Simmons, Justice.
Counsel for the' plaintiffs in error insisted on four propositions for reversal of the judgment of the court below in this case: (1) that the court erred in ruling that Barlow did not derive his title from Edward Ware; (2) that the court erred in holding that the executors of Edward Ware had power to sell the land in question, under the 8th item of the will, it not being in the lands enumerated therein; (3) that the court erred in holding that the deed made by the two executors, without the knowledge or concurrence of Terhune, the other executor, was good; and (4) that the court erred in holding that the defendant, Barlow,, had a good title by prescription. The view we take of this case renders it unnecessary to discuss any of these propositions, except the last.
Hndérthe facts as disclosed by the record, did Barlow, the defendant in error, have a title by prescription to this lot of land ? Counsel for the plaintiffs in error insist that he did not. They contend that the power oí attorney which the executors gave to Moore'recited the provisions of Edward Ware’s will; that it was the duty [6] of Barlow to have looked to that will, and that if he had done so he would have discovered that there were three executors appointed under the will, and that they had the power only to sell certain lands therein described; that whether they looked at the will or not, the recital in. the power of attorney to Moore was sufficient to put them on inquiry; and that they were, therefore, chai’geable with notice that the two executors had no authority to sell, or that if they had power to sell anything, they were not authorized to sell this particular lot of land, because it was not mentioned in the will. They insist, therefore, that having this notice of the want of authority of the executors to sell this land, his action amounted in law to a fraud, and no prescription would arise in his favor. They contend that a legal, as well as a moral fraud, would prevent prescription from commencing to run. We do not agree with them in this contention.
1. When the code declares that possession, to be the foundation of prescription, must not originate in fraud, we think the fraud meant is an actual fraud, a moral fraud, a wrongful act; and not a legal fraud, which the law denominates a fraud regardless of the bonafides of the parties. In the case of Virgin vs. Wingfield, 54 Ga. 451, this court, in discussing this identical question, uses the following language: “We have held in several cases that constructive notice does not make a title fraudulent ; that the law will not infer fraud in such cases from negligence; that the fraud contemplated must be some conscious, actual wrong, something which shows that the party charged with acting in bad faith, was doing what he must have known was wrong and unfair.” In a case between the same parties, in 51 Ga. 139, this court held, Warner,, C. J., delivering the opinion, that the fraud must be actual. In these cases, the facts showed that Wingfield was the trustee and had the legal title, and that Weems sold the land to Wylie, [7] and the bill alleged that Wylie knew tbat Weems had no power or authority to sell; and the court said that in a case of that kind the fraud must be actual.
In the case of Wright vs. Smith, 43 Ga. 291, McCay, J., in treating of this question, says : “ The question of adverse possession is one of intention, and turns upon the bonajides of the tenant. To charge him with fraud, so as to vitiate his possession, the facts must be such as to affect his conscience. They must be brought home to him. It is true that one who buys property with constructive notice of an outstanding claim is in some sense charged with fraud — implied fraud. He is bound to look to the record; he is bound to follow up any fact which should put a prudent man on the watch; and if he fail to do this, he is looked upon as guilty of neglect. But if we take this view of the notice referred to in the section of code under consideration, we should destroy the whole doctrine of prescription. If one who buys property looks to the record — follows up every fact which ought to put a prudent man on the watch — and only buys when he finds nothing wrong, then he gets a good title, and the statute of prescriptions is wholly useless. According to the argument, one can only set up a prescriptive title when he has had seven years’ possession under a legal title. The very object of the statute is to protect persons in possession under defective titles, and if it can only be used to protect one who has bought without notice, either actual or constructive, of the outstanding rights of third persons, then the statute is wholly worthless, since such a purchaser would be protected without it. To charge the person in possession with notice, even of a fraud in his deed, the facts must be such as to charge his conscience. He must be cognizant of the fraud, not by construction but by actual notice. ... No man can be fairly said to hold land adversely to another who, at the time he goes into [8] possession, has notice that he is committing a fraud, that the title under which he enters is forged or fraudulent. His entry is not bona fide; his claim of right is only pretended. But if he have no actual notice, if he honestly thinks his claim good, if he does not have notice— actual notice, he may he very well said to hold adversely. He is in earnest. He does not merely pretend to a right, but really claims it.” In the case of Salter vs. Salter, decided at the last term of this court, (80 Ga. 178,) Blandford, J., delivering the opinion, said: “We think that the fraud mentioned there (in the code) means positive fraud — actual fraud, not constructive or legal fraud. It must be such a fraud as affects the conscience. If they had reason to believe, and did believe, that the property was subject to the execution, although they might have known of the claim set up by the complainants in this bill, then that, in our opinion, would not amount to positive fraud.”
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Simmons, Justice.
Counsel for the' plaintiffs in error insisted on four propositions for reversal of the judgment of the court below in this case: (1) that the court erred in ruling that Barlow did not derive his title from Edward Ware; (2) that the court erred in holding that the executors of Edward Ware had power to sell the land in question, under the 8th item of the will, it not being in the lands enumerated therein; (3) that the court erred in holding that the deed made by the two executors, without the knowledge or concurrence of Terhune, the other executor, was good; and (4) that the court erred in holding that the defendant, Barlow,, had a good title by prescription. The view we take of this case renders it unnecessary to discuss any of these propositions, except the last.
Hndérthe facts as disclosed by the record, did Barlow, the defendant in error, have a title by prescription to this lot of land ? Counsel for the plaintiffs in error insist that he did not. They contend that the power oí attorney which the executors gave to Moore'recited the provisions of Edward Ware’s will; that it was the duty [6] of Barlow to have looked to that will, and that if he had done so he would have discovered that there were three executors appointed under the will, and that they had the power only to sell certain lands therein described; that whether they looked at the will or not, the recital in. the power of attorney to Moore was sufficient to put them on inquiry; and that they were, therefore, chai’geable with notice that the two executors had no authority to sell, or that if they had power to sell anything, they were not authorized to sell this particular lot of land, because it was not mentioned in the will. They insist, therefore, that having this notice of the want of authority of the executors to sell this land, his action amounted in law to a fraud, and no prescription would arise in his favor. They contend that a legal, as well as a moral fraud, would prevent prescription from commencing to run. We do not agree with them in this contention.
1. When the code declares that possession, to be the foundation of prescription, must not originate in fraud, we think the fraud meant is an actual fraud, a moral fraud, a wrongful act; and not a legal fraud, which the law denominates a fraud regardless of the bonafides of the parties. In the case of Virgin vs. Wingfield, 54 Ga. 451, this court, in discussing this identical question, uses the following language: “We have held in several cases that constructive notice does not make a title fraudulent ; that the law will not infer fraud in such cases from negligence; that the fraud contemplated must be some conscious, actual wrong, something which shows that the party charged with acting in bad faith, was doing what he must have known was wrong and unfair.” In a case between the same parties, in 51 Ga. 139, this court held, Warner,, C. J., delivering the opinion, that the fraud must be actual. In these cases, the facts showed that Wingfield was the trustee and had the legal title, and that Weems sold the land to Wylie, [7] and the bill alleged that Wylie knew tbat Weems had no power or authority to sell; and the court said that in a case of that kind the fraud must be actual.
In the case of Wright vs. Smith, 43 Ga. 291, McCay, J., in treating of this question, says : “ The question of adverse possession is one of intention, and turns upon the bonajides of the tenant. To charge him with fraud, so as to vitiate his possession, the facts must be such as to affect his conscience. They must be brought home to him. It is true that one who buys property with constructive notice of an outstanding claim is in some sense charged with fraud — implied fraud. He is bound to look to the record; he is bound to follow up any fact which should put a prudent man on the watch; and if he fail to do this, he is looked upon as guilty of neglect. But if we take this view of the notice referred to in the section of code under consideration, we should destroy the whole doctrine of prescription. If one who buys property looks to the record — follows up every fact which ought to put a prudent man on the watch — and only buys when he finds nothing wrong, then he gets a good title, and the statute of prescriptions is wholly useless. According to the argument, one can only set up a prescriptive title when he has had seven years’ possession under a legal title. The very object of the statute is to protect persons in possession under defective titles, and if it can only be used to protect one who has bought without notice, either actual or constructive, of the outstanding rights of third persons, then the statute is wholly worthless, since such a purchaser would be protected without it. To charge the person in possession with notice, even of a fraud in his deed, the facts must be such as to charge his conscience. He must be cognizant of the fraud, not by construction but by actual notice. ... No man can be fairly said to hold land adversely to another who, at the time he goes into [8] possession, has notice that he is committing a fraud, that the title under which he enters is forged or fraudulent. His entry is not bona fide; his claim of right is only pretended. But if he have no actual notice, if he honestly thinks his claim good, if he does not have notice— actual notice, he may he very well said to hold adversely. He is in earnest. He does not merely pretend to a right, but really claims it.” In the case of Salter vs. Salter, decided at the last term of this court, (80 Ga. 178,) Blandford, J., delivering the opinion, said: “We think that the fraud mentioned there (in the code) means positive fraud — actual fraud, not constructive or legal fraud. It must be such a fraud as affects the conscience. If they had reason to believe, and did believe, that the property was subject to the execution, although they might have known of the claim set up by the complainants in this bill, then that, in our opinion, would not amount to positive fraud.”
Applying these rules to the facts in this case, we find that Barlow purchased this land from the agent of the two executors; that the power of attorney recited that they were the executors of Edward Ware; that they had a right, under this will, to sell this land; that there was no intimation therein that there was another executor; that he paid $15,000 for forty acres of land; that he went immediately into possession of it, and held it from that time up to the commencement of this litigation, claiming it in good faith. If the title he thus acquired was not a good, legal title, it was a mistake of law on his part and on the part of the parties from whom he purchased. The evidence does not disclose a single fact to show that this purchase was made in bad faith, or that any act that Barlow did was wrongful or unfair. If he had looked at the will and had seen that three executors had been appointed, would any court .hold that it would have been a fraud on his part if he had [9] concluded that two of these executors had a right to .carry out the provisions of the will? Would any court hold that he was guilty of such a fraud if he had read the will and decided that these executors had a right to sell this property, although it was not mentioned in the will? These propositions are not free from doubt. Judges who have spent the best years of their life in investigating questions of this sort differ about them. It seems from this record that two judges of the superior court have decided in this case that the two executors had a right to sell -this particular piece of land. Suppose Barlow had decided it wrong and these two judges in the court below had decided it wrong, would that be such a fraud as to prevent the prescription from commencing to run in his favor? We think not. As the court said in Wright vs. Smith, supra, if every person must be satisfied of the legal title before he purchases, there would be no use of a statute of prescriptions. The very object of the statute is to protect persons in possession under a defective title.
2. This record further shows that this land was sold to Barlow in June, 1866, and that most of these parties had notice of the sale at that time and that some of them shared in the proceeds thereof; that Terhune and his wife had notice of it either in 1868 or 1869, and never commenced their action until 1888, seventeen years after this purchase was made, and fifteen years after they all had notice. It seems to us that it would be a fraud to deprive this man of his land, under the facts disclosed by this record.
Counsel for the plaintiffs in error relied mainly on the case of Hunt et al. vs. Dunn et al., 74 Ga. 120. If the principle announced in that case is sound law (which I very much doubt), it is distinguishable from this case. The facts show, in that case, that the person under whom the defendant claimed bought the land with notice of [10] ■the superior outstanding title of James Lyle. That was ;a contest between two different titles. The defendant in that case had notice that the other title was superior to the one he bought; whereas in the case now tinder consideration, Barlow did not attempt to buy an outstanding title, but sought to purchase the only title that he knew of to this land, so far as appears from the record. What more could he have done ? As said before, the record shows that he acted in the utmost good faith in this transaction. There is not a suspicion against him of any wrongful act or unfair dealing in the whole transaction. Nothing can be said against him except the fact that he made a mistake in deciding for himself, (supposing he had notice of the contents of the will,) that the executors had a right to sell this land. While the court might have left the matter of good faith to the jury, if he had done so they would have been •obliged, under the evidence shown in this record, to find in his favor; and we will not send the case back to go through the form of submitting that question to them.
Judgment affirmed.