AlleN, J.
Tbe statute of tbis State as to communications between husband and wife provides that “No husband or wife shall be compellable to disclose any confidential communication made by one to the other during'their marriage,” and it is by this statute, construed in connection with the rules of the common law as to what communications are confidential, that the admissibility of the papers introduced in evidence is to be tested. The inquiry naturally resolves itself into two propositions :
1. Are the papers communications from the husband to the wife during marriage?
2. If so, are they confidential ?
We will consider the two propositions together. . The reasons for the rule preventing the disclosure of confidential communications between husband and wife, as enforced at common law, are well stated by
Taylor, C. J.,
in
Mercer v. State,
40 Fla., 216: “Society has a deeply rooted interest in the preservation of the peace of families, and in the maintenance of the,sacred institution of marriage; and its strongest safeguard is to preserve with jealous care any violation of those hallowed confidences inherent in, and inseparable from, the marital status. Therefore the law places the ban of its prohibition upon any breach of the confidence between husband and wife, by declaring all confidential communications between them to be incompetent matter for either of them to • expose as witnesses. . . . The reason of the rule for excluding the confidences between husband and wife as incompetent matter to be deposed by either of them, though they may be competent witnesses to testify to other facts, is found to rest in that public policy that seeks to preserve inviolate the- peace, good order, and limitless confidence' between the heads of the family circle so necessary to every well-ordered civilized society”; and
Judge Daniel
admonishes us in
Hester v. Hester,
15 N. C., 228, that “the rule should not be extended to the exclusion of truth beyond the limits within which the reason of the law calls for it.”
Words in a statute are to be construed as they are ordinarily-understood, and where “the language is plain and admits of but one meaning, the task of interpretation can bardly be said to arise. It is, therefore, only in the construction of statutes whose terms give rise to some ambiguity, or whose grammatical construction is doubtful, that courts can exercise the power of controlling the language in order to give effect 'to what they suppose to have been .the real intention of the lawmakers. Where the words of a statute are plainly expressive of an intent, not rendered dubious by the context, the interpretation must conform to and carry out that intent. It matters not, in such a case, what the consequences may be. It has, therefore, been distinctly stated, from early times down to the present day, that judges are not to mold the language of the statutes in order to meet an alleged convenience or an alleged equity; are not to be influenced by any notions of hardship, or of what in their view is right and reasonable or is prejudicial to society; are not to alter clear words, though the Legislature may not have contemplated the consequences of using them; are not to tamper with words for the purpose of giving them a construction which is 'supposed to be more consonant with justice’ than their ordinary meaning.” Endlich Inter. Stat., sec. 4.
“The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain the meaning and intention of the Legislature, to the end that the same may be enforced. This meaning and intention must be sought, first of all, in the language of the statute itself. For it must be presumed that the means employed by the Legislature to express its will are adequate to the purpose and do express that will correctly. If the language of the. statute is plain and free from ambiguity and expresses a single, definite, and sensible meaning, that meaning is conclusively presumed to be the meaning which the Legislature intended to convey.” Black on Inter. Statutes, pp. 35 and 36.
The words of the statute under consideration are “communications made by one to the other during marriage.”
Communicate, as defined by Webster, is to bestow, to convey, to make known, to recount, to import; as to communicate in
formation to any one, and communication is the act of communicating; and it would seem that a paper, although directed to the wife, of which she had no knowledge and which it was not expected she would see until after the death of the husband, is not a communication during marriage.
The language indicates either that the information should be actually imparted, or, at least, that there should be an expectation of doing so, during marriage.
If, however, the papers introduced in evidence are communications from the husband to the wife, the statute does not render them incompetent unless they are confidential. A perusal of the papers discloses that all the statements made are in regard to business matters; that the directions given could not be performed without disclosing the contents of the papers, and that the husband expected this would be done, and in many respects the papers are testamentary in character.
In 40 Cyc., 2355, the author says: “Communications between husband, and wife in respect to purely business matters are not privileged,” and the text is supported by the decided cases:
Spitz’s Appeal,
56 Conn., 184;
Parkhurst v. Birdell,
110 N. Y., 386;
Hanks v. Van Gardner,
59 Iowa, 181;
Sedgwick v. Turner,
90 Ind., 281.
We are also not without authority upon the question in our own State. In the
Hester case
before referred to,
Judge Daniel
says: “The rule upon the subject of confidential communications is not denied; the sanctity of such communications will be protected. Persons connected by the' marriage tie have, as was said at the bar' the right to think aloud in the presence of each other. But the question remains, What communications are to be deemed confidential? Not those, we think, which are made to the wife, to be by her communicated to others; nor those which the husband makes to the wife as a matter of fact upon which a thing is to operate after his. death, when it must be the wish of the husband that the operation should be according to the truth of the fact, as established by his declaration. Suppose a husband were to disclose to his wife that he has given to one of their children a horse, can she not after his death prove that as against the executor? Suppose, also, that
tbe declaration to which the wife was called had been to her and another, there is no reason why she, if she will, may not testify to it,, as well as the other. Why? Because it is then apparent that it was not confidential between the husband and wife, in the sense of the rule. The same reason equally applies when, from the subject of the conversation, it is obvious he did not wish it concealed, but, on the contrary, must have desired to make it known, and through her, if he found no other means of doing it.”
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AlleN, J.
Tbe statute of tbis State as to communications between husband and wife provides that “No husband or wife shall be compellable to disclose any confidential communication made by one to the other during'their marriage,” and it is by this statute, construed in connection with the rules of the common law as to what communications are confidential, that the admissibility of the papers introduced in evidence is to be tested. The inquiry naturally resolves itself into two propositions :
1. Are the papers communications from the husband to the wife during marriage?
2. If so, are they confidential ?
We will consider the two propositions together. . The reasons for the rule preventing the disclosure of confidential communications between husband and wife, as enforced at common law, are well stated by
Taylor, C. J.,
in
Mercer v. State,
40 Fla., 216: “Society has a deeply rooted interest in the preservation of the peace of families, and in the maintenance of the,sacred institution of marriage; and its strongest safeguard is to preserve with jealous care any violation of those hallowed confidences inherent in, and inseparable from, the marital status. Therefore the law places the ban of its prohibition upon any breach of the confidence between husband and wife, by declaring all confidential communications between them to be incompetent matter for either of them to • expose as witnesses. . . . The reason of the rule for excluding the confidences between husband and wife as incompetent matter to be deposed by either of them, though they may be competent witnesses to testify to other facts, is found to rest in that public policy that seeks to preserve inviolate the- peace, good order, and limitless confidence' between the heads of the family circle so necessary to every well-ordered civilized society”; and
Judge Daniel
admonishes us in
Hester v. Hester,
15 N. C., 228, that “the rule should not be extended to the exclusion of truth beyond the limits within which the reason of the law calls for it.”
Words in a statute are to be construed as they are ordinarily-understood, and where “the language is plain and admits of but one meaning, the task of interpretation can bardly be said to arise. It is, therefore, only in the construction of statutes whose terms give rise to some ambiguity, or whose grammatical construction is doubtful, that courts can exercise the power of controlling the language in order to give effect 'to what they suppose to have been .the real intention of the lawmakers. Where the words of a statute are plainly expressive of an intent, not rendered dubious by the context, the interpretation must conform to and carry out that intent. It matters not, in such a case, what the consequences may be. It has, therefore, been distinctly stated, from early times down to the present day, that judges are not to mold the language of the statutes in order to meet an alleged convenience or an alleged equity; are not to be influenced by any notions of hardship, or of what in their view is right and reasonable or is prejudicial to society; are not to alter clear words, though the Legislature may not have contemplated the consequences of using them; are not to tamper with words for the purpose of giving them a construction which is 'supposed to be more consonant with justice’ than their ordinary meaning.” Endlich Inter. Stat., sec. 4.
“The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain the meaning and intention of the Legislature, to the end that the same may be enforced. This meaning and intention must be sought, first of all, in the language of the statute itself. For it must be presumed that the means employed by the Legislature to express its will are adequate to the purpose and do express that will correctly. If the language of the. statute is plain and free from ambiguity and expresses a single, definite, and sensible meaning, that meaning is conclusively presumed to be the meaning which the Legislature intended to convey.” Black on Inter. Statutes, pp. 35 and 36.
The words of the statute under consideration are “communications made by one to the other during marriage.”
Communicate, as defined by Webster, is to bestow, to convey, to make known, to recount, to import; as to communicate in
formation to any one, and communication is the act of communicating; and it would seem that a paper, although directed to the wife, of which she had no knowledge and which it was not expected she would see until after the death of the husband, is not a communication during marriage.
The language indicates either that the information should be actually imparted, or, at least, that there should be an expectation of doing so, during marriage.
If, however, the papers introduced in evidence are communications from the husband to the wife, the statute does not render them incompetent unless they are confidential. A perusal of the papers discloses that all the statements made are in regard to business matters; that the directions given could not be performed without disclosing the contents of the papers, and that the husband expected this would be done, and in many respects the papers are testamentary in character.
In 40 Cyc., 2355, the author says: “Communications between husband, and wife in respect to purely business matters are not privileged,” and the text is supported by the decided cases:
Spitz’s Appeal,
56 Conn., 184;
Parkhurst v. Birdell,
110 N. Y., 386;
Hanks v. Van Gardner,
59 Iowa, 181;
Sedgwick v. Turner,
90 Ind., 281.
We are also not without authority upon the question in our own State. In the
Hester case
before referred to,
Judge Daniel
says: “The rule upon the subject of confidential communications is not denied; the sanctity of such communications will be protected. Persons connected by the' marriage tie have, as was said at the bar' the right to think aloud in the presence of each other. But the question remains, What communications are to be deemed confidential? Not those, we think, which are made to the wife, to be by her communicated to others; nor those which the husband makes to the wife as a matter of fact upon which a thing is to operate after his. death, when it must be the wish of the husband that the operation should be according to the truth of the fact, as established by his declaration. Suppose a husband were to disclose to his wife that he has given to one of their children a horse, can she not after his death prove that as against the executor? Suppose, also, that
tbe declaration to which the wife was called had been to her and another, there is no reason why she, if she will, may not testify to it,, as well as the other. Why? Because it is then apparent that it was not confidential between the husband and wife, in the sense of the rule. The same reason equally applies when, from the subject of the conversation, it is obvious he did not wish it concealed, but, on the contrary, must have desired to make it known, and through her, if he found no other means of doing it.”
Note that the learned and accurate judge says, among other things, that the rule does not apply to those communications which “the husband makes to the wife as to a matter of fact upon which a thing is to operate after his death,” and it will be seen that it fits each statement in the papers objected to.
This case was approved in
Gaskill v. King,
34 N. C., 213, in which the widow was permitted to testify that her husband handed the deed in question to her, and told her to take care of it for Anson, and have it proved-and recorded for him, whenever she pleased; that she then took it, and put it in her trunk, separate from her husband’s papers, and he never saw it after-wards to her knowledge; and that he died in 1836, and shortly afterwards she had the deed proved and registered..
We are, therefore, of opinion, having in view the reason for the rule, the language employed in the statute, the fact that the wife had no knowledge of the papers until after the death of her husband, that it appears from the papers and the attendant circumstances that she was not expected to do so, and the subject-matter of the papers, that they are not confidential communications made by the husband to the wife during marriage, within the meaning of the statute, and were properly admitted in evidence, as declarations against interest.
We at first thought the case of
S. v. Wallace,
162 N. C., 622, was decisive of this in favor of the defendant, but the two cases rest upon different principles, and the distinction between the two is that in the
Wallace case
the letter reached the wife during the life of the husband, and came into the hands of a third person without the connivance or consent of the wife, while in this, the wife knew nothing of the papers until after
the death of her husband, and she gave them to another person.
This disposes of the only material exception upon the second issue, and as the finding on that issue precludes a recovery by the plaintiff, it is not necessary to discuss the exceptions arising on the other issues.
No error.