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ. 2
AHLERS, Judge.
Following a jury trial, William Taylor was convicted of assault on a peace
officer with a dangerous weapon and eluding. After his convictions were affirmed
on appeal, a hearing was held on Taylor’s postconviction-relief (PCR) petitions.
The petitions were denied by the district court on the merits. Taylor appeals the
district court’s denial of his request for PCR. On appeal, Taylor raises a number
of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims.
I. Background
The underlying facts were summarized by our court on Taylor’s direct
appeal from his convictions:
On patrol in the early morning hours of June 13, 2015, Des Moines police noticed a Mercury Mountaineer SUV being driven without proper license plates. When the officers signaled the driver to stop, he instead accelerated—reaching speeds of 80 miles per hour on Interstate 235 and 60 miles per hour in residential neighborhoods. About four miles into the pursuit, the driver—later identified as Taylor—drove onto his own yard and was surrounded by three squad cars. Three separate dash cameras recorded the incident. The videos show Taylor making a U-turn on the grass, and then revving his engine, before ramming headlong into a squad car driven by Officer Trevor Spear. The officers seized Taylor, who told them he was running because he had a warrant out for his arrest. The State charged Taylor with assault on a peace officer with a dangerous weapon, in violation of Iowa Code section 708.3A(2) (2015), as an habitual offender, under section 902.8 and 902.9, and eluding, in violation of section 321.279(2). A jury convicted Taylor on both offenses, and he stipulated to his prior felony convictions. The district court sentenced Taylor to a total of fifteen years in prison with a mandatory minimum term of three years.
State v. Taylor, No. 15-2128, 2017 WL 935066, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2017).
Additional facts will be discussed as necessary. 3
II. Standard of Review
“Our review of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is de novo.” State
v. Roby, 951 N.W.2d 459 (Iowa 2020) (quoting State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174,
179 (Iowa 2017)).
III. Discussion
All of Taylor’s claims on appeal allege his trial counsel was ineffective. “In
order to support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
show (1) that counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) that prejudice
resulted.” State v. Kuhse, 937 N.W.2d 622, 628 (Iowa 2020); accord Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984). “If we conclude a claimant has failed
to establish either of these elements, we need not address the remaining element.”
State v. Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d 316, 320 (Iowa 2015).
To show that trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty, a defendant
“must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687). “[W]e measure counsel’s performance against the standard of a
reasonably competent practitioner.” Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 752 (Iowa
2016) (quoting Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860, 868 (Iowa 2015)). We also
consider “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the
circumstances.” Kuhse, 967 N.W.2d at 628 (quoting Strickland, 468 N.W.2d at
688).
To show prejudice, defendant must show “there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to 4
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 468 N.W.2d at
694).
a. Failure to Investigate Vehicle
Taylor first alleges trial counsel was ineffective for failing to locate the SUV
Taylor used to elude law enforcement and drive into Officer Spear’s squad car.
Taylor claims he did not intentionally ram the SUV into the officer’s squad car,
asserting it rolled into the squad car after being knocked into neutral by another
squad car’s contact with the SUV. Taylor maintains that finding the SUV would
have allowed Taylor to obtain “a mechanic to examine the vehicle in order to
definitively determine if the vehicle was disabled in accordance with [Taylor]’s
testimony,” which in turn would make Taylor’s testimony more credible and
establish he “did not have the necessary intent to assault the police officers after
he stopped the vehicle in his yard.”
We conclude trial counsel did not err by failing to further investigate and
examine the SUV Taylor was driving. On Taylor’s direct appeal, our court already
determined that the evidence on the record, including the four officers’ testimony
and the video evidence, supports the finding that Taylor had the “specific intent to
cause the officer pain or injury or place the officer in fear of undesirable contact.”
Taylor, 2017 WL 935066, at *2. The record shows that Taylor revved the SUV’s
engine immediately before driving the SUV directly into Officer Spear’s vehicle.
Even if we assumed counsel neglected a duty by failing to investigate the condition
of the SUV, a dubious assumption at best, it does not matter, as Taylor cannot
meet the prejudice prong of the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel analysis
because he cannot show a reasonable probability the results would have been 5
different had trial counsel investigated the condition of the vehicle. The evidence
of Taylor’s guilt was simply too overwhelming.
b. Spoliation Instruction
Taylor next argues trial counsel should have requested a spoliation
instruction be given to the jury in relation to the SUV. Such an instruction “is a
direction to the jury that it [may] infer from the State’s failure to preserve [evidence]
that the evidence would have been adverse to the State.” State v. Hartsfield, 681
N.W.2d 626, 630 (Iowa 2004) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Vincik, 398
N.W.2d 788, 795 (Iowa 1987)). A spoliation instruction is warranted when the
defendant establishes that “(1) evidence exists, (2) it is in the possession or under
the control of the State, (3) it would have been admissible at trial, and (4) the State
intentionally destroyed the evidence.” Id. at 631. Taylor claims the State
“deliberately sold” the SUV, and the State’s actions “illustrate bad faith” on the
State’s part sufficient to warrant a spoliation instruction.
Even if we assumed a spoliation instruction would have been given if
requested and defense counsel breached a duty by failing to request such an
instruction, Taylor’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel still fails because he
cannot meet the prejudice prong. Given the overwhelming video and eyewitness
evidence of Taylor’s guilt, there is no reasonable probability the outcome of his trial
would have been different had his counsel requested and received a spoliation
instruction.
c. Failure to File Motion in Limine
Taylor next argues counsel breached an essential duty by failing to file a
motion in limine to address his prior theft convictions. He argues this failure 6
allowed the State to discuss the convictions in the jury’s presence, which “tainted
his character and credibility” with the jurors.
This claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails on both the breach of
duty and the prejudice prong. Prior to the criminal trial, counsel for both sides
stipulated that no evidence would be introduced regarding Taylor’s prior
convictions or an episode in which he tried to elude police a matter of days before
the incidents leading to the charges that are the subject of these proceedings. The
parties also agreed to redact portions of the video addressing prior charges and
incidents. Due to the agreement of the parties, they did not feel a motion in limine
was needed. The terms of the agreement were honored by both sides at trial until
Taylor decided to testify. Before he testified, he was informed that he could be
questioned in front of the jury about his prior theft convictions and the jury would
hear about those convictions only if he testified. He was asked whether he still
wanted to testify knowing that the only way the jury could hear about his past
criminal record was if he testified. Taylor informed the court that such information
did not change his mind about wanting to testify. Taylor went through with his
decision to testify and was impeached with his prior convictions for theft. Under
these circumstances, Taylor’s counsel did not breach any duty by failing to file a
motion in limine.
d. Expert Testimony on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
In his final claim on appeal, Taylor argues trial counsel erred by failing to
obtain an expert witness on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Taylor
maintains that he has PTSD from his prior interactions with the police, and trial 7
counsel’s failure to explore his condition prevented the jury from understanding his
decision-making on the night of his arrest.
Calling an expert witness is generally considered a tactical decision left to
trial counsel. Heaton v. State, 420 N.W.2d 429, 432 (Iowa 1998) (“[T]he question
of whether or not to call an expert witness is a matter of trial strategy.”). We will
not engage in second-guessing when counsel makes a reasonable tactical
decision. Fryer v. State, 325 N.W.2d 400, 413 (Iowa 1982). On the facts of this
case, trial counsel’s decision not to call a PTSD expert was reasonable.
The only evidence on record suggesting Taylor had PTSD is Taylor’s own
assertions before the PCR court. Trial counsel explained he felt a PTSD expert
was unnecessary because eluding is a general intent crime, so a claim of
diminished capacity would not be a defense. See Anfinson v. State, 758 N.W.2d
496, 502 (Iowa 2008) (holding diminished responsibility does not negate general
criminal intent and is therefore not a defense to general intent crimes).
Furthermore, Taylor’s trial strategy was to deny having assaulted the officers with
his vehicle, not that he did so because of diminished capacity or some other
reason. Given this trial strategy agreed to by Taylor, calling a PTSD expert would
be inconsistent with that strategy. We conclude this tactical decision was
reasonable, and therefore determine Taylor has failed to establish trial counsel
breached an essential duty by failing to retain a PTSD expert.
Having concluded Taylor has failed to establish his claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel, we affirm the district court’s denial of his PCR petitions.
AFFIRMED.