Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Portland Stevedoring Co.
This text of 601 P.2d 911 (Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Portland Stevedoring Co.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Oregon primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
Pro Tempore.
The central issue in this case is whether, under the federal Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act ("the Act”) a voyage charterer who has been held liable in negligence for the injury or death of a longshoreman can recover from the longshoreman’s employer on a contract of indemnity. The trial court held that recovery was precluded by the Act, and we agree.
In Shepler v. Weyerhaeuser Company, 279 Or 477, 569 P2d 1040 (1977), cert denied 434 US 1051, 98 S Ct 903, 54 L Ed 2d 805 (1978), the Supreme Court of Oregon affirmed a judgment for wrongful death against Weyerhaeuser, the plaintiff in the case now before us. That action arose out of a fatal injury to a longshoreman who was employed by Portland Stevedoring, the defendant in the present case. The accident occurred while the longshoreman was working aboard a cargo ship chartered by Weyerhaeuser. In Shepler the jury, in response to special interrogatories, found that Weyerhaeuser’s negligence was 28% responsible for the death and that Portland Stevedoring’s negligence was 72% responsible. Portland Stevedoring was not a party to that case.
Judgment was entered against Weyerhaeuser in the full amount of the damages assessed, and Weyerhaeuser has since satisifed the judgment. It now seeks to recover indemnity or, alternatively, contribution in proportion to fault from Portland Stevedoring. The case is before us on Weyerhaeuser’s appeal from summary judgment in favor of Portland Stevedoring.
In support of its claim for indemnity, Weyerhaeuser relies on a provision in the stevedoring contract in which Portland Stevedoring agreed to indemnify Weyerhaeuser, up to specified limits, for
"* * * all claims, demands and causes of action by whomsoever asserted resulting from or arising out of the death or bodily injury of any employee * * * [of [908]*908Portland Stevedoring] even though such injury or death results solely from the negligence or fault of Weyerhaeuser Company * *
Portland Stevedoring contends that this provision in the contract is of no effect, relying on 33 USC § 905 which provides that an action for injuries to a longshoreman caused by the negligence of a vessel may be brought against the vessel, and that the longshoreman’s employer
"* * * shall not be liable to the vessel for such damages directly or indirectly and any agreements or warranties to the contrary shall be void.”1
The issue is whether Weyerhaeuser, as charterer of the ship, comes within the statutory definition of a "vessel” in 33 USC § 902(21):
"The term 'vessel’ means any vessel upon which or in connection with which any person entitled to benefits under this chapter suffers injury or death arising out of or in the course of his employment, and said vessel’s owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, operator, charter [sic] or bare boat charterer, master, officer, or crew member.” (Emphasis added.)
The parties agree that Weyerhaeuser’s charter arrangement was not a bare boat charter but was a [909]*909form of voyage charter.2 Portland Stevedoring contends that the term "charter” in the statutory definition includes voyage charters, while Weyerhaeuser contends that Congress intended that the only charterers to be covered were bare boat charterers. Weyerhaeuser argues that the term "bare boat charterer” in the statutory definition is an alternative for or clarification of the preceding term "charter.”
The parties devote considerable argument to principles of statutory construction and to an exploration of the legislative history of the 1972 amendments to the Act, including the provisions with which we are concerned. Although we do not repeat those arguments in detail here, we have considered them carefully and conclude, as did the trial court, that Portland Stevedoring’s position is correct and that Congress intended to include voyage charterers in the definition of "vessel.”
The purpose of the 1972 amendments was to eliminate a circular pattern of litigation which had become the norm when longshoremen were injured, and to give effect to the statutory limitation of stevedores’ liability for on-the-job injuries to their employees. The liability of stevedores for such injuries to their employees was limited by law to the scheduled benefits provided for in the Act. Before the 1972 amendments, however, longshoremen could seek recovery from the vessel upon which they were working on a theory of breach of the vessel’s warranty of seaworthiness; the vessel could in turn seek recovery from the [910]*910stevedore on a theory of implied or contractual indemnity, thus defeating indirectly the stevedore’s statutory limitation of liability for its employees’ injuries.3
The 1972 amendments eliminated the vessel’s warranty of seaworthiness as it applied to longshoremen, leaving negligence as the longshoreman’s sole ground of recovery against the vessel, and prohibited the vessel’s recovery of indemnity from the stevedore.4
Weyerhaeuser argues that prior to the 1972 amendments voyage charterers were not liable to longshoremen under the seaworthiness doctrine, and that the 1972 amendments could not, therefore, have been intended to cover them. Assuming that Weyerhaeuser is correct about the state of the law before 1972, Congress could nevertheless decide to protect the stevedores’ statutory limitation of liability by prohibiting the recovery of indemnity from them by all charterers as well as by vessels and vessel owners.
We conclude that Congress did just that. Although the statute may be ambiguous as to just which charterers are included within the definition of "vessel,” it is clear that the definition includes agents, operators, masters, officers, and crew members. It appears that Congress, when it amended the Act in 1972, recognized the possibility of negligence actions against the vessel, its owners, and persons closely associated with the vessel, and prohibited those persons from recovering over against the longshoreman’s employer. In furthering the purposes of the Act to provide adequately for injured longshoremen and to safeguard their employers’ statutory limitation of liability, Congress was not required to limit the coverage of the portions of the 1972 amendments dealing with actions against third parties to those persons or entities which had [911]*911previously been held to warrant the vessel’s seaworthiness. It appears from the new definition of "vessel” that those provisions were intended to cover classes of persons whose negligence might be a cause of longshoremen’s on-the-job injuries. A construction of the statute to include voyage charterers in this coverage is consistent with this apparent intent.
This construction is not at odds with the language of the statute. A bare boat charter is a distinctive type of arrangement, quite different from the two other common types — time charters and voyage charters— which closely resemble each other in many particulars. The term "charter” appears to mean "charterer,” as used in its customary general sense,5 while the specific mention of bare boat charterers in the statute reflects, we believe, a Congressional intent to make their coverage clear rather than to make it exclusive.
What little case law exists supports our conclusion. See
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Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
601 P.2d 911, 42 Or. App. 905, 1979 Ore. App. LEXIS 3349, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/weyerhaeuser-co-v-portland-stevedoring-co-orctapp-1979.