1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 BRIAN WHITAKER, Case No. 21-cv-00632-HSG 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS 9 v. Re: Dkt. No. 8 10 LL SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, L.P., et al., 11 Defendants. 12 13 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff Brian Whitaker’s first 14 amended complaint (“FAC”). Dkt. No. 8 (“Mot.”). The Court finds this matter appropriate for 15 disposition without oral argument, and the matter is deemed submitted. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For 16 the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss WITHOUT LEAVE TO 17 AMEND. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 Plaintiff, a quadriplegic who uses a wheelchair for mobility, alleges he “planned on 20 making a trip in January of 2021 to the San Francisco, California, area.” Dkt. No. 15 FAC ¶¶ 1, 21 12. He allegedly chose Defendants’ Larkspur Landing South San Francisco hotel because it “was 22 at a desirable price and location.” Id. ¶ 13. According to Plaintiff, when he attempted to book an 23 accessible room at that location, he found that “other than the naked claim that this room was 24 ‘wheelchair accessible’ with a roll-in shower, there was no other information about the mobility 25 accessible features for the room on this online reservation system.” Id. ¶ 20. He “was unable to 26 make any specific-room determinations due to the lack of identification, description or details 27 about the particular room he was interested in booking.” Id. ¶ 21. In particular, Plaintiff alleges, 1 the bathroom sinks “were cabinet style sinks or had low hanging aprons that did not provide knee 2 clearance for a wheelchair user to pull up and under or, alternatively, where the plumbing 3 underneath the sink was not wrapped with insulation to protect against burning contact to his 4 knees;” and (3) whether the doorways “are at least 32 inches wide so he can get his wheelchair 5 through.” Id. ¶¶ 22-24. 6 Based on these allegations, Plaintiff asserts two Causes of Action: “Violation of the 7 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990” and “Violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act.” 8 II. LEGAL STANDARD 9 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain 10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A 11 defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief can be 12 granted under Rule 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the 13 complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” 14 Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). To survive a Rule 15 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff need only plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible 16 on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible 17 when a plaintiff pleads “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that 18 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 19 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 20 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” 21 Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). Nevertheless, 22 courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of 23 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 24 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). 25 Yet even if the court concludes that a 12(b)(6) motion should be granted, the “court should 26 grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that 27 the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 1 In Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, the Ninth Circuit clarified the judicial notice rule and 2 incorporation by reference doctrine. See 899 F.3d 988 (9th Cir. 2018). Under Federal Rule of 3 Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of a fact “not subject to reasonable dispute because 4 it … can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be 5 questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). Accordingly, a court may take “judicial notice of matters of 6 public record,” but “cannot take judicial notice of disputed facts contained in such public records.” 7 Khoja, 899 F.3d at 999 (citation and quotations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has clarified that if a 8 court takes judicial notice of a document, it must specify what facts it judicially noticed from the 9 document. Id. at 999. Further, “[j]ust because the document itself is susceptible to judicial notice 10 does not mean that every assertion of fact within that document is judicially noticeable for its 11 truth.” Id. As an example, the Ninth Circuit held that for a transcript of a conference call, the 12 court may take judicial notice of the fact that there was a conference call on the specified date, but 13 may not take judicial notice of a fact mentioned in the transcript, because the substance “is subject 14 to varying interpretations, and there is a reasonable dispute as to what the [document] establishes.” 15 Id. at 999–1000. 16 Separately, the incorporation by reference doctrine is a judicially-created doctrine that 17 allows a court to consider certain documents as though they were part of the complaint itself. Id. 18 at 1002. This is to prevent plaintiffs from cherry-picking certain portions of documents that 19 support their claims, while omitting portions that weaken their claims. Id. Incorporation by 20 reference is appropriate “if the plaintiff refers exclusively to the document or the document forms 21 the basis of plaintiff’s claim.” Khoja, 899 F.3d at 1002. However, “the mere mention of the 22 existence of a document is insufficient to incorporate the contents” of a document. Id. at 1002. 23 And while a court “may assume [an incorporated document’s] contents are true for purposes of a 24 motion to dismiss … it is improper to assume the truth of an incorporated document if such 25 assumptions only serve to dispute facts stated in a well-pleaded complaint.” Id. 26 27 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Judicial Notice 3 As part of its motion, Defendants request that the Court take judicial notice of the 4 following documents: 5 1) A copy of the “Landing page” and Accessibility Tab of Defendants’ website, 6 https://www.casamadrona.com/, https://www.larkspurhotels.com/south-san-francisco, Ex. 1; 7 2) A copy of the relevant pages from Defendants’ website showing the various accessible 8 room descriptions, Ex. 2; 9 3) A list of Plaintiff’s cases filed in California federal court from PACER, Ex. 3; 10 4) The Consent Decree in United States v. Hilton Worldwide Inc., No. 10-cv-1924, ECF 11 No. 5 (D.D.C. Nov. 29, 2010), Ex.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 BRIAN WHITAKER, Case No. 21-cv-00632-HSG 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS 9 v. Re: Dkt. No. 8 10 LL SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, L.P., et al., 11 Defendants. 12 13 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff Brian Whitaker’s first 14 amended complaint (“FAC”). Dkt. No. 8 (“Mot.”). The Court finds this matter appropriate for 15 disposition without oral argument, and the matter is deemed submitted. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For 16 the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss WITHOUT LEAVE TO 17 AMEND. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 Plaintiff, a quadriplegic who uses a wheelchair for mobility, alleges he “planned on 20 making a trip in January of 2021 to the San Francisco, California, area.” Dkt. No. 15 FAC ¶¶ 1, 21 12. He allegedly chose Defendants’ Larkspur Landing South San Francisco hotel because it “was 22 at a desirable price and location.” Id. ¶ 13. According to Plaintiff, when he attempted to book an 23 accessible room at that location, he found that “other than the naked claim that this room was 24 ‘wheelchair accessible’ with a roll-in shower, there was no other information about the mobility 25 accessible features for the room on this online reservation system.” Id. ¶ 20. He “was unable to 26 make any specific-room determinations due to the lack of identification, description or details 27 about the particular room he was interested in booking.” Id. ¶ 21. In particular, Plaintiff alleges, 1 the bathroom sinks “were cabinet style sinks or had low hanging aprons that did not provide knee 2 clearance for a wheelchair user to pull up and under or, alternatively, where the plumbing 3 underneath the sink was not wrapped with insulation to protect against burning contact to his 4 knees;” and (3) whether the doorways “are at least 32 inches wide so he can get his wheelchair 5 through.” Id. ¶¶ 22-24. 6 Based on these allegations, Plaintiff asserts two Causes of Action: “Violation of the 7 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990” and “Violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act.” 8 II. LEGAL STANDARD 9 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain 10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A 11 defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief can be 12 granted under Rule 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the 13 complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” 14 Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). To survive a Rule 15 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff need only plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible 16 on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible 17 when a plaintiff pleads “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that 18 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 19 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 20 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” 21 Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). Nevertheless, 22 courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of 23 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 24 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). 25 Yet even if the court concludes that a 12(b)(6) motion should be granted, the “court should 26 grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that 27 the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 1 In Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, the Ninth Circuit clarified the judicial notice rule and 2 incorporation by reference doctrine. See 899 F.3d 988 (9th Cir. 2018). Under Federal Rule of 3 Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of a fact “not subject to reasonable dispute because 4 it … can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be 5 questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). Accordingly, a court may take “judicial notice of matters of 6 public record,” but “cannot take judicial notice of disputed facts contained in such public records.” 7 Khoja, 899 F.3d at 999 (citation and quotations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has clarified that if a 8 court takes judicial notice of a document, it must specify what facts it judicially noticed from the 9 document. Id. at 999. Further, “[j]ust because the document itself is susceptible to judicial notice 10 does not mean that every assertion of fact within that document is judicially noticeable for its 11 truth.” Id. As an example, the Ninth Circuit held that for a transcript of a conference call, the 12 court may take judicial notice of the fact that there was a conference call on the specified date, but 13 may not take judicial notice of a fact mentioned in the transcript, because the substance “is subject 14 to varying interpretations, and there is a reasonable dispute as to what the [document] establishes.” 15 Id. at 999–1000. 16 Separately, the incorporation by reference doctrine is a judicially-created doctrine that 17 allows a court to consider certain documents as though they were part of the complaint itself. Id. 18 at 1002. This is to prevent plaintiffs from cherry-picking certain portions of documents that 19 support their claims, while omitting portions that weaken their claims. Id. Incorporation by 20 reference is appropriate “if the plaintiff refers exclusively to the document or the document forms 21 the basis of plaintiff’s claim.” Khoja, 899 F.3d at 1002. However, “the mere mention of the 22 existence of a document is insufficient to incorporate the contents” of a document. Id. at 1002. 23 And while a court “may assume [an incorporated document’s] contents are true for purposes of a 24 motion to dismiss … it is improper to assume the truth of an incorporated document if such 25 assumptions only serve to dispute facts stated in a well-pleaded complaint.” Id. 26 27 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Judicial Notice 3 As part of its motion, Defendants request that the Court take judicial notice of the 4 following documents: 5 1) A copy of the “Landing page” and Accessibility Tab of Defendants’ website, 6 https://www.casamadrona.com/, https://www.larkspurhotels.com/south-san-francisco, Ex. 1; 7 2) A copy of the relevant pages from Defendants’ website showing the various accessible 8 room descriptions, Ex. 2; 9 3) A list of Plaintiff’s cases filed in California federal court from PACER, Ex. 3; 10 4) The Consent Decree in United States v. Hilton Worldwide Inc., No. 10-cv-1924, ECF 11 No. 5 (D.D.C. Nov. 29, 2010), Ex. 4; 12 5) The order dismissing complaint with prejudice in Arroyo v. JWMFE Anaheim, LLC, 13 Case No. 8:21-cv-00014-CJC-KES (C.D. Cal. February 16, 2021), Ex. 5; 14 6) A copy of the Accessibility Page of JWMFE Anaheim’s Marriott website addressed in 15 Arroyo v. JWMFE Anaheim, LLC, Ex. 6. 16 7) The order dismissing case in Salinas v. Apple Ten SPE Capistrano, LLC, Case No. 17 8:20-cv-02379-CJC-DFM (C.D. Cal. February 18, 2021) 18 Dkt. No. 8-1 (“RJN”). 19 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of a fact “not subject 20 to reasonable dispute because it … can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose 21 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). The Court may take judicial 22 notice of court documents already in the public record and documents filed in other courts. See 23 Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006). Thus, Exhibits 24 4, 5, and 7 are proper subjects of judicial notice. 25 Websites and their contents may also be proper subjects for judicial notice. Threshold 26 Enterprises Ltd. v. Pressed Juicery, Inc., 445 F. Supp. 3d 139, 146 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (and cases 27 cited therein); Wible v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 375 F. Supp. 2d 956, 965 (C.D. Cal. 2005) 1 party “supplied the court with hard copies of the actual web pages of which they sought to have 2 the court take judicial notice”). 3 Further, under the doctrine of incorporation by reference, the Court may consider not only 4 documents attached to the complaint, but also documents whose contents are alleged in the 5 complaint, provided the complaint “necessarily relies” on the documents or contents thereof, the 6 document’s authenticity is uncontested, and the document’s relevance is uncontested. Coto 7 Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010); United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 8 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Even if a document is not attached to a complaint, it may be 9 incorporated by reference into a complaint if the plaintiff refers extensively to the document or the 10 document forms the basis of the plaintiff's claim.”). “The defendant may offer such a document, 11 and the district court may treat such a document as part of the complaint, and thus may assume 12 that its contents are true for purposes of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” Ritchie, 342 13 F.3d at 908. 14 Here, Exhibits 1 and 2 are publicly-accessible web pages, and they are expressly cited and 15 relied upon in Plaintiff’s complaint. FAC ¶¶ 16-19. Accordingly, the Court may consider these 16 documents in evaluating Defendant’s motion. See Barnes v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., 2017 WL 17 635474, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2017) (taking judicial notice of pages of Marriott’s website in 18 website accessibility claim). 19 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS IN PART Defendant’s request and takes judicial notice 20 of Exhibits 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7. The Court does not rely on Exhibits 3 or 6 in reaching its decision. 21 Thus, the Court denies Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice as to Exhibits 3 and 6 as moot. 22 B. Plaintiff’s ADA Claim 23 Plaintiff contends that Defendants’ reservation system violates 28 C.F.R. § 36.302(e). 24 That section requires that a “public accommodation that owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a 25 place of lodging” must comply with a number of requirements “with respect to reservations made 26 by any means,” including when such reservations are made through a third-party. In particular, § 27 36.302(e)(1)(ii) requires that public accommodations “[i]dentify and describe accessible features 1 reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to assess independently whether a given hotel or 2 guest room meets his or her accessibility needs.” 3 Plaintiff contends that Defendants’ reservation system violates § 36.302(e) because the 4 website does not provide sufficient detail about accessible features to allow a wheelchair user to 5 make an independent assessment of whether these features would meet his needs. FAC ¶¶ 20-21. 6 He suggests that more detailed descriptions of rooms or features would be appropriate, including 7 whether he can transfer to and use the toilet; whether the restroom sink provides appropriate knee 8 clearance; and whether the doorways are at least 32 inches wide so he can get his wheelchair 9 through. Id. ¶¶ 22-24. 10 Plaintiff and Plaintiff’s counsel have bought numerous, and nearly identical, ADA claims 11 that have almost uniformly been rejected and dismissed by courts in the Ninth Circuit. See, e.g., 12 Whitaker v. Cesano, Inc., No. 21-CV-01018-MMC, 2021 WL 1947539 (N.D. Cal. May 14, 2021); 13 Love v. Marriott Hotel Services, No. 20-cv-07137-TSH, 2021 2021 WL 810252 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 14 2021); Garcia v. Gateway Hotel., L.P. No. CV 20-10752-PA (GJSx), 2021 WL 936176 (C.D. Cal. 15 Feb. 25, 2021). The Court finds the reasoning of these cases persuasive. 16 Defendants, and other courts to consider Plaintiff’s theory, refer to an Appendix to the 17 regulations, 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, in which the DOJ provides the following commentary 18 regarding accessibility information required under the regulations:
19 The Department recognizes that a reservations system is not intended to be an accessibility survey. However, specific information 20 concerning accessibility features is essential to travelers with disabilities. Because of the wide variations in the level of accessibility 21 that travelers will encounter, the Department cannot specify what information must be included in every instance. For hotels that were 22 built in compliance with the 1991 Standards, it may be sufficient to specify that the hotel is accessible and, for each accessible room, to 23 describe the general type of room (e.g., deluxe executive suite), the size and number of beds (e.g., two queen beds), the type of accessible 24 bathing facility (e.g., roll-in shower), and communications features available in the room (e.g., alarms and visual notification devices). 25 Based on that information, many individuals with disabilities will be comfortable making reservations. 26 For older hotels with limited accessibility features, information about 27 the hotel should include, at a minimum, information about accessible rooms. 1 2 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, “Title III Regulations 2010 Guidance and Section-by-Section Analysis” 3 (the “2010 Guidance”); see Love, 2021 WL 810252, at *5; Mot. 6-7. 4 The DOJ’s commentary sets out four key principles: (1) “a reservations system is not 5 intended to be an accessibility survey”; (2) “it may be sufficient to specify that the hotel is 6 accessible and, for each accessible room, to describe the general type of room (e.g., deluxe 7 executive suite), the size and number of beds (e.g., two queen beds), the type of accessible bathing 8 facility (e.g., roll-in shower), and communications features available in the room (e.g., alarms and 9 visual notification devices)”; (3) “[f]or older hotels with limited accessibility features, information 10 about the hotel should include, at a minimum, information about accessible entrances to the hotel, 11 the path of travel to guest check-in and other essential services, and the accessible route to the 12 accessible room or rooms”; and (4) “[f]or older hotels, information about important features that 13 do not comply with the 1991 Standards.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A. The DOJ guidance is 14 “entitled to substantial deference.” Kohler v. Presidio Int’l, Inc., 782 F.3d 1064, 1069 (9th Cir. 15 2015) (DOJ’s guidance interpreting requirements of the ADA is “entitled to substantial 16 deference”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 17 The Court finds that Defendants provide accessibility features descriptions that meet or 18 exceed the level of detail proposed by the ADA guidance. The “Accessibility Features” section of 19 Defendants’ website includes the following information: 20 • There is access to the hotel through the main entrance. 21 • There is elevator access to all floors. 22 • The doorways are wide enough for maneuvering. 23 • There is space for a wheelchair to move easily in the guest room and washroom. 24 • The telephone is reachable from the bed. 25 • The shower is a roll-in. 26 • The shower has an attached seat. 27 • There is a reachable hand held shower head. 1 • The toilet height meets ADA requirements. 2 • Grab bars are available in relation to the toilet. 3 • Bathroom sink pipes are insulated to prevent burns. 4 • Sink taps are reachable. 5 • Kitchens feature accessible appliances and sink. 6 See RJN, Ex. 1. The room descriptions on the website also indicate whether the room is 7 wheelchair accessible and identify accessible rooms with the label “ADA.” RJN, Ex. 2. The 8 Court finds these descriptions and this level of detail to satisfy the requirements of 28 C.F.R. § 9 36.302(e) as a matter of law. This finding accords with numerous other decisions. See Love, 2021 10 WL 810252, at * 6 (collecting decisions that reject Plaintiff’s Reservation Rule theory as applied 11 to websites with similar levels of detail). 12 Further, Defendants’ website also states that “[i]f you require additional information about 13 the accessible features offered at any of our hotels (including further details about accessible 14 rooms) or any other accessibility concerns, please call 650-827-1515 or email us at 15 ssfll@larkspurhotels.com.” RJN, Ex. 1. Plaintiff argues that while “[h]aving staffed lines is 16 great,” it does not “excuse[] having the required information on the website.” Dkt. No. 22 17 (“Opp.”) at 4. Plaintiff cites no case law for this position, and in fact case law states otherwise. 18 In the 2010 Guidance, DOJ acknowledges that “individuals with disabilities may wish to 19 contact the hotel or reservations services for more detailed information.” 28 C.F.R. § Pt. 36, App. 20 A. “Courts have interpreted this to mean that a website need not include all potentially relevant 21 accessibility information where an inquiring patron can simply call the hotel for more 22 information.” Garcia, 2021 WL 936176, at *5; Love, 2021 WL 810252, at * 7 (“[T]he 2010 23 Guidance makes clear that details about a hotel’s accessible features—‘such as the specific layout 24 of the room and bathroom, shower design, grab-bar locations, and other amenities available (e.g., 25 bathtub bench)’—can be provided ‘once reservations are made’ and do not have to be provided on 26 the reservations website.”) (quoting 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, “Title III Regulations 2010 27 Guidance and Section-by-Section Analysis”)). 1 website violates the ADA. 2 C. Supplemental Jurisdiction 3 A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction if it has dismissed all 4 || claims over which it has original jurisdiction. Sanford v. MemberWorks, Inc., 625 F.3d 550, 561 5 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3)). “[I]n the usual case in which all federal-law 6 claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under the pendent 7 || jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward 8 || declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Jd. (citation and internal 9 quotations omitted). Having dismissed Plaintiffs federal claim, the Court, in its discretion, 10 || declines to assert supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claim. 11 D. Leave To Amend 12 Defendants initially filed their motion to dismiss in response to Plaintiffs original 13 complaint. See Dkt. No. 8. Rather than oppose the motion to dismiss, Plaintiff chose to file the 14 || FAC. See Dkt. No. 16. Upon inquiry of the Court, Defendants indicated that they wished to 15 proceed with the same motion to dismiss as they asserted that it was equally applicable to the 16 || FAC. Dkt. No. 20. Because Plaintiff had the opportunity to amend his complaint and still failed 3 17 to adequately plead a claim, and because the allegations themselves and properly judicially- 18 noticed materials establish that leave to amend would be futile, the Court now DISMISSES the 19 || FAC WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. 20 || IV. CONCLUSION 21 The Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. The 22 || Clerk is directed to close the case. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 || Dated: 6/4/2021 25 Aspurd 5 6 HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR. United States District Judge 27 28