WhatsApp Inc. v. NSO Group Technologies Limited

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

7 WHATSAPP INC., et al., Case No. 19-cv-07123-PJH 8 Plaintiffs,

9 v. ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR SANCTIONS 10 NSO GROUP TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 28 11 Defendants. 12

13 14 Before the court is defendants NSO Group Technologies Limited (“NSO”) and Q 15 Cyber Technologies Limited’s (“Q Cyber” and together with NSO, “defendants”) motion 16 for sanctions. The matter is fully briefed and suitable for decision without oral argument. 17 Having read the parties’ papers and carefully considered their arguments and the 18 relevant legal authority, and good cause appearing, the court hereby DENIES 19 defendants’ motion for the following reasons. 20 BACKGROUND 21 On October 29, 2019, plaintiffs WhatsApp Inc. (“WhatsApp”) and Facebook, Inc. 22 (“Facebook” and together with WhatsApp, “plaintiffs”) filed a complaint alleging: (1) 23 violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030; (2) violation of the 24 Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act, Cal. Penal Code § 502; (3) 25 breach of contract and (4) trespass to chattels. Dkt. 1. In the intervening months, 26 plaintiffs attempted service on defendants, which are Israeli entities, through a variety of 27 means and pursuant to the Hague Convention. Dkt. 20 at 3. Despite these attempts, 1 Israeli Central Authority received plaintiffs’ service materials. The Central Authority then 2 appointed Eitan Newman to serve defendants. Dkt. 20-1, ¶ 4. Plaintiffs believed that 3 Newman had effected service at defendants’ office in Hertsliya, Israel in accordance with 4 the Hague Convention on December 17, 2019. Dkt. 20-1, ¶ 5. Accordingly, on February 5 27, 2020, plaintiffs filed an application for default (Dkt. 20), and the Clerk of Court entered 6 default on March 2, 2020 (Dkt. 22). 7 In their application for default, plaintiffs stated that they “properly served 8 Defendants with the Complaint and summons” as required by the Hague Convention. 9 Dkt. 20 at 2. Yet, two days earlier, on February 25, 2020, the Government of Israel’s 10 Central Authority issued a letter noting issues with the application plaintiff. Later, counsel 11 for defendants inquired about the status of the certificate and received a response from 12 the Central Authority stating that “[t]he Hague application for service in this case is 13 incomplete.” Dkt. 24-1, Ex. 1. The Central Authority had sent this letter to an Israeli law 14 firm, Fischer, Behar, Chen, Well, Orion & Co. (“FBC”), that represents Facebook in 15 various matters in Israel but not the matter currently before the court. The same day, an 16 attorney at FBC forwarded a translated version of the Central Authority’s letter to a U.S. 17 law firm, White & Case, LLP (Dkt. 39-2, ¶ 6), that provides oversight of Facebook’s 18 international litigation matters but not the matter currently before the court, (Dkt. 39-1, 19 ¶ 1). Counsel at White & Case did not forward the Central Authority’s letter to counsel of 20 record or communicate with counsel of record until March 5, 2020. Dkt. 39-1, ¶ 6–7. 21 On March 3, 2020, counsel for defendants contacted plaintiffs’ counsel concerning 22 the application for entry of default and disclosed defendants had been in communication 23 with the Central Authority concerning the apparent incomplete service. Dkt. 24-1, ¶ 7. 24 The following day, plaintiffs’ counsel acknowledged receipt of defendants’ counsel’s 25 communication. Id. ¶ 8. On March 6, 2020, defendants filed an application to set aside 26 the default and raised the issue of incomplete service under the Hague Convention. Dkt. 27 24. Plaintiffs responded to this filing on March 9, 2020, (Dkt. 29), which was the same 1 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and 28 U.S.C. §1927. Dkt. 28 at 4. 2 DISCUSSION 3 A. Legal Standard 4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 imposes upon attorneys a duty to certify that 5 they have read any pleadings or motions they file with the court and that such pleadings 6 and motions are well-grounded in fact, have a colorable basis in law, and are not filed for 7 an improper purpose. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b); see also Business Guides, Inc. v. Chromatic 8 Comm. Enters., Inc., 498 U.S. 533, 542 (1991). Rule 11 authorizes sanctions for its 9 violation and serves “to deter baseless filings in district court and thus . . . streamline the 10 administration and procedure of federal courts.” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 11 U.S. 384, 393 (1990). Sanctions for violating Rule 11 can include an award of attorneys’ 12 fees. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4); Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 406–07. “[S]anctions must be 13 imposed on the signer of a paper if either a) the paper is filed for an improper purpose, or 14 b) the paper is ‘frivolous.’ The word ‘frivolous’ . . . denote[s] a filing that is both baseless 15 and made without a reasonable and competent inquiry.” Townsend v. Holman 16 Consulting Corp., 929 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). 17 Nevertheless, “Rule 11 is an extraordinary remedy, one to be exercised with 18 extreme caution.” Operating Eng’rs Pension Trust v. A-C Co., 859 F.2d 1336, 1345 (9th 19 Cir. 1988). Rule 11 sanctions should be reserved for the “rare and exceptional case 20 where the action is clearly frivolous, legally unreasonable or without legal foundation, or 21 brought for an improper purpose.” Id. at 1344. “Rule 11 must not be construed so as to 22 conflict with the primary duty of an attorney to represent his or her client zealously.” Id. 23 Courts should “avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer’s conduct 24 by inquiring what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading, motion, or other 25 paper was submitted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 Advisory Comm. Notes (1993 Amendments). 26 Additionally, 28 U.S.C. § 1927 provides that a court “may” require “[a]ny attorney” 27 who “multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously . . . to satisfy 1 of such conduct.” “Sanctions pursuant to section 1927 must be supported by a finding of 2 subjective bad faith.” Blixseth v. Yellowstone Mountain Club, LLC, 796 F.3d 1004, 1007 3 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting New Alaska Dev. Corp. v. Guetschow, 869 F.2d 1298, 1306 (9th 4 Cir. 1989)). “Bad faith is present when an attorney knowingly or recklessly raises a 5 frivolous argument or argues a meritorious claim for the purposes of harassing an 6 opponent.” New Alaska, 869 F.2d at 1306 (quoting Estate of Blas ex rel. Chargualaf v. 7 Winkler, 792 F.2d 858, 860 (9th Cir. 1986)). 8 The party seeking sanctions bears the burden of demonstrating by clear and 9 convincing evidence that sanctions are justified. In re Zilog, Inc., 450 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th 10 Cir. 2006); Tom Growney Equip., Inc. v. Shelley Irrigation Dev., Inc., 834 F.2d 833, 837 11 (9th Cir. 1987). 12 B. Analysis 13 Defendants advance two arguments why sanctions are appropriate. First, they 14 contend that plaintiffs falsely represented to the court in their February 27, 2020 15 application for default that defendants had been properly served under the Hague 16 Convention. Mtn. at 2. According to defendants, plaintiffs knew this statement was false 17 at the time they made it because the Israeli Central Authority informed them two days 18 prior that the Hague application for service was incomplete. Id. at 2–3. Second, 19 defendants argue that plaintiffs’ counsel had an obligation to correct the false statement 20 after making such a statement to the court and did not make any such correction. 21 According to defendants, they notified plaintiffs’ counsel on March 3, 2020 of the Israeli 22 Central Authority’s statement that service was incomplete and plaintiffs’ counsel, while 23 acknowledging receipt, did not correct its false statement with the court. Id. at 3. As a 24 result of this, defendants had to spend time and effort to draft an application to set aside 25 the default when that default was obtained by a purportedly false statement. 26 Plaintiffs respond that in their February 27, 2020 application for default that they 27 disclosed that the Central Authority had yet to issue a formal certificate in accordance 1 Dkt. 20 at 2 n.1. They also state that they were unaware of the February 25, 2020 letter 2 from the Central Authority because that letter was first sent to an Israeli firm which in turn 3 was forwarded to a different U.S. law firm than the counsel of record in this case. Opp. at 4 4. Plaintiffs have produced a declaration from an attorney at White & Case that the letter 5 was not forwarded to plaintiffs’ counsel through an inadvertent error. Dkt. 39-1. Plaintiffs’ 6 counsel state that after they were informed by defendants’ counsel of the incomplete 7 service, they undertook an investigation to determine what had occurred and defendants 8 filed the application to set aside the default without having followed up with plaintiffs’ 9 counsel. Opp. at 7. 10 The statement in question from plaintiffs’ application for default is as follows:

11 On December 17, 2019, Plaintiffs properly served Defendants with the Complaint and summons at their shared office in 12 Hertsliya, Israel, in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f)(1) and the applicable provisions of the Hague 13 Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial 14 Matters (“Hague Convention”). 15 Dkt. 20 at 2. Plaintiffs’ counsel’s statement in the application for default was not clearly 16 false at the time the statement was made.1 Defendants’ arguments to the contrary are 17 1 Contrary to defendants’ argument, it is also not clear that for plaintiffs to have “properly 18 served” defendants, plaintiffs must have received a certificate of service issued by Israel’s Central Authority. As this court indicated in its prior order, the Central Authority’s 19 requirement under Article 6 of the Hague Convention to provide adequate certificate of service accords with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(l)(2), which requires service not 20 within any judicial district of the United States to be proved “if made under Rule 4(f)(1), as provided in the applicable treaty or convention.” See Dkt. 41 at 2 n.2. In other words, the 21 certificate of service from the Israeli Central Authority is the means by which a plaintiff proves service. This must be read with Rule 4(l)(3), which states “[f]ailure to prove 22 service does not affect the validity of service.” See also 4B Wright & Miller, et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1136 (4th ed. 2019) (“[T]here is no reason to believe that proof of 23 service under Rule 4(f) is not controlled by the statements in Rule 4(l)(3) that failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service . . .”). The failure to 24 provide proof of service by obtaining the certificates of service required by the Hague convention does not invalidate service of process. See, e.g., Burda Media, Inc. v. Viertel, 25 417 F.3d 292, 301 (2d Cir. 2005) (discussing failure to return a formal certificate and noting that “[c]ases addressing similar issues have held that the failure to comply strictly 26 with the Hague Convention is not automatically fatal to effective service”); Coombs v. Iorio, No. CIV-06-060-SPS, 2008 WL 4104529, at *3 (E.D. Okla. Aug. 28, 2008) 27 (collecting cases). If plaintiffs’ failure to obtain an adequate certificate of service did not 1 unavailing for two reasons. First, plaintiffs’ counsel acknowledged in the application that 2 the Central Authority had not returned the official certificate of service. In plaintiffs’ 3 application for default, counsel stated “[t]he Central Authority in Israel has not yet issued 4 the formal certificate of Hague service despite Plaintiffs’ reasonable efforts to obtain the 5 certificate. And the delay in the issuance of the certificate in this matter is unusual.” Id. 6 at 2 n.1 (citing Dkts. 20-1, 20-3). This statement demonstrates that plaintiffs and their 7 counsel were transparent with their efforts to properly serve defendants and to identify 8 the technical issues they encountered.2 9 Second, the primary evidence that defendants point to as demonstrating plaintiffs’ 10 counsel’s knowledge of the false statement—the letter from the Israeli Central Authority— 11 had not reached plaintiffs’ counsel at the time they filed the application for default. 12 Plaintiffs have filed declarations supporting their explanation that the Israeli Central 13 Authority did not send the letter to plaintiffs’ counsel of record in this case stating that the 14 certificate of service had not been issued. Instead, this letter was first sent to the Israeli 15 firm FBR and then to a different U.S. firm (White & Case) but was not forwarded to 16 plaintiffs’ counsel of record in this case. In their reply brief, defendants invite this court to 17 find that plaintiffs’ counsel had actual knowledge of the February 25th letter due to the 18 common client of the other two firms that also represent Facebook. Reply at 8. This line 19 of reasoning is entirely speculative and, without clear and convincing evidence from 20 defendants, there is no reason to infer that plaintiffs’ counsel had actual knowledge of the 21 letter in question. 22 Finally, the court is not convinced that plaintiffs’ counsel engaged in sanctionable 23 conduct by failing to immediately disclose any misrepresentations after defendants’ 24

25 2 Defendants also place weight on the fact that throughout February 2020 defendants’ counsel informed plaintiffs’ counsel that their clients had not been served under the 26 Hague Convention. Dkts. 24-1, 24-2. Yet, it appears that defendants’ counsel first received a formal response from the Israeli Central Authority on March 3, 2020 27 responding to defendants’ counsel’s inquiry into the status of service (Dkt. 24-1, ¶ 6), and 1 counsel notified plaintiffs’ counsel on March 3, 2020 of issues with the certificate of 2 service. Plaintiffs’ counsel represent that they engaged in an internal investigation to 3 determine the veracity of defendants’ counsel’s claims. They further represent that 4 defendants’ counsel did not follow up before filing the motion with the court on March 6, 5 2020 accusing plaintiffs’ counsel of lying. 6 To summarize, sanctions under Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927 are an 7 extraordinary remedy. Defendants have not demonstrated by clear and convincing 8 evidence that plaintiffs and their counsel’s conduct is sanctionable. 9 CONCLUSION 10 For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion for sanctions is DENIED. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 Dated: April 13, 2020 13 /s/ Phyllis J. Hamilton PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON 14 United States District Judge

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