18-3103 Washington v. McKoy
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 2 Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in 3 the City of New York, on the 8th day of June, two thousand twenty. 4 5 PRESENT: 6 RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, 7 MICHAEL H. PARK, 8 WILLIAM J. NARDINI, 9 Circuit Judges. 10 _____________________________________ 11 12 Wayne Washington, 13 14 Plaintiff-Appellant, 15 16 Nathaniel Jay, Patrick Jeanty, Derrick Fulton, 17 Eric McCoy, Derrick Clark, Peter Wells, 18 19 Plaintiffs, 20 21 v. 18-3103 22 23 Jeff McKoy, Deputy Commissioner of 24 Programs Services, Harold D. Graham, 1 Superintendent of Auburn Correctional 2 Facility, Justin J. Thomas, Superintendent of 3 Marcy Correctional Facility, Donna M. 4 Martin, F.S.A.; Auburn Correctional Facility, 5 Minister Sunni Shabazz, N.O.I. Chaplain, 6 Auburn Correctional Facility, 7 8 Defendants-Appellees, 9 10 Anthony J. Annucci, 11 12 Defendant. 13 _____________________________________ 14 15 16 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Wayne Washington, pro 17 se, Wallkill, NY. 18 19 FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: Kate H. Nepveu, Assistant 20 Solicitor General, for 21 Letitia James, Attorney 22 General for the State of 23 New York, Albany, NY. 24
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Suddaby, C.J.; Baxter, M.J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Appellant Wayne Washington, an incarcerated prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals
the district court’s granting of summary judgment to the defendants, who are officials
with the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision 2 (“DOCCS”). Washington and six other prisoners – all practicing Muslims and members
of the Nation of Islam (“NOI”) – claimed that the defendants violated the First and
Fourteenth Amendments and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
(“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1, by changing their policy regarding the selection of
kitchen workers for Muslim religious holidays, unequally applying that policy, and
providing the defendants with inadequate and noncompliant meals throughout the
month of Ramadan in 2014. A magistrate judge recommended granting the defendants’
motion for summary judgment, concluding that the plaintiffs failed to show that either
the noncompliant meals or the kitchen-worker policy substantially burdened their
religious beliefs and that there was insufficient evidence to support the contention that
the policy was applied unequally. The district court adopted the report and
recommendation, and Washington (but no other plaintiff) appealed. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the
issues on appeal.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and
draw[ing] all inferences against the moving party.” Garcia v. Hartford Police Dep’t, 706
F.3d 120, 126–27 (2d Cir. 2013). “Summary judgment is proper only when, construing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, ‘there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”
3 Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 334, 344 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
I. RLUIPA Claims
The district court properly granted summary judgment to the defendants on the
RLUIPA claims. “In this circuit, an inmate’s transfer from a prison facility generally
moots claims for declaratory and injunctive relief against officials of that facility.”
Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d 263, 272 (2d Cir. 2006). And money damages are not
available under the RLUIPA. Holland v. Goord, 758 F.3d 215, 224 (2d Cir. 2014). Thus,
Washington’s RLUIPA claims were mooted by his transfer from Auburn. Washington
does not challenge this holding on appeal.
II. Free Exercise Claim
The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment extends to prisoners and
includes their right to meals that comport with religious requirements. Ford v. McGinnis,
352 F.3d 582, 588, 597 (2d Cir. 2003); see also McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 203–04
(2d Cir. 2004). Although this Court has not yet decided whether a prisoner asserting a
free exercise claim must, as a threshold requirement, show that the disputed conduct
substantially burdened his sincerely held religious beliefs, Holland, 758 F.3d at 220–21, the
district court applied the substantial burden test, and Washington does not challenge its
application on appeal. See Brandon v. Kinter, 938 F.3d 21, 32 n.7 (2d Cir. 2019) (declining
to address the question, and applying the substantial burden test because the parties did
4 not brief the issue on appeal); Ford, 352 F.3d at 592 (same); cf. LoSacco v. City of Middletown,
71 F.3d 88, 93 (2d Cir. 1995) (“[W]e need not manufacture claims of error for an appellant
proceeding pro se . . . .”).
Assuming the applicability of that test here, we find that Washington failed to
establish that Auburn’s policy of allowing non-NOI members to prepare meals for NOI
inmates substantially burdened the latter’s religious beliefs. In fact, Washington
admitted that the fact that the kitchen workers were not NOI members was “not
necessarily the issue,” and instead asserted that he believed Ramadan meals needed to
be prepared by people with good hygiene. And since Washington did not assert that
the policy had any effect on the hygiene of the kitchen workers, or that the policy resulted
in unclean persons preparing the meals, no reasonable jury could find that the policy
itself constituted a substantial burden on Washington’s beliefs.
Nor did Washington demonstrate that the allegedly noncompliant meals
themselves substantially burdened his religious beliefs. Courts have held that a
substantial burden occurs where a defendant’s actions force a plaintiff to “choose
between for[going] adequate nutrition or violating a central ten[et] of his religion.”
Thompson v.
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18-3103 Washington v. McKoy
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 2 Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in 3 the City of New York, on the 8th day of June, two thousand twenty. 4 5 PRESENT: 6 RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, 7 MICHAEL H. PARK, 8 WILLIAM J. NARDINI, 9 Circuit Judges. 10 _____________________________________ 11 12 Wayne Washington, 13 14 Plaintiff-Appellant, 15 16 Nathaniel Jay, Patrick Jeanty, Derrick Fulton, 17 Eric McCoy, Derrick Clark, Peter Wells, 18 19 Plaintiffs, 20 21 v. 18-3103 22 23 Jeff McKoy, Deputy Commissioner of 24 Programs Services, Harold D. Graham, 1 Superintendent of Auburn Correctional 2 Facility, Justin J. Thomas, Superintendent of 3 Marcy Correctional Facility, Donna M. 4 Martin, F.S.A.; Auburn Correctional Facility, 5 Minister Sunni Shabazz, N.O.I. Chaplain, 6 Auburn Correctional Facility, 7 8 Defendants-Appellees, 9 10 Anthony J. Annucci, 11 12 Defendant. 13 _____________________________________ 14 15 16 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Wayne Washington, pro 17 se, Wallkill, NY. 18 19 FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: Kate H. Nepveu, Assistant 20 Solicitor General, for 21 Letitia James, Attorney 22 General for the State of 23 New York, Albany, NY. 24
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Suddaby, C.J.; Baxter, M.J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Appellant Wayne Washington, an incarcerated prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals
the district court’s granting of summary judgment to the defendants, who are officials
with the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision 2 (“DOCCS”). Washington and six other prisoners – all practicing Muslims and members
of the Nation of Islam (“NOI”) – claimed that the defendants violated the First and
Fourteenth Amendments and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
(“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1, by changing their policy regarding the selection of
kitchen workers for Muslim religious holidays, unequally applying that policy, and
providing the defendants with inadequate and noncompliant meals throughout the
month of Ramadan in 2014. A magistrate judge recommended granting the defendants’
motion for summary judgment, concluding that the plaintiffs failed to show that either
the noncompliant meals or the kitchen-worker policy substantially burdened their
religious beliefs and that there was insufficient evidence to support the contention that
the policy was applied unequally. The district court adopted the report and
recommendation, and Washington (but no other plaintiff) appealed. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the
issues on appeal.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and
draw[ing] all inferences against the moving party.” Garcia v. Hartford Police Dep’t, 706
F.3d 120, 126–27 (2d Cir. 2013). “Summary judgment is proper only when, construing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, ‘there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”
3 Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 334, 344 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
I. RLUIPA Claims
The district court properly granted summary judgment to the defendants on the
RLUIPA claims. “In this circuit, an inmate’s transfer from a prison facility generally
moots claims for declaratory and injunctive relief against officials of that facility.”
Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d 263, 272 (2d Cir. 2006). And money damages are not
available under the RLUIPA. Holland v. Goord, 758 F.3d 215, 224 (2d Cir. 2014). Thus,
Washington’s RLUIPA claims were mooted by his transfer from Auburn. Washington
does not challenge this holding on appeal.
II. Free Exercise Claim
The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment extends to prisoners and
includes their right to meals that comport with religious requirements. Ford v. McGinnis,
352 F.3d 582, 588, 597 (2d Cir. 2003); see also McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 203–04
(2d Cir. 2004). Although this Court has not yet decided whether a prisoner asserting a
free exercise claim must, as a threshold requirement, show that the disputed conduct
substantially burdened his sincerely held religious beliefs, Holland, 758 F.3d at 220–21, the
district court applied the substantial burden test, and Washington does not challenge its
application on appeal. See Brandon v. Kinter, 938 F.3d 21, 32 n.7 (2d Cir. 2019) (declining
to address the question, and applying the substantial burden test because the parties did
4 not brief the issue on appeal); Ford, 352 F.3d at 592 (same); cf. LoSacco v. City of Middletown,
71 F.3d 88, 93 (2d Cir. 1995) (“[W]e need not manufacture claims of error for an appellant
proceeding pro se . . . .”).
Assuming the applicability of that test here, we find that Washington failed to
establish that Auburn’s policy of allowing non-NOI members to prepare meals for NOI
inmates substantially burdened the latter’s religious beliefs. In fact, Washington
admitted that the fact that the kitchen workers were not NOI members was “not
necessarily the issue,” and instead asserted that he believed Ramadan meals needed to
be prepared by people with good hygiene. And since Washington did not assert that
the policy had any effect on the hygiene of the kitchen workers, or that the policy resulted
in unclean persons preparing the meals, no reasonable jury could find that the policy
itself constituted a substantial burden on Washington’s beliefs.
Nor did Washington demonstrate that the allegedly noncompliant meals
themselves substantially burdened his religious beliefs. Courts have held that a
substantial burden occurs where a defendant’s actions force a plaintiff to “choose
between for[going] adequate nutrition or violating a central ten[et] of his religion.”
Thompson v. Holm, 809 F.3d 376, 380 (7th Cir. 2016); cf. Kahane v. Carlson, 527 F.2d 492, 496
(2d Cir. 1975) (modifying a district court order to “require the provision of a diet sufficient
to sustain the [Jewish] prisoner in good health without violating the Jewish dietary
5 laws”). The defendants proffered evidence – including a statement by Robert
Schattinger, the DOCCS Director of Nutritional Services – showing that the plaintiffs
were able to eat at least some portion of their meal every day and that, even without the
side dishes and desserts, the meals were nutritionally sufficient. Washington and the
other plaintiffs did not submit any evidence contradicting Schattinger’s statement about
nutritional sufficiency (such as, for example, evidence that they lost weight or
experienced other symptoms of nutritional deficiency). Thus, Washington and the other
plaintiffs failed to show that they were forced to forgo adequate nutrition, eat the
noncompliant foods, or break their fast. See Thompson, 809 F.3d at 380; cf. Holland, 758
F.3d at 221 (ordering plaintiff to break his fast by drinking water or face administrative
segregation constituted a substantial burden). We therefore find that this case is
distinguishable from this Court’s prior cases concerning noncompliant religious meals.
III. Equal Protection Claim
Finally, an independent review of the record and relevant case law reveals that the
district court properly adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation on plaintiffs’
equal protection claim. As the magistrate judge noted, Auburn’s policy allowed co-
religionists who were non-kitchen workers to prepare religious meals if there were no
prisoners of the faith group already approved to work in the kitchen. In support of their
equal protection claim, plaintiffs offered only an affidavit stating that a Rastafarian
6 inmate, who was not a regular kitchen worker, was selected to work in the kitchen to
prepare food for a Rastafarian holiday. But the magistrate judge did not err in finding
that this affidavit did not support a finding that defendants treated the NOI community
differently than similarly situated individuals, particularly since there was no evidence
that Auburn did not follow the prison rules in that instance.
We have considered all of Washington’s remaining arguments and find them to
be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court