J-S02024-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
SUSAN DIANE WHITESIDE-WASCAVAGE, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
EDWARD J. WASCAVAGE, III,
Appellant No. 339 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered December 17, 2013 In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Domestic Relations at No(s): 10-003345
BEFORE: MUNDY, OLSON and WECHT, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED APRIL 13, 2015
Edward J. Wascavage, III (“Husband”) appeals from the order entered
on December 17, 2013. We quash in part and affirm as modified.
The relevant factual background and procedural history of this case is
as follows. In 2002, Husband married Susan Whiteside-Wascavage (“Wife”).
In January 2005, D.W. (“Child”), the only child of Husband and Wife, was
born. In March 2010, Husband and Wife separated.
On March 24, 2010, Wife filed a complaint in divorce, which also
sought alimony and child support. On February 28, 2011, Wife filed a
petition seeking alimony pendente lite (“APL”). On August 2, 2011, the trial
court appointed Denis K. Bieler (“Bieler”) to conduct a forensic accounting to
determine the incomes of Husband and Wife. The parties were ordered to J-S02024-15
equally share the cost of this forensic accounting, which was capped at a
combined total of $5,000.00.
Originally, the parties were granted joint physical custody of Child. On
March 7, 2013, the trial court1 granted Wife primary physical custody of
Child during the school year. The parties received joint physical custody of
Child during the summer. During the course of the litigation, the trial court
authorized Bieler to exceed the original $5,000.00 cap on his fees; however,
the trial court did not set a new cap. A three-day trial regarding child
support and APL was held in May and June of 2013. The trial court
thereafter ordered post-trial briefing. On August 19, 2013, the trial court
entered an order providing for child support and APL. That order required
Husband to pay 80% of Bieler’s $25,000.00 fee instead of the previously
ordered 50%. The trial court also awarded Wife attorney’s fees. On August
29, 2013, Husband moved for reconsideration. On September 13, 2013, the
trial court granted Husband’s motion for reconsideration. On December 17,
2013, the trial court reinstated and clarified its August 19, 2013 child
support and APL order. This timely appeal followed.2
1 The Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County does not utilize a “one family, one judge” rule. The trial judge that handled the child custody matter was different than the trial judge who handled the divorce proceeding. 2 On January 29, 2014, the trial court ordered Husband to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal (“concise statement”). See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On February 18, 2014, Husband filed his concise (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Husband presents nine issues for our review:
1. Has the [trial] court evidenced partiality, bias[,] or ill-will against Husband such that its determinations must be set aside as an abuse of discretion?
2. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion in establishing the income and earning capacit[ies] attributable to the respective parties and in setting the [APL]/support obligations?
3. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion in not reducing Husband’s support obligation for substantial shared custody pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.1910.16-4(c)?
4. Did the [trial] court err in setting the support obligation for a time period before May 12, 2010 under the terms of the support guidelines applicable to situations on or after that date?
5. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion in disparately allocating responsibility for the costs of the forensic accounting expert upon Husband?
6. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion in awarding counsel fees against Husband?
7. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion in refusing to allow new counsel an opportunity to supplement the record either with evidence or even an offer of proof?
8. Did the court err in awarding Wife [APL]?
9. Did the [trial] court err in awarding Wife attorney’s fees?
Husband’s Brief at 17-18.
_______________________ (Footnote Continued) statement. On March 28, 2014, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion. All issues raised on appeal were included in Husband’s concise statement.
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In his first issue, Husband argues that the trial court was biased.3 This
argument is waived. “It is axiomatic that, to preserve an objection for
appeal, the objection must be raised before the trial court.” Tecce v. Hally,
106 A.3d 728, 732 (Pa. Super. 2014), citing Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (other citation
omitted); see Campbell v. Dep't of Transp., Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 86 A.3d 344, 349 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014), quoting In re Lokuta, 11
A.3d 427, 437 (Pa. 2011), (“a party seeking recusal or disqualification must
raise that issue at the earliest opportunity or be barred from obtaining
appellate review of the question.”). Husband’s arguments relating to bias
are based upon actions taken by the trial court in open court over six
months prior to the entry of the order challenged on appeal. 4 Husband did
not seek recusal or disqualification in the trial court. Accordingly, Husband’s
first issue on appeal is waived.
In his second issue on appeal, Husband contends that the trial court
erred in determining the parties’ incomes/earning capacities. He also
3 Husband makes related bias arguments throughout his brief. We address all of those issues while disposing of Husband’s first issue on appeal. 4 This distinguishes this case from those in which the trial court evidences bias or ill-will for the first time in the order being appealed from. In those cases, we may set aside the determination as an abuse of discretion without requiring the appellant to have previously raised the issue in the trial court. Cf. HYK Const. Co. v. Smithfield Tp., 8 A.3d 1009, 1021 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), appeal denied, 21 A.3d 1195 (Pa. 2011) (citations omitted) (“Any claims of unfairness or bias should be raised first before the hearing tribunal . . . and then ultimately on appeal, otherwise such claims may be deemed waived.).
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contends that the trial court erred in setting the child support and APL
obligations. “When evaluating a support order, this Court may only reverse
the trial court’s determination where the order cannot be sustained on any
valid ground. We will not interfere with the broad discretion afforded the
trial court absent an abuse of [] discretion or insufficient evidence to sustain
the support order.” W.A.M. v. S.P.C., 95 A.3d 349, 352 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Husband’s main argument against the trial court’s income/earnings
capacity calculations is that Bieler, the forensic auditor, impermissibly used a
financial status audit to determine Husband’s income. Generally, a financial
status audit looks at an individual’s expenditures in an attempt to ascertain
the individual’s income. See Cynthia Blum, The Flat Tax: A Panacea for
Privacy Concerns?, 54 Am. U. L. Rev. 1241, 1249 n.24 (2005). This auditing
technique was used frequently by the Internal Revenue Service in the mid-
1990’s to identify taxpayers who were underreporting their income. See id.
This audit procedure was controversial and, therefore, Congress eventually
limited the use of financial status audits to cases in which the IRS has a
reasonable belief that there is underreported income. See 26 U.S.C.
§ 7602(e).
A trial court possesses wide discretion in determining the parties’
incomes and/or earning capacities. See Bulgarelli v. Bulgarelli, 934 A.2d
107, 115 (Pa. Super. 2007). In this case, the trial court chose to use the
most accurate method available to it – a forensic accounting. Bieler testified
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that Husband refused to turn over the necessary documentation for him to
precisely calculate Husband’s income. E.g., N.T., 5/31/13, at 55.
Husband’s refusal to fully comply with the court-ordered forensic accounting
left Bieler with few options to arrive at an accurate income figure for
Husband. Bieler chose to use the same technique employed by the Internal
Revenue Service in such situations – a financial status audit. Bieler used the
information available to arrive at his income estimations. The trial court
relied on Bieler’s figures when arriving at its income figures. Husband
contends that the trial court’s reliance on this financial status audit is not
supported by any prior court decision in Pennsylvania. Husband does not
cite to any cases, however, in which a litigant willfully refused to cooperate
with a court-ordered forensic accounting meant to determine his income.
We therefore conclude that the trial court’s reliance on the financial status
audit was not an abuse of discretion given Husband’s failure to cooperate
with Bieler.
Husband next argues that even if the trial court were permitted to use
a financial status audit to determine his income, it was required to do the
same with respect to Wife. Husband does not cite any authority for the
proposition that a trial court is required to use the same methodology to
calculate both parties’ incomes and/or earnings capacities. In this case, the
forensic auditor had a sound reason for conducting a financial status audit of
Husband but not of Wife. In particular, the trial court found that Husband
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conducted a cash only business and was unable to produce the necessary
receipts. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, 8/19/13, at 2. On the
other hand, there was no evidence that Wife was engaged in a cash only
business. This fact alone justified the trial court’s reliance on a financial
status audit. Cf. DeMasi v. DeMasi, 530 A.2d 871, 878 (Pa. Super. 1987),
appeal denied, 539 A.2d 811 (Pa. 1988) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted) (“where supporting spouse is self-employed, net income, as
it appears on income tax forms, is not infallible measure of real wealth”).
Furthermore, Husband had approximately eight times the monthly income of
Wife. Therefore, a financial status audit was more appropriate for Husband.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
relying upon Bieler’s financial status audit of Husband while declining to
employ that accounting methodology with respect to Wife.
Husband argues that the trial court erred by not crediting him for
expenditures related to health insurance premiums Husband paid for Wife
and Child. This argument is without merit. The order appealed from states,
“[s]ince Husband does pay out of pocket expenses related to the health care
coverage, Husband is entitled to a credit for the provision of health
insurance.” Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, 8/19/13, at 7. To the
extent that Husband argues the amount of the credit was improperly
calculated, that argument is waived as he fails to cite to any portion of the
record or make any argument regarding the amount of the credit to which
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he was entitled. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a); Commonwealth v. Orie Melvin,
103 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted) (“waiver results when
appellant fails to properly develop issue on appeal”).
To the extent that Husband challenges the trial court’s award of APL,
we lack jurisdiction to consider that issue. See Green v. Green, 783 A.2d
788, 791 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2001) (APL claims are interlocutory); Malanchuk
v. Sivchuk, 106 A.3d 789, 792 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (citation
omitted) (“Generally, only appeals from final orders are eligible for appellate
review.”). Thus, we quash the portions of this appeal which challenge the
trial court’s award of APL.
In his third issue, Husband contends that the trial court erred by not
reducing his child support obligation for the time period during which the
parties enjoyed 50/50 physical custody of Child. The child support
guidelines provide that, “[w]hen the children spend 40% or more of their
time during the year with the obligor, a rebuttable presumption arises that
the obligor is entitled to a reduction in the basic support obligation to reflect
this time.” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-4(c)(1). The trial court found that, although
the child custody order provided for 50/50 shared physical custody, Husband
had physical custody of Child less than 40% of the time. Husband argues
that there is no support in the record for this factual finding. We disagree.
Husband’s sole citation to the record in his brief is to his own
testimony. Husband testified that he had custody of Child 50% of the time.
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See N.T., 6/13/13, at 384. The trial court found this testimony not to be
credible. See Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, 8/19/13, at 3
(emphasis in original) (The trial court “did not credit the testimony of
Husband.”). “We will not disturb the trial court’s credibility
determinations[.]” In re M.T., 101 A.3d 1163, 1177 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en
banc). The trial court had significant evidence that Husband had custody of
Child less than 40% of the time. For example, the trial court handling the
child custody matter found that “[Husband’s] employment necessitates
travel throughout the United States to various car shows. [Husband’s]
travel often requires changes in the custody schedule and the forfeiture of
portions of [Husband’s] custodial time with Child.” Findings of Fact
and Conclusions of Law, 3/10/13, at 6 (paragraph numbers omitted;
emphasis added).5 Furthermore, Wife testified that she often took custody
of Child while Husband was at car shows. E.g., N.T., 6/13/13, at 20. From
this evidence, the trial court reasonably concluded that Father did not have
custody of child for at least 40% of the time when he was entitled to 50/50
shared physical custody. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by declining to adjust Father’s child support obligation pursuant to
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1910.16-4(c)(1).
5 Husband entered this document into evidence at the trial held in the child support matter. See Husband’s Exhibit 24.
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In his fourth issue on appeal, Husband contends that the trial court
erred by using the wrong set of support guidelines when calculating the
support owed from March 24, 2010 through May 11, 2010. Whether the trial
court used the correct support guidelines is a pure question of law.
Therefore, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is
plenary. See Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 763 (Pa.
Super. 2014) (citation omitted). The trial court used the support guidelines
that went into effect on May 12, 2010 for the time period from March 24,
2010 through May 11, 2010. The trial court acknowledged this error in its
Rule 1925(a) opinion. This error amounted to Husband overpaying his
support obligation by a total of $48.60. We therefore modify the trial court’s
order to reflect that the total amount of child support due from March 24,
2010 through May 11, 2010 was $872.00/month instead of $903.00/month.
See United Police Soc’y of Mt. Lebanon v. Mt. Lebanon Comm’n, 104
A.3d 1251, 1265 (Pa. 2014) (“An appellate court may [] modify . . . any
order brought before it[.]”), quoting 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 706.
In his fifth issue on appeal, Husband argues that the trial court erred
by requiring him to pay 80% of Bieler’s fee. As noted in our factual
recitation, when the trial court appointed Bieler, it ordered the parties to
split the fee equally. That order also limited the amount of Bieler’s fee to
$5,000.00. As noted above, during the course of his forensic accounting
Bieler encountered uncooperative parties. Bieler therefore requested, and
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received, permission from the trial court to expend more than the $5,000.00
originally approved. At the conclusion of his service to the court, Bieler
submitted an invoice for approximately $50,000.00 – nearly ten times the
original amount authorized. The trial court determined that fee was
excessive and ordered that Bieler be paid a total of $25,000.00. It further
ordered that Husband pay $20,000.00 and Wife pay $5,000.00. We review
a trial court’s allocation of expert fees for an abuse of discretion. See
Pavex, Inc. v. York Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 716 A.2d 640, 647 (Pa.
Super. 1998).
We discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s allocation of
Bieler’s fee. As shown in the support calculations, Husband’s monthly
income is approximately eight times as much as Wife’s income. Therefore,
an allocation of 80/20 has Wife paying for a higher percentage of the fee
than her share of the parties’ combined income. Furthermore, the trial court
found that Bieler’s increased fee was mostly due to Husband’s refusal to
provide the requested documentation. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/14, at
15. This finding is supported by the record. E.g., N.T., 5/31/13, at 53. As
Husband was most culpable for the increase in Bieler’s fee, it was reasonable
for the trial court to allocate seven-eighths of the increased cost (the same
proportion as the parties’ incomes). Accordingly, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by ordering Husband to pay 80% of Bieler’s fee.
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In his sixth issue on appeal, Husband argues that the trial court
abused its discretion by awarding wife $5,000.00 in attorney’s fees. A trial
court may award attorney’s fees to an individual that is awarded child
support. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4351(a). “In child support matters reviewing
an award of attorney’s fees, our standard of appellate review is for an abuse
of discretion.” Krebs v. Krebs, 975 A.2d 1178, 1180 (Pa. Super. 2009)
(citation omitted).
In this case, the trial court awarded attorney’s fees to Wife because of
Husband’s conduct in concealing portions of his income from Wife, Bieler,
and the trial court. The trial court noted that Wife and her counsel
repeatedly attempted to request documents from Husband to no avail. See
Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/14, at 23-24. The trial court further found that its
interim fee award of $3,000.00 was insufficient and, therefore, a further fee
award at the conclusion of the child support proceedings was necessary.
See id. at 24-25.
As our Supreme Court has stated, “unreasonable or obstreperous
conduct on the part of the obligor in a child support action would warrant an
award of counsel fees to the obligee.” Bowser v. Blom, 807 A.2d 830, 836
(Pa. 2002). In Bowser, our Supreme Court noted that there is a significant
difference between an obligor parent who mounts a “fair and reasonable
defense in a child support action” and unreasonable or obstreperous
conduct. Id. In Krebs, this Court held that the obligee spouse was entitled
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to an attorney’s fee award three times higher than the amount originally
awarded by the trial court. This Court reached that determination because
Krebs was not “a case where [the obligor] merely defended the action in
good faith; rather [Krebs was] a case where [the obligor] fraudulently
concealed increases to his income . . . in order to avoid paying additional
child support.” Krebs, 975 A.2d at 1181.
As we noted when discussing the trial court’s ability to order a forensic
accounting and its allocation of Bieler’s fees, Husband’s conduct in this case
was both unreasonable and obstreperous. Husband began this conduct early
in the child support proceedings by refusing to comply with document
requests filed by Wife and continued this conduct even after the trial court
ordered him to cooperate with Bieler. Furthermore, based upon the relative
incomes of Husband and Wife, it would have been difficult for Wife to
continue this child support action but for an award of counsel fees.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
awarding Wife $5,000.00 in attorney’s fees, an amount we agree is
reasonable for compensating Wife for Husband’s conduct.
In his seventh issue, Husband argues that the trial court abused its
discretion by declining to permit him to offer additional evidence at the
hearing on his motion to reconsider. We review a trial court’s denial of a
motion to reopen the record for an abuse of discretion. See Bingaman v.
Bingaman, 980 A.2d 155, 157 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation omitted). In his
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supplemental motion for reconsideration, Husband requested that he be
permitted to reopen the record for a sole reason – he had obtained new
counsel. As noted by the lengthy pre-trial proceedings, three-day trial, and
post-trial briefing, significant resources had been expended by the trial court
and all parties to this litigation. There is no indication in the record that
Husband’s proposed new evidence was unavailable for trial. Therefore, the
trial court reasonably concluded that granting the motion to reopen would
unfairly prejudice Wife by forcing her to expend more resources because of
Husband’s change of counsel. Furthermore, allowing the record to be
reopened solely because Husband obtained new counsel would encourage
losing parties to obtain new counsel on a motion to reconsider because they
would then get the proverbial “second bite at the apple.” We refuse to
encourage such a practice. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Husband’s motion to reopen the record.
In his eighth issue on appeal, Husband argues that the trial court erred
in awarding Wife APL. As noted above, we lack jurisdiction over this claim
and quash this appeal as it relates to Husband’s APL claims.
Husband’s ninth issue on appeal is the same as his sixth issue on
appeal. In sum, we quash Husband’s appeal as it relates to the trial court’s
APL determination. We affirm the child support order as modified (reducing
Husband’s overall child support obligation for 2010 by $48.60).
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Appeal quashed in part. Order affirmed as modified. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 4/13/2015
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