IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT JACKSON MAY 1999 SESSION
WILLIAM CRAIG HALL, ) CAROLYN CARRINGTON ) SHELBY CHANCERY CRUMP, ) (No. 106795-3) LOURA THOMAS, ) GRACE JAMISON, ) APPEAL NO. 02A01-9810-CH-00288 and MARIE SAMMONS, ) Plaintiffs/Appellees ) v. ) ) FILED DON SHAW, ) Defendant/Appellant ) July 12, 1999 and ) Cecil Crowson, Jr. COLLIERVILLE AUCTION ) Appellate Court Clerk COMPANY, ) Defendant/Appellee ) ________________________________________________________________ _
R. WILLIAM (BILL) SKINNER, ) MRS. BRYAN COOP, ) SHELBY CHANCERY JAMES LOONEY, ) (NO. 109365-3) B. J. DUNAVANT, Administrator ) Pendente Lite of the Estate of ) APPEAL NO. 02A01-9810-CH-00288 JAMES GLENN, ) CECILIA WALLRAVEN, ) MRS. EARL SEWARD, ) MARGARET SADLER, ) NORMA COULTER NEWMAN, ) and HAROLD COHN, ) Plaintiffs/Appellees ) v. ) ) DON SHAW, ) Defendant/Appellant )
APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY AT MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE THE HONORABLE D. J. ALISSANDRATOS, CHANCELLOR
For the Appellant: For the Appellant: For the Appellees: Jeff Germany Joel Porter Stephen Beem 200 Jefferson, #725 130 North Court 100 North Main, Suite 3201 Memphis, TN 38103 Memphis, TN 38103 Memphis, TN, 38103
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, REMANDED WILLIAM H. INMAN, Senior Judge
CONCUR:
ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE HEWITT P. TOMLIN, JR., SPECIAL JUDGE OPINION
I
The Collierville Auction Company (CAC) was issued a corporate Charter
in 1947. Acting through its ten incorporators, we deduce, as a de facto Board of
Directors it issued 207 shares of stock, each of the par value of $100.00, acquired
eight acres of land, constructed buildings, and promptly commenced its corporate
purpose of livestock auctioning.
The defendant Shaw purchased one share of CAC in 1961, and has been its
auctioneer, lessee, and general factotum for 37 years, as of February, 1998.
Through 1994 he owned 23 shares of CAC, which had 143 shareholders.
Beginning February 1, 1995, through June 23, 1995, he purchased an additional
104 shares from 57 shareholders, at prices ranging from $300.00 to $4,000.00 per
share.
This spate of activity generated this litigation. The initial complaint was
filed by Hall, individually and on behalf of all similarly situated shareholders of
CAC,1 alleging that the defendant Shaw had directed the putative Board of
directors to call a special meeting, at which time he intended to install his own
Directors, since he owned more than 50% of the shares of CAC. The plaintiffs
alleged that Shaw had illegally acquired the shares and sought an order restraining
him from proceeding further. The complaint was amended in January, 1996, with
Hinton, Crump, Thomas, Jamison, Sammons and Leake joined as additional
plaintiffs, all of whom had sold their shares to Shaw. Each alleged that Shaw had
misrepresented the value of their share.
1 A class action was not pursued by Hall.
2 II
When initially issued in 1947, each stock certificate bore this restriction:
Transfer or assignment of the within stock is governed by the bylaws of the Corporation which limits each stockholder to one vote regardless of the extent of stock ownership.
This restriction was authorized by Article III of the Bylaws which provided
that “each stockholder shall be entitled to cast one vote regardless of the amount
(sic) of shares held in his name.” At this juncture it is important to note that the
Charter contained no such restriction, and that T.C.A. § 48-311, then in effect,
provided
Right to Vote - Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation . . . every stockholder of record . . . shall be entitled . . . to one vote for each share of stock . . . .
Responding to the assertion of the plaintiffs in Hall that he only had one
vote, the defendant Shaw alleged that the restriction was invalid because the
Charter did not “otherwise provide”, and consequently that he was entitled to one
vote for each share he owned, thus giving him control of the corporation.
III
The plaintiffs in Hall further alleged that the defendant Shaw violated the
Tennessee Investor Protection Act, T.C.A. § 48-103-101 et seq., (TIPA), which
governs a hostile takeover of a Tennessee corporation. It was stipulated that in
January, 1995, CAC had 207 outstanding shares with 85 shareholders, and that by
August 1995, Shaw had acquired, by purchase, 104 shares from 65 owners. The
Hall plaintiffs alleged that Shaw’s actions amounted to a takeover or tender offer
and that he made no effort to comply with TIPA.
3 In response to the allegation that he violated TIPA, Shaw denied its
applicability because he made no tender offer for the shares, but merely negotiated
privately with each shareholder.
IV
On April 23, 1997, the plaintiffs Skinner and Seward filed a class action
against Shaw, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, alleging that
they and 6 other shareholders in CAC sold their shares to Shaw during a period
from January, 1995 to August, 1995, and that the defendant failed to comply with
TIPA. They sought rescission of their stock sales and certification as a class
action.
The defendant Shaw responded that TIPA was inapplicable because his
purchases were individually negotiated transactions, and that the plaintiffs’ claims
were barred by the Statute of Limitations of two years.
V
The motion to certify the class was denied, but the Court granted the Skinner
plaintiffs three weeks within which to amend to add additional plaintiffs.
Whereupon, the plaintiff Skinner amended his complaint to add Dean, Thorton,
Nolley, Morton, Coop, Dunavant, Estate of Glenn, Wallraven, Seeward, Sadler,
Pierce, Newman and Cohn as plaintiffs, all of whom alleged that they sold their
stock to Shaw between January and August, 1995, and that he had falsely
misrepresented the value of the stock.
The Hall case and the Skinner case were consolidated. The parties agreed
to submit the matter on the written record which included an extensive Stipulation
of Fact, and more than 200 pages of Exhibits.2
2 One of the defendant’s issues is directed to the action of the Court in granting a sua sponte motion for summary judgment in the Hall case. The plaintiff is somewhat exercised
4 VI
In Hall, the Court found:
A. T.C.A. § 48-311 was in full force and effect in March of 1947, that being the date when Collierville Auction Company’s Charter of Incorporation was filed with the Tennessee Secretary of State;
B. The Certificate of Incorporation of Collierville Auction Company did not provide any provision or restriction concerning any limitation binding any stockholder to one vote regardless of the extent of stock ownership;
C. The bylaws of Collierville Auction Company limiting the voting rights of shareholders to one vote regardless of ownership of stock and the printed proclamation of same, appearing on the physical stock certificate of Collierville Auction Company denoting said restriction had no force and effect; each share of Collierville Auction Company is entitled to one vote;
D. The Tennessee Investor Protection Act, T.C.A. § 48-103-101 et seq, applied to the facts before the Court; the actions of Don Shaw between February 1995 and August 1995 constituted “a takeover offer” as defined in T.C.A. § 48-103-102(10)(A); Shaw did not comply with T.C.A. § 48-103- 104 concerning registration of takeover offers and did not comply with T.C.A. § 48-103-112 CIVIL LIABILITIES and Plaintiffs Thomas, Jamison, Crump, and Sammons were entitled to recover their respective one share of Collierville Auction Company stock previously sold to Defendant Don Shaw upon tendering the consideration previously received from Shaw.
VII
In Skinner, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs Coop,
Looney, Dunavant, Wallraven, Seward, Saddler, Newman, and Cohn on July 16,
1998, holding that the Statute of Limitations accrued on May 13, 1995, and that the
Plaintiffs sold their shares within two years of accrual. The summary judgment
rescinded the sale to Shaw conditioned upon a return of the purchase price.
VIII
Shaw appeals, insisting that TIPA is inapplicable, and that the Skinner
plaintiffs failed to commence their lawsuit within two years of accrual within the
about this issue, insisting that no summary judgment was considered or granted, and that the case was decided on its merits. We agree that the parties submitted the case on Stipulated Facts, with Exhibits.
5 meaning of T.R.C.P. Rules 3, 4, and 5. The Skinner plaintiffs appeal from the
denial of their motion for class certification. CAC appeals, insisting that the “one
man one vote” provision is valid, contrary to the finding of the Chancellor.
Our review of the findings of fact made by the trial Court is de novo upon
the record of the trial Court, accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of
the finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. TENN. R. APP.
P., RULE 13(d); Campbell v. Florida Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26 (Tenn. 1996).
Where there is no conflict in the evidence as to any material fact, the question on
appeal is one of law, and the scope of review is de novo with no presumption of
correctness accompanying a chancellor's conclusions of law. Union Carbide Corp.
v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87 (Tenn. 1993).
IX
This record reflects that CAC, since 1947, had operated continuously
pursuant to the now-disputed Bylaw. The voting restriction, which was accepted
and unchallenged for 50 years, provided that a shareholder has only one vote on
any corporate matter regardless of how many shares he owns. Every stock
certificate that has been ever issued to any shareholder of CAC contained the
restriction.
The Defendant Shaw operated the auction without a written lease for 37
years. From 1960 to 1995 he purchased 23 of 207 outstanding shares. As of
January 1, 1995, there were 85 individual shareholders of CAC.
In early 1995, the defendant commenced his acquisition of additional shares
in order to gain majority control of the corporation. He purchased 81 shares from
approximately 50 different people or entities which, as of January 1, 1996, resulted
in majority ownership.
6 His plan (although never communicated to plaintiffs Crump, Jamison,
Thomas and Sammons) was to change the Bylaws of the corporation by
eliminating the “one man one vote rule.” His further intent was to elect a new
Board of Directors.
The Chancellor did not address the specific complaint of plaintiffs Crump,
Thomas, Jamison and Sammons, who testified that the defendant Shaw made false
representations to them or omitted material facts which prompted them to sell their
stock to him substantially below its value. These plaintiffs are all elderly widows,
who had no knowledge of the value of the stock, as contrasted to the knowledge
of the defendant. He was aware that the eight acres of real estate which CAC
owned was becoming increasingly valuable, but never communicated that
information to any of these plaintiffs. Rather, he demeaned the stock and in one
instance stated that it may never pay dividends again. The Chancellor apparently
was of the view that the failure of the defendant to comply with TIPA adequately
redressed the rights of these plaintiffs.
X
The Tennessee Investor Protection Act was enacted by the legislature in
1976. It regulates the activities of whoever makes a “takeover offer” for the equity
securities of a company incorporated within the State of Tennessee. By the terms
of the Act, a person contemplating an offer which may be deemed a “takeover
offer” must first either register his takeover offer or seek an exemption from the
Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance. T.C.A. § 103-104. The offeror must
disclose to the persons from whom he intends to acquire the securities the fact that
he intends to change or influence the management or control of the target company
if such is the fact and he must file a statement of his intention to gain control of the
7 target company with both the Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance and with
the target company itself. T.C.A. § 48-103-103(a). In the event that the offeror
varies the terms of the takeover offer from one offeree to another, he must pay the
increased consideration to all sellers of the shares of the target company. T.C.A.
§ 48-103-103(e).
Appellant Shaw concedes that he failed to make any effort to file the
required registration statement with the Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance
and did not seek an exemption from the Act. He concedes that he has paid
different shareholders of Collierville Auction Company different amounts for their
shares of common stock. Shaw thus violated the Investor Protection Act if it is
applicable to the facts of these cases.
“Takeover offer” is defined as follows:
48-103-102 (10) (A). “Takeover offer” means the offer to acquire or the acquisition of any equity security of an offeree company, pursuant to a tender offer or request or invitation for tenders, if after the acquisition thereof the offeror would be directly or indirectly a beneficial owner of more than ten percent (10%) of any class of the outstanding equity securities of the offeree company;
(B) “Takeover offer” does not include an offer to acquire or acquisition of any equity security of an offeree company pursuant to:
(I) Broker transactions effected by or through a broker- dealer in the ordinary course of its business when such transactions are not entered into for the purpose of, and not having the effect of, changing or influencing the control or management of the offeree company;
(ii) An exchange offer for equity securities of another issuer if the offer is for the sole account of the offeror, is in good faith and not for the purpose of avoiding this section, and is exempt pursuant to § 4 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and does not involve any public offering;
8 (iii) An offer made in isolation transactions, for the sole account of the offeror, in good faith and not for the purpose of avoiding this section, to not more than fifteen (15) persons in this State during any period of twelve (12) consecutive months;
(iv) An offer made on substantially equal terms to holders of record of any class of the equity securities of the offeree company, if the number of such holders does not exceed fifty (50) at the time of the offer; or
(v) An offer made on substantially equal terms to all shareholders and as to which the offeree company, acting through its board of directors, has recommended acceptance to such shareholders, if the terms thereof, including any inducements to officers or directors which are not available to all shareholders, have been disclosed to such shareholders.
The appellant’s offer does not fit within any of the exemptions set out in §
10(B) above. It was not a brokered transaction in the ordinary course of business
as exempted in (B)(I); it was not an exchange offer pursuant to (B)(ii); it was not
made to less than 15 persons in isolated transactions during a twelve month period
as exempted by (B)(iii). In fact, it was made to 57 persons during a twelve month
period. It was not made on substantially equal terms to less than 50 people as
contemplated by (B)(iv). Finally, it was not approved by the board of directors or
recommended by the board of directors as exempted by (B)(v). Therefore none of
the defined exemptions exempted the transaction from the Act.
Appellant Shaw argues that his acquisitions were exempt because they were
not made “pursuant to a tender offer or request or invitation for tenders” as
contemplated by § 10(A). He relies upon federal cases construing substantially
similar language contained in the Federal Securities Act known as the Williams
Act. There are no Tennessee cases construing the term “takeover offer” or “tender
offer.”
9 Because the Williams Act applies only to securities registered with the
Securities and Exchange Commission it is logical to assume that TIPA regulates
takeover offers with respect to unregistered securities not regulated by the SEC.
With respect to registered securities under the Williams Act there are requirements
for the filing of annual financial statements and disclosures which give
considerable protection to shareholders who are not insiders and thus not fully
aware of the value of the securities.
The Williams Act, like TIPA, does not define the term “tender offer”. A
number of courts have indicated that this was a purposeful omission so as to
relegate to the courts a broad discretion to apply the Act where necessary to
effectuate its intent without being burdened by hard and fast rules which might not
be sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of a particular situation.
With respect to the Williams Act, the SEC formulated an eight factor test
which was first adopted by a court in the case of Wellman v. Dickinson, 475
F.Supp. 783, 823-824. The eight Wellman factors are:
(1) active and widespread solicitation of public shareholders for the shares of an issuer;
(2) solicitation made for a substantial percentage of the issuer’s stock;
(3) offer to purchase made at a premium over the prevailing market price;
(4) terms of the offer are firm rather than negotiable;
(5) offer contingent on the tender of a fixed number of shares, often subject to a fixed maximum number to be purchased;
(6) offer open only for a limited period of time;
(7) offeree subjected to pressure to sell his stock;
10 (8) public announcements of a purchasing program concerning the target company precede or accompany rapid accumulation of large amounts of the target company’s securities.
The leading case defining a “tender offer” for purposes of the Williams Act
is Handon Trust PLC v. SCM Corp., 774 F.2d 47 (1985). There, the court set out
the eight factors previously recommended by the SEC and adopted in Wellman but
proceeded to modify the eight factor test.
Although many of the above-listed factors are relevant for purposes of determining whether a given solicitation amounts to a tender offer, the elevation of such a list to a mandatory “litmus test” appears to be both unwise and unnecessary. As even the advocates of the proposed test recognize, in any given case a solicitation may constitute a tender offer even though some of the eight factors are absent or, when many factors are present, the solicitation may nevertheless not amount to a tender offer because the missing factors outweigh those present. Id. at 824. Carter, supra, at 950.
We prefer to be guided by the principle followed by the Supreme Court in deciding what transactions fall within the private offering exemption provided by § 4(1) of the Securities Act of 1933, and by ourselves in Kennecott Copper in determining whether the Williams Act applies to private transactions. That principle is simply to look to the statutory purpose. In SEC v. Ralston Purina Co., 346 U.S. 199, 73 S.Ct. 981, 97 L.Ed. 1494 (1953), the Court stated, “the applicability of § 4(1) should turn on whether the particular class of persons affected need the protection of the Act. An offering to those who are shown to be able to fend for themselves is a transaction “not involving any public offer.” Id., at 125, 73 S.Ct. at 984. Similarly, since the purpose of § 4(1) is to protect the ill-informed solicitee, the question of whether a solicitation constitutes a “tender offer” within the meaning of § 14(d) turns on whether, viewing the transaction in the light of the totality of circumstances, there appears to be a likelihood that unless the pre-acquisition filing strictures of that statute are followed there will be a substantial risk that solicitees will lack information needed to make a carefully considered appraisal of the proposal put before them.
Hanson, 774 F.2d 57.
The thrust of cases decided after Hanson is whether a particular transaction
under consideration needs the protection of the Act. In Iavarone v. Raymond Keys
Associates, 733 F.Supp. 727 (S.D.N.Y. 1990), many of the eight factors set out by
11 the S.E.C. did not exist. There were only 25 shareholders involved and all but one
were insiders. There were no public pronouncements or tenders and relatively
small sums of money involved. The court summarized its opinion as follows at
733:
Though it is unusual to apply the provisions of the Williams Act to the stock transaction of small companies with a limited number of shareholders, the caselaw clearly gives courts the discretion to apply the Act if its protections are needed. See, L.P. Acquisition Co. v. Tyson, 722 F.2d 201 (6th Cir. 1985); Astronics Crop. v. Protective Closures Co., Inc., 561 F.Supp. 329 (W.D.N.Y. 1983). The Second Circuit has made clear that the true touchstone of the analysis is whether it is likely that solicitees will be given sufficient information to make a sound decision. Hanson Trust, supra, 774 F.2d at 57. Non- application of the Williams Act must be premised on all shareholders being sufficiently “inside” the corporation to make disclosure requirements superfluous. Plaintiff Iavarone is not currently an insider with respect to the financial status of RKA, and he lacks what the Court views as crucial data on the benefits and dangers of the transaction. The fact that Iavarone may be the only shareholder to lack access to such information makes this case peculiar, but it should not prevent him from benefiting from a statutory scheme whose object is to minimize uninformed decision making by corporate shareholders.
Similarly, in Anago, Inc. v. Tecnol Medical Products, Inc., 792 F.Supp. 514
(N.D. Tex. 1992), the court stated the relevant test of “tender offer” as follows:
The Second Circuit has cautioned against elevating the SEC’s eight- factor analysis to a “mandatory litmus test,” and has applied a second test to determine whether stock purchases constitute a tender offer. Hanson Trust PLC v. SCM Corp., 774 F.2d 47 (2d Cir. 1985). In Hanson, the court inquired whether there is “a substantial risk that solicitees will lack information needed to make a carefully considered appraisal of the proposal put before them.” Id. at 57. The court also asked “whether the particular class of persons needs the protection of the Act.” Id. (quoting S.E.C. v. Ralston Purina Co.,346 U.S. 119, 125 73 S.Ct. 981, 984, 97 L.Ed. 1494 (1953).
There is no evidence that the 57 people who were solicited by Shaw were
sophisticated or that they were insiders or that they had access to any information
regarding the financial affairs or condition of the company. The fact that the price
12 varied so markedly with respect to the 57 persons who sold to Shaw very strongly
suggests that there was no reliable information as to the value of the stock.
Appellant argues that this was not a single fixed offer in the usual sense of
a tender. None of the exemptions would have been necessary had tender offer been
intended to mean only a single joint offer to a group of shareholders. It would not
have been necessary to have exempted solicitations in 15 or less isolated
transactions if isolated transactions were by definition not included in the first
place. It would not have made sense to exempt companies with less than 50
shareholders if, as Appellant contends, the Act was only intended to apply to
public companies which by definition have 500 or more shareholders and are
regulated by the Federal Securities Law. We think the legislature intended to
protect those investors not protected by the Federal Securities Law rather than only
those persons as contended by Appellant who were already stockholders in
publicly traded companies.
Appellant argues that the judgment holding him liable for his course of
conduct is unconstitutional because TIPA is so vague as to offend due process. In
the final analysis, the Chancellor voided Appellant’s stock acquisitions because he
did not comply with TIPA, and ordered him to return the stock to the claimants
who would refund the purchase price. Due process is not offended. In any event,
this issue was not raised in the trial court and cannot be considered by this Court.
Lawrence v. Standford, 655 S.W.2d 929 (Tenn. 1983).
XI
CAC argues that the Chancellor erred in ruling that the restriction on the
stock certificates was invalid. On the face of it, the ruling appears perfectly
logical, since the Charter made no provision for such restriction, and the Statute
13 then in effect provided that every stockholder was entitled to one vote for each
share of stock owned unless the Charter otherwise provided.
But CAC relies upon T.C.A. § 48-17-302, which provides:
48-17-302. Shareholders’ agreement. -- (a) An agreement between two (2) or more shareholders, if in writing and signed by the parties thereto, may provide that, in exercising any voting rights, the shares held by them shall be voted as therein provided, or as they may agree, or as determined in accordance with a procedure agreed upon by them. Nothing in this subsection shall impair the right of the corporation to treat the shareholders of record as entitled to vote the shares standing in their names. A voting agreement created under this section is not subject to the provisions of § 48-17-301 and may be specifically enforced.
(b) No written agreement to which all or less than all the shareholders have actually assented, whether embodied in the charter or bylaws or in any agreement in writing signed by all the parties thereto, which agreement relates to any phase of the affairs of the corporation, whether to the management of its business or to the division of its profits or otherwise, shall be invalid as between the parties thereto on the ground that it is an attempt by the parties thereto to restrict the discretion of the board of directors in its management of the business of the corporation or to treat the corporation as if it were a partnership or to arrange their relationships in a manner that would be appropriate only between partners.
(c) A transferee of shares in a corporation whose shareholders have entered into an agreement authorized by subsection (a) or (b) shall be bound by such agreement if the transferee takes the shares with notice thereof. A transferee shall be deemed to have notice of any such agreement or any such renewal if the existence thereof is noted on the face or back of the certificate or certificates representing such share ...
Subsection (b) authorizes agreements to which the shareholders “have
actually assented” as contrasted to agreements fully and formally signed and
executed by certain shareholders. It is clear that such agreements may be included
in the bylaws of the corporation. Subsection (c) of the statute binds a shareholder
who was not a party to the original agreement as reflected in the bylaws but who
has notice of it by reason of an inscription upon his stock certificate. All of the
original incorporators and shareholders entered into an agreement to vote their
14 shares based upon a majority vote of the shareholders and this agreement was
imprinted upon the stock certificate in order to give notice of it to subsequent
shareholders.
Subsection (b) of T.C.A. § 48-17-302 specifically provides for situations
where shareholders of a corporation agree to manage their affairs in a manner
normally adopted by partnerships rather than corporations, which is what the one
man - one vote attempted to accomplish. T.C.A. § 61-1-117(5) of the Uniform
Partnership Act specifically provides that absent an agreement to the contrary, each
partner shall have an equal right in the management and conduct of the partnership
business irrespective of his ownership interest in the partnership.
Since this bylaw provision included a provision consistent with partnership
law but not corporate law, it would appear that it is authorized by § (b) of T.C.A.
§ 48-17-302 and enforceable if imprinted upon the stock certificate as it was. In
Pearson v. Hardy, 853 S.W.2d 497 (Tenn. App. 1992), we held:
In our opinion, 302(b) us directed at those agreements that in any way relate to the affairs of the corporation or which attempt to change the management of corporate affairs in a method or manner not contemplated by the Corporations Act.
The record fairly conclusively reveals that the incorporators of the CAC
wanted to run their business more as a public service to farmers in the area and as
a partnership than as a traditional corporation. They chose to do it by an agreement
among the initial shareholders.3
3 Once the Charter was issued, most of the incorporators apparently were content to govern the corporation from afar, because they seldom, if ever, attended board meetings. The trial court treated the bylaws as having been duly adopted; so will we. But no minutes reflect that a Board of Directors was formally elected, although the 50-year history of the corporation indicates that at all times a Board existed, but seldom was able to transact business owing to the lack of a quorum. It is a stipulated fact that the appellant was the Lessee of the CAC for more than three decades, apparently on a month-to-month basis, perhaps yearly. The Directors, at any rate, saw to the rental, and declared dividends. The corporation filed tax returns and otherwise generally complied with the law, so far as known. In a word, the community wanted an auction barn. They organized one, and did not thereafter spend much time or effort on the niceties.
15 Bylaws, as a matter of law, are in the nature of a contract between the stockholders, and regulate the conduct and define the duties of the stockholders toward the corporation and among themselves, and do not become abrogated because they have simply been misplaced. While in force bylaws become as much a part of the law of the corporation as though they had been made a part of the charter.
Tenn. Juris. Corp. § 17.
For 50 years, the restriction was honored. The appellant was content with it
for 37 years. The equities resound loudly against him in light of his manifest
purpose of acquiring control of the corporation for financial gain at the expense of
those who were unaware of the value of their holdings. We are accordingly
constrained to disagree with the able Chancellor and hold that within the ambit of
the facts of these cases the restriction emblazoned on the stock certificates is valid
and enforceable.
XII
The appellant argues that 12 additional plaintiffs in the Skinner case failed
to commence their action “within the meaning of Rules 3, 4, and 5 of the Tenn. R.
of Civ. Pro.” essentially because no summons was issued, and the two-year statute
of limitations barred the action.
Skinner filed his initial complaint on April 23, 1997. The amended
complaint which added the “new” plaintiffs, was filed December 8, 1997. It was
served on counsel for the appellant, who contends that the issuance of a summons
was necessary to the viability of this case.,
These “new” plaintiffs respond by asserting that the sufficiency of service
of process was never an issue before the trial court, and that any objection to
process was waived, because the appellant filed substantive responses to all of the
16 pleadings. Our examination of the record reveals that the sufficiency of process
was not a timely issue, and that the appellant had adequate notice of the joinder of
the Skinner plaintiffs. See, Dixie Sou. Stores, Inc. v. Turner, 767 S.W.2d 408
(Tenn. 1988). The joinder of these plaintiffs occurred before their actions were
barred.
XIII
The final issue is whether the court erred in denying Skinner’s motion for
class certification, essentially because certifying the class would have eliminated
any doubt about the bar of the statute of limitations. A class action is a procedural
privilege to be utilized within the sound discretion of the trial judge. Hamilton v.
Gibson County Utility District, 845 S.W.2d 218 (Tenn. App. 1992); Warren v.
Scott, 845 S.W.2d 780 (Tenn. App. 1992). No abuse of discretion is shown.
The judgment is affirmed except as to the issue of the stock certificate
restriction which is reversed. Costs are assessed to the appellant. The case is
remanded for all appropriate purposes.
_______________________________ William H. Inman, Senior Judge CONCUR:
_______________________________ Alan E. Highers, Judge
_______________________________ Hewitt P. Tomlin, Jr., Special Judge