Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
September 1, 2020 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II WHIDBEY ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION No. 52923-8-II NETWORK,
Appellant,
v.
GROWTH MANAGEMENT HEARINGS PUBLISHED OPINION BOARD,
Additional Party,
ISLAND COUNTY,
Respondent,
GLASGOW, J.—Whidbey Environmental Action Network (WEAN) challenged Island
County’s critical areas ordinance adopted under the Growth Management Act (GMA), chapter
36.70A RCW. Relevant to this appeal, WEAN argued that the County’s critical areas ordinance
was insufficient to protect the western toad, which the Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife has listed for protection as a priority habitat species.
After finding multiple iterations of the ordinance noncompliant with the GMA, the Western
Washington Growth Management Hearings Board ultimately upheld the version of the ordinance
at issue here as adequately protecting the western toad under the GMA and best available science.
The version of the ordinance at issue designates all presently-known and later-identified
occurrences of western toad breeding sites as critical areas, as well as all upland occurrences
known on the date the ordinance was adopted. The ordinance does not designate later-discovered No. 52923-8-II
upland western toad occurrences as critical areas. The ordinance requires a biological site
assessment for any development project proposed within 1,000 feet of a critical area, though the
County can waive this requirement if the impacts of the development would be minor. On appeal,
the superior court affirmed the Board’s ruling.
WEAN appeals, arguing that the Board’s ruling was contrary to law, unsupported by
substantial evidence, and arbitrary and capricious. WEAN reasons that the ordinance improperly
distinguishes between upland dispersal habitat and wetland breeding habitat where the
Department’s best available science established that any occurrence must be protected. WEAN
also argues that the ordinance fails to adequately apply the precautionary approach, as the GMA
requires when the science is uncertain. WEAN contends that the 1,000-foot radius for requiring a
biological site assessment is arbitrary in that it universally applied to all critical areas and was not
western toad-specific. WEAN also challenges the provision enabling the County to waive the
biological site assessment requirement if development impacts will be minor.
We hold that WAC 365-190-130(4)(b) expressly establishes that the Department’s priority
habitat and species information for candidate species is the “best available science” and the
Department has established that any occurrence of the western toad should be designated as a
critical area. The Board misapplied the GMA’s best available science requirement by upholding
the County’s decision that only those upland occurrences known to the County at the time the
ordinance was adopted would be designated as critical areas. This decision also violated the
precautionary approach because the lack of scientific understanding regarding upland western toad
habitat means upland occurrences should be designated and protected when they are discovered.
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We also hold that the provision granting the planning director unrestricted discretion to
waive the required biological site assessment is contrary to law. However, we reject WEAN’s
challenge to the 1,000-foot radius for requiring a biological assessment because WEAN has failed
to meet its burden to show that the 1,000-foot radius was arbitrary and capricious.
We accordingly reverse the Board’s ruling upholding the County’s decision not to
automatically designate any later-identified upland occurrences and the provision allowing the
County to waive the biological site assessment when the planning director determines development
impacts will be minor. We affirm in all other respects.
FACTS
The Department lists the western toad as a “[c]andidate species” because the toad is a
candidate for listing as sensitive, threatened, or endangered. Administrative Record (AR) at 4071.
Candidate species are also classified as “priority species,” under the “Priority Habitats and Species
Program,” which means the western toad is “a priority for conservation and management and
requires protective measures for survival.” AR at 4071, 4080.
The Department classifies the western toad’s “[p]riority [a]rea” as “[a]ny occurrence.” AR
at 4073. This designation “[a]pplies to a priority species with limiting habitat that is not known or
to a species that is so rare that any occurrence is important in a land use decision.” AR at 1424.
The Department defines “[o]ccurrence” as a “[f]ish and wildlife observation from a source deemed
reliable by [Department] biologists. An occurrence may represent an observation of an individual
animal or a group of animals.” Id. (bold type omitted). “‘Occurrences are based on evidence of
historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location.’” AR at 5718.
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The County’s deadline for updating its critical areas ordinance designating critical areas
for habitat protection was December 1, 2005, which it missed. RCW 36.70A.130(4)(b). The
County ultimately updated its designations in a 2014 ordinance that included protections for
western toad habitat. The next deadline for the County to review and update its critical areas
ordinance is in 2024.
WEAN challenged the 2014 ordinance under the GMA, and the Board ultimately agreed with
WEAN that the ordinance was flawed in several respects and ordered the County to amend it. The
County enacted a new ordinance in response to the Board’s order, which WEAN continued to
challenge. Relevant to this appeal, WEAN argued that the ordinance did not adequately protect the
western toad. The Board agreed, ruling that this second ordinance was flawed in that it did not
clearly protect the western toad’s breeding site and did not protect upland, nonbreeding habitat at
all. The Board once more ordered the County to address its continued noncompliance with the
GMA and include best available science.
The County then enacted a third iteration of its critical areas ordinance, the version that is
at issue in this appeal. See ISLAND COUNTY CODE (ICC) 17.02B. With respect to the western toad,
the ordinance provides:
Western Toad breeding sites, as documented by scientifically verifiable data from [the Department], or a qualified professional, shall be protected through the county’s wetland and stream critical areas regulations . . . . Such breeding sites, as they are presently known and documented as provided above, or may later be identified through the processing of site-specific land use and development permits or other scientifically verifiable data, are designated as fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas. Also designated as fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas are the occurrences identified by Priority Habitat Species data from [the Department] as it existed on January 24, 2017.
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ICC 17.02B.210 (emphasis added). In other words, the ordinance designates all presently-known
and later-identified breeding sites as critical areas, but it only designates other upland occurrences
of the western toad that were known on January 24, 2017, the date this ordinance was adopted.
The practical effect of this provision at the time the ordinance was adopted was the designation of
six individual occurrences—one associated with an aquatic breeding site and five associated with
upland, nonbreeding sites.
The ordinance also provides, in a provision that is more generally applicable to all protected
species, that “[w]hen a development proposal is located within 1,000 feet of a habitat for a
protected species or an identified fish and wildlife habitat conservation area or its buffer . . . a
biological site assessment . . . shall be required.” ICC 17.02B.400(A). This requirement can be
waived if the County’s planning director “determines that the proposed development would
result in only minor impacts.” ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1).
WEAN again challenged the ordinance, but this time the Board upheld it as complying
with the GMA. The Board upheld the County’s differing treatment of upland habitat and breeding
sites, noting that the best available science was “thin” with respect to upland and dispersal habitat,
while it clearly established that the western toad has a “‘primary association’” with wetlands as
breeding habitat. AR at 5723. The Board also upheld the provision granting the planning director
discretion to waive the biological site assessment requirement on the grounds that the provision
is presumed valid and the Board would not assume that the County would abuse its discretion
when applying the waiver provision without any evidence that the County was likely to do so.
WEAN moved for reconsideration. The Board denied the motion. This order denying
reconsideration and the Board’s prior order finding compliance are the basis for the current appeal.
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In its denial of reconsideration, the Board again concluded that the best available science did not
support any additional designations.
Although the Board noted “the importance of upland, non-breeding dispersal areas for the
Western toad,” it concluded that the best available science considered by the County demonstrated
that additional areas beyond the currently documented occurrences did not warrant designation.
AR at 5972. The Board pointed to material prepared by an outside consultant commissioned by
the County in support of treating breeding and upland habitat differently. The County’s consultant
concluded that breeding sites “‘represent areas with which the species is known to have a primary
association.’” AR at 5973. The consultant opined that “‘[g]iven the variety of upland habitats used
by western toad and the predominantly rural nature of unincorporated Island County, upland
habitat for western toad is not known to be limiting in the County.’” Id. In contrast, the consultant
concluded that “‘Western toads are known to exhibit some level of breeding site fidelity, meaning
that they return to the same wetland site in subsequent years. Therefore, a documented breeding
area could be expected to support Western toads in years subsequent to the observation.’” Id.
The Board relied on the consultant’s analysis to conclude that the differences between
breeding and upland habitat, the lack of understanding regarding the importance of upland habitat,
and the relative abundance of upland habitat in the County, supported the County’s decision to
treat breeding sites and upland habitat differently in the ordinance. The Board also noted that the
1,000-foot requirement for a biological site assessment further served to protect the western toad,
and WEAN had not shown that the County had failed to consider best available science in
establishing that provision.
WEAN appealed the Board’s ruling to the superior court, which affirmed. WEAN appeals.
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ANALYSIS
A. The GMA and Related Regulations
1. Critical area designations
The GMA requires cities and counties to adopt regulations to protect environmentally
critical areas, which include habitats of priority species and species of local importance. See RCW
36.70A.060(2), .170(1)(d); WAC 365-190-130(2)(b). Local governments must review and update
their critical areas ordinances every eight years to ensure they continue to meet the GMA’s
standards. RCW 36.70A.130(5)(b).
Critical areas include fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, which are defined as
“areas that serve a critical role in sustaining needed habitats and species for the functional integrity
of the ecosystem, and which, if altered, may reduce the likelihood that the species will persist over
the long term.” WAC 365-190-030(6)(a). “These areas may include, but are not limited to, rare or
vulnerable ecological systems, communities, and habitat or habitat elements including seasonal
ranges, breeding habitat, winter range, and movement corridors; and areas with high relative
population density or species richness.” Id.
Local governments should also identify and designate “locally important habitats and
species” by considering information regarding priority habitats and species identified by the
Department. WAC 365-190-030(6)(a), -130(4)(b). “Priority habitat” includes priority species
breeding habitat and seasonal ranges. AR at 4104. The Department’s “[p]riority habitat and species
information includes endangered, threatened and sensitive species, but also includes candidate
species and other vulnerable and unique species and habitats.” WAC 365-190-130(4)(b). “While
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these priorities are those of the [Department], they should be considered by counties and cities as
they include the best available science.” Id. (emphasis added).
When a local government designates a critical area, it must preserve the area’s “existing
functions and values.” WAC 365-196-830(4). Local governments should use maps and
performance standards to designate critical areas, but performance standards are preferred. WAC
365-190-080(4). Significantly for purposes of this case, WAC 365-190-040(5)(b) provides that
government inventories and maps should indicate these designations, but “where critical areas
cannot be readily identified, these areas should be designated by performance standards or
definitions, so they can be specifically identified during the processing of a permit or development
authorization.”
2. Best available science and the precautionary approach
The GMA requires local governments to use “best available science” when designating
and protecting critical areas. RCW 36.70A.172(1). “No precise definition of ‘best available
science’ is found in the statutes or in case law, but the phrase is generally interpreted to require
local governments to analyze valid scientific information in a reasoned process.” Kitsap All. of
Prop. Owners v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd., 160 Wn. App. 250, 267, 255 P.3d
696 (2011). The record must show that the County considered the best available science
substantively in its designation and protection of a critical area. Id.
“By RCW 36.70A.172(1), ‘the Legislature left the cities and counties with the authority
and obligation to take scientific evidence and to balance that evidence among the many goals and
factors to fashion locally appropriate regulations based on the evidence not on speculation and
surmise.’” Ferry County v. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd., 184 Wn. App. 685, 734, 339 P.3d 478 (2014)
8 No. 52923-8-II
(quoting Honesty in Envtl. Analysis & Legislation (HEAL) v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt.
Hr’gs Bd., 96 Wn. App. 522, 531, 979 P.2d 864 (1999)). “Mere inclusion of scientific sources in
a critical areas ordinance is not sufficient. To demonstrate that [best available science] has been
included, counties and cities should address the [best available science] on the record.” Id. at 735-
36 (citation omitted).
The GMA “does not require the county to follow [best available science]; rather, it is
required to include [best available science] in its record. Thus, a county may depart from [best
available science] if it provides a reasoned justification for such a departure.” Id. at 740. However,
that “departure from [best available science] in a critical areas ordinance should be rare.” Id.
The relevant regulations expressly establish that the Department’s priority habitat and
species information includes the best available science. WAC 365-190-130(4(b); Ferry County,
184 Wn. App. at 734; see also Olympic Stewardship Found. v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd.,
166 Wn. App. 172, 193, 274 P.3d 1040 (2012) (“[The GMA’s] regulations are the proper starting
point for determining whether a county has complied with RCW 36.70A.172(1)’s ‘best available
science’ requirement.”).
Further, WAC 365-195-920(1) and (2) provide: “Where there is an absence of valid
scientific information or incomplete scientific information relating to a county’s or city’s critical
areas, leading to uncertainty about which development and land uses could lead to harm of critical
areas,” counties and cities should follow a “‘precautionary or a no risk approach’” to strictly limit
development until the uncertainty is resolved and, as an interim approach, use “an effective
adaptive management program that relies on scientific methods to evaluate how well regulatory
and nonregulatory actions achieve their objectives.”
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B. Burden of Proof and Standard of Review
The Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW, governs appellate review of the
Board’s decisions under the Act. Swinomish Indian Tribal Cmty. v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs
Bd., 161 Wn.2d 415, 424, 166 P.3d 1198 (2007). “On appeal from the superior court, we sit in the
same position as the superior court and review the agency’s order based on the administrative
record rather than the superior court’s decision.” B&R Sales, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 186
Wn. App. 367, 374, 344 P.3d 741 (2015). “We treat any findings of fact or conclusions of law the
superior court made as surplusage.” Morawek v. City of Bonney Lake, 184 Wn. App. 487, 491, 337
P.3d 1097 (2014).
The party asserting the invalidity of an agency’s decision has the burden of demonstrating
invalidity. RCW 34.05.570(1)(a); PacifiCorp v. Wash. Utils. & Transp. Comm’n, 194 Wn. App.
571, 586, 376 P.3d 389 (2016). RCW 34.05.570(3) sets out nine grounds for invalidating an agency
decision. WEAN’s challenge argues three of those grounds: (1) the Board misapplied the law, (2)
the Board’s factual findings were not supported by substantial evidence, and (3) the Board’s
decision was arbitrary and capricious. RCW 34.05.570(3)(d), (e), (i).
Under the error of law standard, we give substantial weight to the agency’s interpretation
of the law it administers, but we are not bound by it. Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc. v. Dep’t of Soc.
& Health Servs., 162 Wn. App. 370, 374-75, 254 P.3d 919 (2011). We review the Board’s factual
findings for substantial evidence, asking whether the record contains evidence sufficient to
convince a rational, fair-minded person that the finding is true. B&R Sales, 186 Wn. App. at 375.
We do not reweigh evidence or judge witness credibility, but instead defer to the agency’s broad
discretion in weighing the evidence. PacifiCorp, 194 Wn. App. at 588-89.
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“An agency’s action is arbitrary and capricious only if it ‘is willful and unreasoning and
taken without regard to the attending facts or circumstances.’” Id. at 587 (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Att’y Gen.’s Office v. Wash. Utils. & Transp. Comm’n, 128 Wn. App. 818, 824,
116 P.3d 1064 (2005)). “‘Where there is room for two opinions, an action taken after due
consideration is not arbitrary and capricious even though a reviewing court may believe it to be
erroneous.’” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Att’y Gen.’s Office, 128 Wn. App. at
824). “‘Neither the existence of contradictory evidence nor the possibility of deriving conflicting
conclusions from the evidence renders an agency decision arbitrary and capricious.’” Id. (quoting
Att’y Gen.’s Office, 128 Wn. App. at 824).
C. Application of the Relevant Regulations and Best Available Science on Western Toads
Under WAC 365-190-130(4)(b), the Department’s priority species habitat information is
considered best available science. The Department has classified the western toad’s “[p]riority
[a]rea” as “[a]ny occurrence.” AR at 4073. The Department’s “[a]ny [o]ccurrence” designation
“[a]pplies to a priority species with limiting habitat that is not known or to a species that is so rare
that any occurrence is important in a land use decision.” AR at 1424. The Department has defined
“[o]ccurrence” as a “[f]ish and wildlife observation from a source deemed reliable by [Department]
biologists. An occurrence may represent an observation of an individual animal or a group of
animals.” Id. “‘Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely
recurring presence, at a given location.’” AR at 5718.
WEAN argues that the County violated the GMA’s requirement that it use best available
science in designating critical areas when it failed to provide for the automatic designation of
newly-identified upland occurrences of the western toad, as it did for newly-identified breeding
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sites. WEAN contends that the Board’s decision upholding the ordinance on this basis was
arbitrary and capricious and unsupported by substantial evidence. WEAN’s argument also
implicates whether the Board misapplied the GMA’s best available science requirement or the
related regulations, and so committed legal error.
The County argues that it properly designated every known occurrence of the western toad
at the time the ordinance was adopted and it was not required to do more. The County also argues
that it went beyond what the GMA requires by providing for automatic designation of later-
identified breeding sites and that it was not required to extend this “‘extra’” protection to
nonbreeding sites as well because its current plan of simply updating its designations in 2024 with
newly discovered occurrences satisfies the GMA’s requirements. Resp’t’s Br. at 33 (emphasis
omitted).
The Board agreed with the County that newly-identified upland occurrences of western
toad need not be designated in the critical areas ordinance until the critical areas ordinance is
updated, which should occur in 2024 if the County meets its deadline:
The science available in 2016/2017 in regards to the Western toad may not be the same in 2024 when Island County next reviews its critical area regulations. If [best available science] at that time indicates a need to designate and/or regulate activity in additional areas for protection of the toad, the County will need to include consideration of that [science].
AR at 5971; see also RCW 36.70A.130(1)(a), (c), (5), (6), as amended by ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE
HOUSE BILL 2342, ch. 113, LAWS Of 2020; SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL 2246, ch. 20, LAWS OF 2020
(requiring review of critical areas ordinances every eight years).
WEAN, the County, and the Board all agree, however, that the Department’s designation
of the western toad’s habitat priority area as “any occurrence” is based on best available science,
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and that “any occurrence” is a priority area for protection. The crux of this dispute is whether “any
occurrence” can be limited to occurrences that have been documented by the date a critical areas
ordinance was adopted.
1. Plain and ordinary meaning
We conclude that limiting “any occurrence” to occurrences that have been documented by
the date a critical areas ordinance was adopted is contrary to the plain meaning of the words “any
occurrence.” One dictionary definition of “any” is “used . . . to indicate one that is selected without
restriction or limitation of choice <[Any] child would know that>.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW
INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 97 (2002) (emphasis added). In addition, the Department defines
“[o]ccurrence” as a “[f]ish and wildlife observation from a source deemed reliable by [Department]
biologists.” AR at 1424 (bold type omitted). This language supports WEAN’s contention that the
“any occurrence” designation requires a continuous updating of the County’s designations,
because an occurrence happens any time a reliable source makes a wildlife observation, not several
years later when the County is scheduled to update its regulations.
2. Regulatory preference for definitional or performance standards
Limiting “any occurrence” also fails to read the classification in context with WAC 365-
190-040(5)(b)’s admonition to designate critical areas with performance standards or definitions
rather than static designations “where critical areas cannot be readily identified . . . so they can be
specifically identified during the processing of a permit or development authorization.” This
provision supports WEAN’s argument that using definitional criteria (here, the Department’s
definition of “occurrence”) permits ongoing identification of critical areas meeting the definition
before the ordinance is updated, sometimes many years later.
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In upholding the County’s decision not to automatically designate later-identified upland
occurrences, the Board relied on maps of western toad occurrences as they were known in 2017.
These maps presented only a static snapshot of the western toad’s dispersal at that time, in contrast
to the “performance standards or definitions” that should be used to identify critical areas that
currently exist but have not yet been identified. WAC 365-190-040(5)(b). Although both maps and
performance standards can be used to designate critical areas, “because maps may be too inexact
for regulatory purposes, counties and cities should rely primarily on performance standards to
protect critical areas.” WAC 365-190-080(4)(a). Thus, WAC 365-190-040(5)(b) and -080(4)(a)
support ongoing designation of later-identified upland occurrences.
In its decision on reconsideration, the Board reasoned that “best available science” requires
only that a local government consider science available at the time the critical areas ordinance is
adopted and it need not account for later identification of habitat. But this interpretation of the term
“best available science” flatly contradicts these regulations that contemplate definitional and
performance standards so that critical areas can be identified as covered species and habitat are
discovered between ordinance updates. We reject the Board’s reasoning.
3. Precautionary approach
Finally, limiting any occurrence as the County suggests also fails to apply the precautionary
approach required where the science is uncertain. WAC 365-195-920(1). WAC 365-195-920(1)
and (2) provide: “Where there is an absence of valid scientific information or incomplete scientific
information relating to a county’s or city’s critical areas, leading to uncertainty about which
development and land uses could lead to harm of critical areas,” counties and cities should follow
a “‘precautionary or a no risk approach’” to strictly limit development until the uncertainty is
14 No. 52923-8-II
resolved and, as an interim approach, use “an effective adaptive management program that relies
on scientific methods to evaluate how well regulatory and nonregulatory actions achieve their
objectives.”1
As an initial matter, the County argues that the “‘no risk’” approach WEAN advocates for
is stricter than the “‘no harm’” approach required by the GMA. Resp’t’s Br. at 35-36 (emphasis
omitted) (citing Swinomish, 161 Wn.2d at 427-30). But the portion of the court’s opinion that the
County relies on does not discuss the precautionary approach or suggest a lesser standard than that
articulated in WAC 365-195-920. Rather, the Washington Supreme Court upheld a Skagit County
ordinance requiring the agricultural industry to do “no harm” to critical areas, rejecting
Swinomish’s argument that the GMA required the county to enhance fish habitat rather than
merely protect it. Swinomish, 161 Wn.2d at 427-30. The court discussed WAC 365-195-920 later
in the opinion, and it did not indicate that it was adopting a lesser standard than what appeared in
the regulation. Id. at 436. Instead, the court explained that the regulation requires local
governments to “either be certain that their critical areas regulations will prevent harm or be
prepared to recognize and respond effectively to any unforeseen harm that arises.” Id.
There are two Court of Appeals cases that analyze the “‘precautionary or [] no risk
approach’” outlined in WAC 365-195-920(1). In Yakima County v. Eastern Washington Growth
Management Hearings Board, 168 Wn. App. 680, 279 P.3d 434 (2012), Yakima County enacted
1 The County argues that this issue is not properly before us because the Board never ruled on it. See Somers v. Snohomish County, 105 Wn. App. 937, 945, 21 P.3d 1165 (2001) (“The question of whether a county is in compliance with the [GMA] is an issue over which the [Board] has exclusive subject matter jurisdiction.”). WEAN argued to the Board that the County failed to apply the precautionary approach, and the Board rejected WEAN’s challenge. This was sufficient to preserve the issue for appeal.
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a new critical areas ordinance that maintained stream buffers that had been in place since 1995.
The Board ruled that these buffers were not supported by best available science and the County
had not provided a reasoned justification for departing from that science. Id. at 693. Division Three
agreed with the Board in this regard, rejecting the County’s argument that, given the lack of
scientific certainty regarding what buffers were needed, the County reasonably concluded that the
existing buffers were minimally adequate. Id. Division Three reasoned: “If the absence of relevant
scientific information creates uncertainty about the development risks to a critical areas function,
Yakima County must follow WAC 365-195-920(1) and use a ‘precautionary or a no risk approach’
that strictly limits land use activities until the uncertainty is sufficiently resolved.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
In Ferry County, 184 Wn. App. at 742, Ferry County refused to list certain species in its
critical areas designation because the Department could not confirm the species’ breeding habitat.
Division Three upheld the Board’s conclusion that this did not constitute a reasoned justification
for departing from the best available science because the Department had determined that breeding
habitats are not the only habitats requiring protection. Id. The court reiterated that “[i]n the absence
of scientific evidence, a county should adopt a precautionary or no risk approach. WAC 365-195-
920.” Id. The court also explained that “even if the lack of science were a valid reason to not
designate a species, Ferry County provided no explanation for why, in particular, the breeding
locations of a species must be known in order to designate them as locally important.” Id.
Here, both the County and the Board acknowledge that the extent of the western toad
population and its upland habitat are unknown. The Department classifies species habitat for
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protection upon “[a]ny [o]ccurrence” when “a priority species [has] limiting habitat that is not
known.” AR at 1424 (bold type omitted).
Given the acknowledged gaps in scientific knowledge about the extent of western toad
upland habitat and its importance to the toad’s survival, Ferry County and Yakima County both
suggest that the County here should have taken a more cautious approach toward upland habitat.
It is true that in both of those cases the Board ruled that the counties violated the precautionary
approach, whereas here the Board agreed with the County. Therefore, WEAN has a higher hurdle
to clear in this case because it must show that the Board’s decision was invalid. PacifiCorp, 194
Wn. App. at 586, 588-89.
But the lack of scientific understanding regarding the importance of upland habitat and its
relative scarcity in the County was a reason why upland occurrences should have received the
same automatic designation as breeding sites. The Board understood that “‘this current limited
understanding of upland habitat usage’” was a reason to require more from the County, not less.
AR at 5973. In the face of this scientific uncertainty regarding the importance of upland habitat,
the County was required to take the precaution of providing for automatic designation of upland
occurrences of the western toad when they are identified.
The precautionary principle requires the County to take a “precautionary or no risk
approach,” Ferry County, 184 Wn. App. at 742, but the County is taking the very real risk that
upland western toad habitat discovered after 2017 may be destroyed or compromised by
development before the County updates its designations in 2024, or later if the County is not timely
with its update. And the fact that locations of upland occurrences are not currently known does not
mean they should not be designated when they are located. See id. Therefore, the Board’s decision
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to uphold the ordinance misapplied the law by failing to apply the precautionary principle in this
case.
In sum, we conclude that the County and the Board misapplied what has been established
by regulation to be the best available science when it limited any upland occurrence to any upland
western toad occurrence known before the date the ordinance was adopted. This limitation on “any
occurrence” conflicts with the plain meaning of the words, the regulatory admonition to use
standards rather than designations that are fixed, and the precautionary principle also established
by regulation. To the extent that the County and the Board failed to correctly apply the relevant
regulations and the best available science, that is also arbitrary and capricious because it is
unreasonable in light of current law.
4. The County’s other arguments regarding upland western toad habitat
The County and the Board relied on the County’s biological consultant’s materials that
distinguish between more valuable breeding habitat and potentially less valuable upland habitat.
There is substantial evidence in the record to support the conclusion that the value and scarcity of
breeding and upland habitats are different. The consultant noted that the best available science in
this case “‘indicates that wetland breeding habitats are critical to completion of the life cycle of
the Western toad. In contrast, the upland habitat characteristics associated with Western toad are
not well understood.’” AR at 5973). The science also showed that “[g]iven the variety of upland
habitats used by Western toad and the predominantly rural nature of unincorporated Island County,
upland habitat for Western toad is not known to be limiting in the County.” Id.
Nevertheless, the Board recognized that the best available science “supports the
designation of ‘priority areas’ with any reliably documented ‘occurrence’ of Western toad, whether
18 No. 52923-8-II
breeding or non-breeding.” AR at 5972 (bold type omitted). The Board also concluded that neither
the GMA nor the best available science “distinguish[es] between breeding and non-breeding sites
for purposes of complying with the current GMA requirement to update [fish and wildlife habitat
conservation area] designations.” AR at 5974. And neither the County nor the Board disputes that
the Department’s priority species habitat information and classification is considered best available
science or that the Department has classified the western toad’s “[p]riority [a]rea” as “[a]ny
occurrence.” AR at 4073. Instead, they read “any occurrence” to allow limitation based on the date
of discovery, a position that is contrary to law for the reasons discussed above.2
The County also argues that, even assuming it departed from the best available science, it
properly considered that science, but simply made a different policy choice than what WEAN
advocated for. Although the County was not necessarily required to follow best available science,
any departure from the best available science requires a reasoned justification and should be rare.
Ferry County, 184 Wn. App. at 740. The County does not point to any such justification in the
record or in its briefing apart from the general notion that sound policy must consider other factors
beyond purely scientific evidence. Instead, the County maintains that it did not depart from the
best available science because the science does not support designating unknown future upland
occurrences due to the lack of knowledge about the western toad’s movements and seasonal
2 In Ferry County v. Concerned Friends of Ferry County, 155 Wn.2d 824, 836, 123 P.3d 102 (2005), the Supreme Court seemed to say that a local government could ignore a state agency’s scientific conclusions and recommendations in favor of legitimate, locally developed best available science. But that case was decided before WAC 365-190-130(4)(b) expressly established that the Department’s priority species habitat information is considered best available science. See Concerned Friends of Ferry County, 155 Wn.2d at 833 (reciting the text of an earlier version of the regulation simply allowing consideration of the Department’s priority species habitat information).
19 No. 52923-8-II
ranges. But WEAN is not arguing that the County must predict future occurrences, it merely argues
that the County must treat any future occurrences as designated critical areas when they are
discovered under the best available science.
In sum, neither of these additional arguments warrants departure from our conclusion that
the County and Board misapplied the relevant regulations and the best available science as
determined by the Department.
D. The 1,000-Foot Radius Prompting a Biological Site Assessment
A separate provision of the County’s critical areas ordinance provides that “[w]hen a
development proposal is located within 1,000 feet of a habitat for a protected species or an
identified fish and wildlife habitat conservation area or its buffer . . . a biological site assessment
. . . shall be required.” ICC 17.02B.400(A). WEAN argues the 1,000-foot radius is insufficient
because it was based on a rule designed for heron rookeries and it bears no relation to the dispersal
patterns of the western toad. WEAN also argues that this provision ignores the precautionary
approach required under WAC 365-195-920(1). The Board rejected WEAN’s arguments because
WEAN did not provide evidence that a 1,000-foot radius was inadequate.
WEAN co-founder Steve Erickson testified: “‘The origin of that thousand foot figure in
Island County’s ordinance was for protection of heron rookeries. Amphibians were not considered
generally in determining that. Western toad was not considered specifically. Different species.
Different situation. Different habitat requirements.’” AR at 5832. WEAN claims that the record
“contains abundant evidence that Western toads routinely disperse much more than 1,000 feet from
their breeding sites, anywhere from 3,000 feet to several kilometers.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 22.
WEAN primarily cites to portions of its own briefing from below, but there is some evidence in
20 No. 52923-8-II
the record that western toads do typically move much farther than 1,000 feet from breeding sites.
And WEAN points to science in the record suggesting that “overall contiguous forest cover values
of 40%, 50%[,] and 60% within 100, 500[,] and 1,000 meter distances respectively from wetlands
may represent critical thresholds for maintaining the full diversity of amphibians breeding in a
wetland or stream.” AR at 5012.
The provision establishing a 1,000-foot radius for requiring a biological site assessment
was not intended to be specific to the western toad. It applies broadly to all fish and wildlife habitat
conservation areas designated in Island County. WEAN does not show that western toads are
harmed by the 1,000-foot radius such that its application to western toad habitat is arbitrary and
capricious. Moreover, this provision simply provides a minimum radius within which the County
must require an assessment for all designated areas. Nothing prevents the County from requiring
or implementing such assessments further than 1,000 feet away from designated occurrences of
the western toad when appropriate.
In addition, WEAN does not adequately explain why it is improper for the County to adopt
a uniform standard for requiring biological site assessments. Many counties have enacted similar
uniform provisions requiring some manner of impact analysis if development is proposed within
a certain radius of critical areas, without regard to the movement patterns of specific species. See,
e.g., CHELAN COUNTY CODE 11.78.070, .080 (requiring certain review standards for developments
proposed within 1,000 feet of a wildlife habitat conservation area); CLALLAM COUNTY CODE
27.12.320, .325 (outlining standards for any development proposed “within the jurisdiction of . . .
wildlife habitat conservation areas”); DOUGLAS COUNTY COde 19.18C.050(B)(1) (requiring a
habitat management and mitigation plan for any development proposed within 1,000 feet of a listed
21 No. 52923-8-II
species “den, nesting, or breeding site”); GARFIELD COUNTY CODE 14.6(B) (requiring a “[c]ritical
[a]rea [r]eport” addressing all critical areas located within 300 feet of a project area); GRANT
COUNTY CODE 24.08.320(d) (requiring a “site assessment report” covering “all area within 300
feet of a proposed development activity”); LEWIS COUNTY Code 17.38.050(1)(b)(i) (requiring a
“critical area assessment report” for any proposed development “within, abutting, or likely to
adversely affect a critical area or buffer”); MASON COUNTY CODE 8.52.170(D)(1)(a)(iii) (requiring
a “preliminary review” when a major development is proposed within a quarter of a mile of a
“listed species point location”). WEAN has not met its burden to show that ICC 17.02B.400(A) is
invalid or that the County was required to adopt a western toad-specific radius within which a
biological assessment must occur.
E. Enforcement
WEAN’s final argument is that the ordinance improperly and arbitrarily allows for its
protective measures to be waived. Specifically, WEAN challenges the provision that allows the
County to waive the requirement for a biological site assessment whenever it determines that
development impacts will be minor. ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1). In its opening brief, WEAN suggests
that the term “minor” is so vague that it is unconstitutional. Appellant’s Br. at 35. But in its reply
brief, WEAN retreats from this constitutional argument, arguing instead that this waiver provision
is contrary to law because it undermines the enforcement of the ordinance to such an extent that it
violates the GMA’s mandate to protect critical areas and “not allow a net loss of the functions and
values of the ecosystem.” WAC 365-196-830(4); see Appellant’s Reply Br. at 23.
The Board declined to overturn this waiver provision because ordinances are presumed
valid and the Board declined to assume that the County would abuse its discretion when applying
22 No. 52923-8-II
the waiver. We agree with WEAN that this was error. This waiver provision is contrary to law
because, unlike a long list of other counties, Island County has failed to provide any guidelines or
parameters to ensure county officials comply with the precautionary principle and adequately
protect critical areas when evaluating waivers. See WAC 365-195-920.
Island County’s waiver provision places no restrictions or guidelines on the County
planning director’s discretion to deem development impacts minor enough to waive the biological
assessment, giving a single County official nearly unfettered discretion. ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1). If
a County official can unilaterally waive biological site assessments without any transparent
process or criteria for making that decision, then there is reason to doubt that the County’s
application of the assessment requirement in fact implements the precautionary approach required
under WAC 365-195-920 in any meaningful way.3
In Swinomish, the Supreme Court held that the lack of an adequate monitoring system
negated any possibility that Skagit County’s adaptive management program could comply with
the GMA. 161 Wn.2d at 436-37. The monitoring system was flawed because it lacked adequate
benchmarks from which to measure new data collected in the future. Id. at 434-35. WEAN argues
that a similar situation is present here—the waiver provision in the critical areas ordinance, ICC
17.02B.400(A)(1), does not specify how the County will determine when a biological assessment
is unnecessary, so the ordinance in essence contains inadequate benchmarks from which to
3 The County points to other provisions in the ordinance that describe what must be included in a biological site assessment and establish guidelines for what level of detail it should contain. See ICC 17.02B.400(B), .430(F)-(H). But these provisions, for the most part, only help guide the planning director’s discretion in carrying out the assessment; they do not guide the director’s decision in determining whether to waive the assessment in the first place. The ordinance does provide more detailed standards for determining when a biological site assessment is unnecessary in certain situations involving agricultural land. See ICC 17.02B.400(A)(2).
23 No. 52923-8-II
measure when a proposed development may pose a risk to a critical area making waiver
inappropriate.
Although this case concerns enforcement rather than adaptive management, we agree that
similar concerns are present here. As in Swinomish, the challenged waiver provision does not
provide sufficient guidance to ensure compliance with the GMA’s requirements for protecting
critical areas. ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1) also violates the precautionary approach mandated by WAC
365-195-920(1) because it does not “strictly limit[] land use activities” until scientific uncertainty
is resolved. Yakima County, 168 Wn. App. at 693. Instead, the provision allows a waiver to bypass
a key mechanism for achieving more certainty—a site specific biological assessment—without
any parameters guiding the grant or denial of a waiver. The waiver provision must provide some
meaningful parameters for determining what constitutes a minor impact in order for the County to
fulfill the requirements under the GMA and its corresponding regulations, including the
precautionary requirement.
Many county codes allow some discretion to rest with county officials to determine how
to implement certain aspects of their critical areas ordinances, but they also provide benchmarks
so that discretion is not completely unfettered. See, e.g., ADAMS COUNTY CODE 18.06.560(C),
.570(G) (County may waive required habitat survey or management and mitigation plan for “minor
development” if “[(1)] [t]he proposed development is not within the extended proximity of the
associated habitat; [(2)] [t]here is adequate information available on the area proposed for
development to determine the impacts of the proposed development and appropriate mitigating
measures; and [(3)] [t]he applicant provides voluntary deed restrictions that are approved by the
county.”); BENTON COUNTY CODE 15.02.180(c)(2) (County may waive required critical area report
24 No. 52923-8-II
if it determines that the best available science shows that the proposed activity is “unlikely to
degrade the functions or values of the critical area” and there is substantial evidence that “(i) [t]here
will be no alteration of the critical area or buffer; (ii) [t]he development proposal will not impact
the critical area in a manner contrary to the purpose, intent, and requirements of [the county’s
critical area regulations]; and (iii) [t]he proposal is consistent with other applicable regulations and
standards.”); COLUMBIA COUNTY CODE 16.10.100(H)(3)(a) (same); FRANKLIN COUNTY Code
18.08.090(B) (same); LINCOLN COUNTY Code 18.16.130(H) (same); WHATCOM COUNTY Code
16.16.250(D) (County may waive required critical areas review if (1) the proposed development
is on a parcel that was approved under a previous review and conditions and regulations have not
changed, (2) all critical areas on the parcel have been identified and the effects of the proposed
development “have been thoroughly considered in accordance with the current regulations and
best available science,” (3) the proposed development complies with all permit conditions, and (4)
the proposed development “involves a use that is equally or less intensive than the development
activity that was subject to the prior permit.”).
Unlike ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1), each of these comparable county provisions establishes
detailed benchmarks for determining when a required review of potential development impacts
can be waived. By failing to provide meaningful standards in this context, ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1)
violates WAC 365-196-830(4)’s mandate that “development regulations must preserve the
existing functions and values of critical areas” and “may not allow a net loss of the functions and
values of the ecosystem that includes the impacted or lost critical areas.”
We hold that ICC 17.02B.400(A)(1) is contrary to law because it fails to ensure adequate
protection of critical areas and does not comply with the precautionary principle.
25 No. 52923-8-II
CONCLUSION
We reverse the Board’s ruling upholding the County’s decision to designate only upland
occurrences of the western toad known when the critical areas ordinance was adopted, instead of
also designating later-discovered upland occurrences. We also reverse the Board’s ruling
upholding the provision allowing the County to waive the biological site assessment when the
planning director determines development impacts will be minor. We affirm in all other respects.
Glasgow, J. We concur:
Lee, C.J.
Cruser, J.