Hammond, J.
This case raises simply two questions of evidence, — one arising out of the exclusion of evidence offered by the plaintiff to show that on the morning of the fire the witness Butler made the same statement as to the fire that he made at the trial, and the second arising out of the admission of the ordinance of the city of Worcester.
1. It is urged by the plaintiff that the credibility and good faith of the witness had been attacked by the defendant on cross-examination, and hence that the evidence offered should have been admitted to show that his testimony about the origin of the fire was not of recent fabrication. At the trial the main question actually in dispute was whether the fire started on the outside of Cowee’s buildings or on the inside of them. Upon this question there was conflicting evidence. Unless the fire started on the outside there was no case for the plaintiff.
Butler, who was called by the plaintiff and who “ was the only witness who testified to seeing a fire before the building caught,” testified that when he first saw the fire it appeared to be “ on the ground, near the north side of . . . [Cowee’s] . . . building,” and that on the morning of the fire he was advised by some one that he ought to go up and see Mr. Thayer, the general attorney for the defendant; and that before going to see Mr. Thayer he “ first wrote to him.” Upon cross-examination he testified in substance that he always had been of the opinion that when he first saw the fire “ it was on the ground ”; that “ everything connected with this . . . [had] . . . always been perfectly clear in . . . [his] . . . mind ” at all times; that the gentleman who told him he ought to go and see Mr. Thayer was [577]*577one Whiting, the operator in the tower of the Cowee building; and that he did not think it was the notice of a suit that first led him to think of seeing Mr. Thayer, although as to this he did not remember. The defendant then introduced the letter of April 14,1909. This letter seems to indicate that at the time it was written the witness knew of the suit. He further testified that after sending that letter he called upon Mr. Thayer. The cross-examination continued as follows: “ Q. Now, at that time, Mr, Butler, when I asked you about the fire, didn’t you say that you would have to think the thing over a little? A. I said there was some matters that occurred there not really concluded in my mind. I would have to think it over, — a few of the actual facts. I didn’t even remember the date of the fire. — Q. When you were asked where the fire occurred you said you was a good deal confused and wasn’t clear in your mind, the morning you saw me, and didn’t want to say ? A. No, sir, I remember speaking to you about the fire, and you asked how it looked and I said as if a piece of waste burning, — Q. Are you pretty sure of that ? A. Yes. — Q. Didn’t you say you wanted to think it over before you made an answer ? A. Only used that term as an illustration so you wouldn’t get the idea that — Q. But you did want to think the thing over before you wanted to make any answer to that ? A. I don’t know what things you are trying to get at, — the thinking over part. — Q. I asked you about the fire, — if you didn’t see the light, — and you wanted to think it over some. A. I don’t remember thinking over— Q. This year —1910 — early in this year, you weren’t perfectly clear about the fire were you, and all matters connected with it, in your mind? A. Well, I was always how and where I see the fire.”
He further testified that without any further communication from Mr. Thayer he wrote to him the letter of March 5, 1910, which (omitting the formal parts) reads as follows: “ Will you kindly inform me if I am to be called in as a witness in that B. & M.'case? Why I ask is that I would want to refresh my memory in quite a "few little things that I have forgotten about since the night it happened ”; and that there was nothing about the fire in which he was not clear. He then testified as to the fire as he .had in his examination in chief, and that he had not seen the attorney for the plaintiff until a week or two before the trial.
[578]*578There is here no contradictory statement by the witness as to the cause of the fire. He testifies both in the examination in chief and in the cross-examination that, when he first saw it, it was on the ground and that it looked like the burning of a “ piece of waste.” The most that can be said is that the first letter seems to indicate that his statement that he did not call upon Mr. Thayer in consequence of the suit was not true, and the second letter that he had forgotten a “ few little things ” that happened on the night of the fire. The evidence subsequently offered by the plaintiff had no tendency to show whether or not the visit of the witness to Thayer was after notice of the suit or in consequence of such notice (apparently an immaterial matter in any event), or that the witness had not forgotten a few things, or what the things were which he might have forgotten. The evidence was offered however “ on account of the line of cross-examination of the witness Butler, and to cut off ,any possible argument . . . that the story now told by Butler is of recent contrivance, or is the result of bias or of any suggestion made to him from any source, or that he was willing to testify for either side, depending upon the inducements held out to him,” and further, “ for the purpose of corroborating Butler.”
The general rule concerning the admission of previous statements for the purpose of corroborating a witness, with its exceptions, was quite fully considered in Commonwealths. Tucker, 189 Mass. 457, and it was there said: “ The general rule [excluding such statements] is founded upon sound policy. The corroborative evidence, even when admitted, can have, at most, only a very indirect bearing upon the credibility of the witness, while from its very nature it may be likely to influence the jury as substantive evidence of its own truthfulness. And since the danger that the evidence will have such an illegitimate influence is so great, it is important that the general rule should be adhered to unless the case appears clearly within the exception ” (p. 484). And further it was said in substance, that whether the course of the trial had been such as to bring the case within any Exception to the general rule was a question of fact to be decided primarily by the presiding judge. “ His decision upon such a question ought not to be set aside by an appellate court unless it is plainly wrong. To use a common expression, . . . [579]*579the admission or exclusion of such testimony rests largely in the discretion of the trial court ” (p. 485).
If under the circumstances existing at the time the evidence in question was offered, including the colloquy which then took place between the opposing counsel, the presiding judge thought and was justified in thinking that one of the purposes of the defendant in introducing the letters was to show that the witness Butler was corrupt and willing to vary his testimony according to the interest of the party by whom he eventually might be called, then the evidence should have been admitted to meet this attack unless this purpose was disavowed. Otherwise the evidence should have been rejected. In view of the conclusion to which we have come upon the other exception it becomes unnecessary to decide whether the ruling excluding the evidence was correct. Inasmuch, however, as the question might arise upon a future trial, we have thought it well to state some of the principles applicable to the matter.
2.
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Hammond, J.
This case raises simply two questions of evidence, — one arising out of the exclusion of evidence offered by the plaintiff to show that on the morning of the fire the witness Butler made the same statement as to the fire that he made at the trial, and the second arising out of the admission of the ordinance of the city of Worcester.
1. It is urged by the plaintiff that the credibility and good faith of the witness had been attacked by the defendant on cross-examination, and hence that the evidence offered should have been admitted to show that his testimony about the origin of the fire was not of recent fabrication. At the trial the main question actually in dispute was whether the fire started on the outside of Cowee’s buildings or on the inside of them. Upon this question there was conflicting evidence. Unless the fire started on the outside there was no case for the plaintiff.
Butler, who was called by the plaintiff and who “ was the only witness who testified to seeing a fire before the building caught,” testified that when he first saw the fire it appeared to be “ on the ground, near the north side of . . . [Cowee’s] . . . building,” and that on the morning of the fire he was advised by some one that he ought to go up and see Mr. Thayer, the general attorney for the defendant; and that before going to see Mr. Thayer he “ first wrote to him.” Upon cross-examination he testified in substance that he always had been of the opinion that when he first saw the fire “ it was on the ground ”; that “ everything connected with this . . . [had] . . . always been perfectly clear in . . . [his] . . . mind ” at all times; that the gentleman who told him he ought to go and see Mr. Thayer was [577]*577one Whiting, the operator in the tower of the Cowee building; and that he did not think it was the notice of a suit that first led him to think of seeing Mr. Thayer, although as to this he did not remember. The defendant then introduced the letter of April 14,1909. This letter seems to indicate that at the time it was written the witness knew of the suit. He further testified that after sending that letter he called upon Mr. Thayer. The cross-examination continued as follows: “ Q. Now, at that time, Mr, Butler, when I asked you about the fire, didn’t you say that you would have to think the thing over a little? A. I said there was some matters that occurred there not really concluded in my mind. I would have to think it over, — a few of the actual facts. I didn’t even remember the date of the fire. — Q. When you were asked where the fire occurred you said you was a good deal confused and wasn’t clear in your mind, the morning you saw me, and didn’t want to say ? A. No, sir, I remember speaking to you about the fire, and you asked how it looked and I said as if a piece of waste burning, — Q. Are you pretty sure of that ? A. Yes. — Q. Didn’t you say you wanted to think it over before you made an answer ? A. Only used that term as an illustration so you wouldn’t get the idea that — Q. But you did want to think the thing over before you wanted to make any answer to that ? A. I don’t know what things you are trying to get at, — the thinking over part. — Q. I asked you about the fire, — if you didn’t see the light, — and you wanted to think it over some. A. I don’t remember thinking over— Q. This year —1910 — early in this year, you weren’t perfectly clear about the fire were you, and all matters connected with it, in your mind? A. Well, I was always how and where I see the fire.”
He further testified that without any further communication from Mr. Thayer he wrote to him the letter of March 5, 1910, which (omitting the formal parts) reads as follows: “ Will you kindly inform me if I am to be called in as a witness in that B. & M.'case? Why I ask is that I would want to refresh my memory in quite a "few little things that I have forgotten about since the night it happened ”; and that there was nothing about the fire in which he was not clear. He then testified as to the fire as he .had in his examination in chief, and that he had not seen the attorney for the plaintiff until a week or two before the trial.
[578]*578There is here no contradictory statement by the witness as to the cause of the fire. He testifies both in the examination in chief and in the cross-examination that, when he first saw it, it was on the ground and that it looked like the burning of a “ piece of waste.” The most that can be said is that the first letter seems to indicate that his statement that he did not call upon Mr. Thayer in consequence of the suit was not true, and the second letter that he had forgotten a “ few little things ” that happened on the night of the fire. The evidence subsequently offered by the plaintiff had no tendency to show whether or not the visit of the witness to Thayer was after notice of the suit or in consequence of such notice (apparently an immaterial matter in any event), or that the witness had not forgotten a few things, or what the things were which he might have forgotten. The evidence was offered however “ on account of the line of cross-examination of the witness Butler, and to cut off ,any possible argument . . . that the story now told by Butler is of recent contrivance, or is the result of bias or of any suggestion made to him from any source, or that he was willing to testify for either side, depending upon the inducements held out to him,” and further, “ for the purpose of corroborating Butler.”
The general rule concerning the admission of previous statements for the purpose of corroborating a witness, with its exceptions, was quite fully considered in Commonwealths. Tucker, 189 Mass. 457, and it was there said: “ The general rule [excluding such statements] is founded upon sound policy. The corroborative evidence, even when admitted, can have, at most, only a very indirect bearing upon the credibility of the witness, while from its very nature it may be likely to influence the jury as substantive evidence of its own truthfulness. And since the danger that the evidence will have such an illegitimate influence is so great, it is important that the general rule should be adhered to unless the case appears clearly within the exception ” (p. 484). And further it was said in substance, that whether the course of the trial had been such as to bring the case within any Exception to the general rule was a question of fact to be decided primarily by the presiding judge. “ His decision upon such a question ought not to be set aside by an appellate court unless it is plainly wrong. To use a common expression, . . . [579]*579the admission or exclusion of such testimony rests largely in the discretion of the trial court ” (p. 485).
If under the circumstances existing at the time the evidence in question was offered, including the colloquy which then took place between the opposing counsel, the presiding judge thought and was justified in thinking that one of the purposes of the defendant in introducing the letters was to show that the witness Butler was corrupt and willing to vary his testimony according to the interest of the party by whom he eventually might be called, then the evidence should have been admitted to meet this attack unless this purpose was disavowed. Otherwise the evidence should have been rejected. In view of the conclusion to which we have come upon the other exception it becomes unnecessary to decide whether the ruling excluding the evidence was correct. Inasmuch, however, as the question might arise upon a future trial, we have thought it well to state some of the principles applicable to the matter.
2. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the fire started in the storehouse at the northern end of the Cowee building and upon the outside of it; and that it spread from there to other parts of the building. The defendant’s evidence tended to show that at first it was an “ inside fire and started high up on the inside of the mill and elevator.”
One possible way in which a fire might have started upon the inside was through defects in electric lighting installed in the building. Wilbur, an expert electrician called by the plaintiff, testified in substance that a few weeks before the fire, which occurred on February 5, 1909, he made some changes in the electric apparatus in some parts of the building and inspected the wiring in the storehouse, and that he considered it perfectly safe. Cowee, the owner of the plant, called by the plaintiff, was examined as to the condition of his buildings at the time of the fire without touching on the subject of electric wiring. On cross-e'Xamination he testified that the wiring was put into the plant in December, 1903; that then only nine lights were installed; that between that time and December 24,1908, the time of the inspection by Wilbur, additional lights were put into the plant, but that the witness got no permit from the city of Worcester to make this addition, and that there had been no [580]*580inspection of these additional lights by the city inspector; that this officer was hot notified of the intention to make these changes, but the witness thought that after the changes were made this officer was notified to inspect it; that the witness knew nothing about the requirements of any city ordinance; that there never was any change “.made with the original installation ” in the storehouse; that after the inspection by Wilbur on December 24, 1908, there was no change in any part of the plant; and that the wires in the storehouse never were "covered or enclosed.
At the close of Cowee’s testimony counsel for the defendant offered and the presiding judge admitted the ordinance in question, which provides in substance that all electrical appliances shall be arranged and maintained to the satisfaction of the supervisor of wires, and that before any changes are made the supervisor shall be notified, who shall be given an opportunity to inspect the wires and fixtures before they are covered or .enclosed.
The ordinance was not admissible to show the actual physical condition of the electrical apparatus. It had no bearing on that. Nor was it admissible to show that Cowee had committed an illegal act. He was no party to the suit; and the question was not whether the apparatus was there in violation of law, or in an unlawful condition, but whether it was there at all and in what physical condition. Nor was it admissible as furnishing a ground for argument that Cowee’s failure to meet the requirements as to notice to and inspection by the official supervisor was in the nature of an admission that the wiring was so defective that he dared not have it officially inspected, and was not safe even in his own mind. Cowee not being a party to the suit his admissions could not be introduced unless they contradicted his testimony as a witness. Indeed there does not seem to be any way in which the ordinance could have any legitimate bearing on the issues on trial. It was plainly inadmissible.
It is argued, however, that, even if that be so, still the record does not show that the plaintiff was harmed by its admission. It is said that Wilbur testified that all electric wiring within the city limits was inspected by the city supervisor, and that the ordinance did not add substantially anything to the evidence be[581]*581fore the jury. But in view of what occurred at the time it was admitted this position does not seem tenable.
When the ordinance was offered, the counsel for the plaintiff in stating his objection to its admission used the following language : “ I understand that [it] is offered so far as it has any tendency to control, if it does, the evidence that has been offered by the plaintiff that the electric wiring there was safe and as eliminating one probable cause of the fire.” Counsel for the defendant said nothing, but the presiding judge said, “ I do not know as I will rule definitely on it. I should say it didn’t have any broader scope than that, and I think I said I thought it was competent in the cross-examination of this witness without finally deciding what its limitations were.” All this was said in the presence of the jury. It does not appear that the matter was afterwards alluded to during the trial, or that the limitations were afterwards defined.
We think from this colloquy between counsel and court and the silence of the counsel for the defendant, that the jury properly may have understood that the ordinance was admitted as bearing at least in some way on the probabilities whether the wires were in a safe condition. The ordinance was wrongly admitted and it cannot be said that it was not prejudicial to the plaintiff.
Exceptions sustained.