USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11068 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
WASEEM DAKER, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus KIMBERLY M. ESMOND ADAMS, Judge, JANE C. BARWICK, Judge, JERRY W. BAXTER, Judge, T. JACKSON BEDFORD, JR., Judge, CHRISTOPHER M. BRASHER, USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
Judge, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-04130-WMR ____________________
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and LAGOA, and BRASHER, Cir- cuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Waseem Daker, a Georgia prisoner, appeals pro se the dis- missal of his complaint against state judges and court clerks, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, for failure to state a claim and the denial of his mo- tion to vacate the dismissal order, Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). Daker also appeals the order striking his amended complaint, which sought to add new defendants and claims, because he did not comply with a permanent filing injunction, which was reimposed between the fil- ing of his original and amended complaints. We affirm. In May 2020, Daker complained that the state judges rou- tinely failed to timely rule on civil filings, entered opposing parties’ proposed orders against him, and failed to recuse, for which Daker sought declaratory and injunctive relief. Daker also complained USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 3 of 9
21-11068 Opinion of the Court 3
that, between 2013 and 2017, the court clerks routinely misapplied the process for screening civil cases to habeas-corpus petitions, which violated his right of access to the state courts. Daker asserted that these counts against the court clerks were timely under the “renewal statute,” O.C.G.A. § 9-2-61, because they were part of an earlier lawsuit that was dismissed by the district court. In October 2020, a magistrate judge issued a report and rec- ommendation that the district court dismiss Daker’s complaint without prejudice. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. The magistrate judge stated that Daker failed to state a claim against the state judges because they were entitled to absolute judicial immunity, and none of his allegations entitled him to declaratory or injunctive relief. The magistrate judge stated that Daker failed to state a claim against the court clerks because it was apparent that he was aware of their al- leged misconduct no later than the end of 2017, so his claims were barred by the two-year statute of limitations. The magistrate judge found that the renewal statute did not apply because the earlier lawsuit was dismissed before the defendants were served. The magistrate judge also noted that the filing injunction imposed against Daker in August 2020 was not in effect when he filed the complaint. Daker objected to the report and recommendation. In November 2020, before the district court ruled, Daker filed an amended and supplemental complaint. In addition to the 31 judges sued in the original complaint, the amended complaint named 25 state appellate judges but did not state any specific alle- gations against them. Instead, the amended complaint added three USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
counts against two state judges who were named in the original complaint. In those new counts, Daker alleged that, in 2020, the two judges “denied filing of [his in forma pauperis] request” because a prison official did not sign the request, O.C.G.A. § 9-10-14(b), and because he did not include a copy of his prison account statement, id. § 42-12-5(a)(3). Daker also alleged that, during 2020, the clerk of the Georgia Supreme Court failed to file several of his petitions for a writ of certiorari. In February 2021, the district court overruled Daker’s objec- tions, adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation, and dis- missed the original complaint. The district court also reviewed sua sponte Daker’s amended complaint and ruled that it was a “new ac- tion” and did not relate back because he added “entirely new claims against entirely new defendants.” The district court ruled that the permanent filing injunction imposed in August 2020 applied to the amended complaint and struck it for failing to comply with the re- quirements of the injunction. Daker moved the district court to vacate the dismissal order, Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). As relevant, Daker argued that the renewal statute applied because he was not required to pay the filing fee or serve the defendants for the federal action to be “valid.” Daker also challenged the application of the filing injunction to his amended complaint. The district court rejected Daker’s arguments and de- nied the motion. Daker argues that the district judge and magistrate judge erred by failing sua sponte to recuse. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Daker USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 5 of 9
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argues that, because the district judge and magistrate judge recused themselves from several of Daker’s cases in March 2022, their rul- ings in this earlier case should be vacated and reconsidered by a new judge. We disagree. Section 455 provides two conditions for recusal. 28 U.S.C. § 455(a)–(b). Under subsection (a), “Any justice, judge, or magis- trate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any pro- ceeding in which his partiality might reasonably be questioned.” Id. § 455(a). Under subsection (b), a judge must recuse himself “[w]here he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party . . . .” Id. § 455(b). Without evidence of pervasive bias and prejudice, “a judge’s rulings in the same or a related case may not serve as the basis for a recusal motion.” McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906 F.2d 674, 678 (11th Cir. 1990). Daker cites only the district judge’s and mag- istrate judge’s recusals from his other cases in March 2022, but their later recusals do not establish that they held any pervasive bias or prejudice against him at the time of their earlier rulings. See id. The district court did not err by dismissing Daker’s original complaint. Daker’s claims against the court clerks were barred by the two-year statute of limitations because their alleged miscon- duct occurred between 2013 and January 2017, and he presented his complaint for filing in May 2020. See Hancock v. Cape, 875 F.3d 1079, 1082 & n.1 (11th Cir. 2017). And Daker cannot benefit from the Georgia renewal statute because the statute applies only to ac- tions that were considered valid before dismissal. See id. at 1084 USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
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USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11068 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
WASEEM DAKER, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus KIMBERLY M. ESMOND ADAMS, Judge, JANE C. BARWICK, Judge, JERRY W. BAXTER, Judge, T. JACKSON BEDFORD, JR., Judge, CHRISTOPHER M. BRASHER, USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
Judge, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-04130-WMR ____________________
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and LAGOA, and BRASHER, Cir- cuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Waseem Daker, a Georgia prisoner, appeals pro se the dis- missal of his complaint against state judges and court clerks, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, for failure to state a claim and the denial of his mo- tion to vacate the dismissal order, Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). Daker also appeals the order striking his amended complaint, which sought to add new defendants and claims, because he did not comply with a permanent filing injunction, which was reimposed between the fil- ing of his original and amended complaints. We affirm. In May 2020, Daker complained that the state judges rou- tinely failed to timely rule on civil filings, entered opposing parties’ proposed orders against him, and failed to recuse, for which Daker sought declaratory and injunctive relief. Daker also complained USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 3 of 9
21-11068 Opinion of the Court 3
that, between 2013 and 2017, the court clerks routinely misapplied the process for screening civil cases to habeas-corpus petitions, which violated his right of access to the state courts. Daker asserted that these counts against the court clerks were timely under the “renewal statute,” O.C.G.A. § 9-2-61, because they were part of an earlier lawsuit that was dismissed by the district court. In October 2020, a magistrate judge issued a report and rec- ommendation that the district court dismiss Daker’s complaint without prejudice. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. The magistrate judge stated that Daker failed to state a claim against the state judges because they were entitled to absolute judicial immunity, and none of his allegations entitled him to declaratory or injunctive relief. The magistrate judge stated that Daker failed to state a claim against the court clerks because it was apparent that he was aware of their al- leged misconduct no later than the end of 2017, so his claims were barred by the two-year statute of limitations. The magistrate judge found that the renewal statute did not apply because the earlier lawsuit was dismissed before the defendants were served. The magistrate judge also noted that the filing injunction imposed against Daker in August 2020 was not in effect when he filed the complaint. Daker objected to the report and recommendation. In November 2020, before the district court ruled, Daker filed an amended and supplemental complaint. In addition to the 31 judges sued in the original complaint, the amended complaint named 25 state appellate judges but did not state any specific alle- gations against them. Instead, the amended complaint added three USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
counts against two state judges who were named in the original complaint. In those new counts, Daker alleged that, in 2020, the two judges “denied filing of [his in forma pauperis] request” because a prison official did not sign the request, O.C.G.A. § 9-10-14(b), and because he did not include a copy of his prison account statement, id. § 42-12-5(a)(3). Daker also alleged that, during 2020, the clerk of the Georgia Supreme Court failed to file several of his petitions for a writ of certiorari. In February 2021, the district court overruled Daker’s objec- tions, adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation, and dis- missed the original complaint. The district court also reviewed sua sponte Daker’s amended complaint and ruled that it was a “new ac- tion” and did not relate back because he added “entirely new claims against entirely new defendants.” The district court ruled that the permanent filing injunction imposed in August 2020 applied to the amended complaint and struck it for failing to comply with the re- quirements of the injunction. Daker moved the district court to vacate the dismissal order, Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). As relevant, Daker argued that the renewal statute applied because he was not required to pay the filing fee or serve the defendants for the federal action to be “valid.” Daker also challenged the application of the filing injunction to his amended complaint. The district court rejected Daker’s arguments and de- nied the motion. Daker argues that the district judge and magistrate judge erred by failing sua sponte to recuse. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Daker USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 5 of 9
21-11068 Opinion of the Court 5
argues that, because the district judge and magistrate judge recused themselves from several of Daker’s cases in March 2022, their rul- ings in this earlier case should be vacated and reconsidered by a new judge. We disagree. Section 455 provides two conditions for recusal. 28 U.S.C. § 455(a)–(b). Under subsection (a), “Any justice, judge, or magis- trate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any pro- ceeding in which his partiality might reasonably be questioned.” Id. § 455(a). Under subsection (b), a judge must recuse himself “[w]here he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party . . . .” Id. § 455(b). Without evidence of pervasive bias and prejudice, “a judge’s rulings in the same or a related case may not serve as the basis for a recusal motion.” McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906 F.2d 674, 678 (11th Cir. 1990). Daker cites only the district judge’s and mag- istrate judge’s recusals from his other cases in March 2022, but their later recusals do not establish that they held any pervasive bias or prejudice against him at the time of their earlier rulings. See id. The district court did not err by dismissing Daker’s original complaint. Daker’s claims against the court clerks were barred by the two-year statute of limitations because their alleged miscon- duct occurred between 2013 and January 2017, and he presented his complaint for filing in May 2020. See Hancock v. Cape, 875 F.3d 1079, 1082 & n.1 (11th Cir. 2017). And Daker cannot benefit from the Georgia renewal statute because the statute applies only to ac- tions that were considered valid before dismissal. See id. at 1084 USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
(applying Georgia law to determine whether a federal lawsuit could be renewed after a non-merits dismissal); Scott v. Muscogee Cty., 949 F.2d 1122, 1123 (11th Cir. 1992) (same). And the “mere filing of appellant’s complaint . . . without service on appellee[s], [does] not . . . constitute a ‘valid’ action. . . . [I]t is essential that the declaration filed in the first instance should have been served upon the defendant[s].” Scott, 949 F.2d at 1123 (quoting Acree v. Knab, 348 S.E.2d 716, 717 (Ga. Ct. App. 1986) (second and third alterations in original). Because Daker did not serve the state officials in the ear- lier lawsuit, that action was not valid, and the renewal statute does not revive his untimely claims. See id. The district court properly dismissed Daker’s claims against the state judges too. In Georgia, as in the federal system, judges are immune from suit unless they have committed a nonjudicial act or “act[ed] in the complete absence of all jurisdiction.” Withers v. Schroeder, 819 S.E.2d 49, 52 (Ga. 2018). A “judge is not deprived of judicial immunity simply because she has allegedly acted mistak- enly, maliciously or corruptly.” Id. Judicial immunity does not pro- tect a state judge from claims for injunctive and declaratory relief. See Pulliam v. Allen, 466 U.S. 522, 542 (1984); GeorgiaCarry.Org, Inc. v. Bordeaux, 834 S.E.2d 896, 900–01 (Ga. Ct. App. 2019). But Con- gress has amended section 1983 to bar claims for injunctive relief against judges acting in their judicial capacity unless “‘a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable.’” Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). To obtain declaratory relief, Daker must prove that there was a constitutional violation, a serious risk of continuing USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 7 of 9
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irreparable injury if relief is not granted, and the absence of an ad- equate remedy at law. Id. at 1242. Daker was ineligible for declaratory relief because he had an adequate remedy—the right to appeal to the state appellate courts. See id. Specifically, Daker sought “injunctive relief enjoining Judge Defendants from denying filing of future prisoner civil actions based on failure to provide a certified copy of his prison account statement.” He also sought a declaratory judgment that the state judges who received and entered proposed orders from opposing parties violated his right of access to the courts, for which he sought an injunction requiring those judges to recuse from his future cases. But because Daker did not establish that he was unable to avail himself of the appellate process to challenge any of these rul- ings, declaratory and injunctive relief were unavailable. See id. Daker argues that his amended complaint was not subject to the requirements of the filing injunction because it was not a “new action,” but Daker is only partially correct. His amended complaint was new in two ways: he alleged in three new counts that two pre- viously-named state judges failed to file his in forma pauperis re- quests, and he alleged in passing in five counts that the clerk of the Georgia Supreme Court failed to file his petitions for a writ of cer- tiorari. The district court correctly determined that Daker’s at- tempt to add entirely new claims against a new party—the clerk of the Georgia Supreme Court—would not relate back to the original complaint for the purpose of applying the filing injunction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B),(C) (providing that a pleading can relate back USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 8 of 9
8 Opinion of the Court 21-11068
if it ”asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, trans- action, or occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the original pleading,” and that the added party must have “(i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits . . . and (ii) knew or should have known that the ac- tion would have been brought against it, but for a mistake concern- ing the proper party’s identity.”). Because the clerk was a new party and the claim against her did not arise from the same transactions or occurrences alleged in the original complaint, Daker’s claims against her were subject to the filing injunction. As for the new counts against the two state judges named in the original complaint, even if the injunction did not apply, allow- ing the amendment would be futile. See L.S. ex rel. Hernandez v. Pe- terson, 982 F.3d 1323, 1332 (11th Cir. 2020); Silberman v. Miami Dade Transit, 927 F.3d 1123, 1132 (11th Cir. 2019). The new counts—al- leging that the judges denied filing his in forma pauperis requests be- cause they were not signed by a prison official and Daker did not provide a copy of his inmate account—contain the same allegations that Daker raised against several other states judges in his original complaint and that the district court ruled did not entitle him to declaratory or injunctive relief. For these reasons, the new counts in Daker’s amended complaint could not state a claim for relief even if the filing injunction did not apply to the amended com- plaint. See Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1133 (“Leave to amend a complaint is futile when the complaint as amended would still be properly dismissed.”). Although Daker identified in his amended notice of appeal the order denying his motion to vacate the dismissal order, USCA11 Case: 21-11068 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 9 of 9
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e), he does not raise any argument about it. Tim- son v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). We AFFIRM the dismissal of Daker’s amended complaint and the denial of his motion to vacate.