Opinion op the Court by
Judge O’Rear
Reversing- j
A. J. Addington brought' this _ suit against C, T. Warden, charging, that he was the owner and in adverse possession of a certain tract of land in Ohio county, and that Warden had forcibly entered upon the land and cut and removed certain trees of the value of $55. He prayed judgment for $55 and his costs. The defendant filed an answer, in which he denied that he had cut any trees on the plaintiff’s land, and alleged that about 33 years ago there was a controversy between S. K. Bishop, who then owned the tract of land now owned by him, and S. A. Field, who then owned the tract of land now owned by Addington, and in order to settle the controversy they established a line between their lands by agreement, and that he and those under whom he claimed had been in actual adverse possession of the land on his side of the agreed line for more than 30 years. By an amended answer he alleged that he was the owner of a certain tract of land in Ohio county, described in the answer by metes and bounds, of which he and his vendors had been in actual adverse possession for more than 30 years, and he alleged that this tract included the land from which the timber was cut. The plaintiff controverted the allegations of the amended answer, and, the case being heard before a jury, there was a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of $33. The defendant appeals.
The first question made on the appeal is that this court has not jurisdiction, because the judgment is [300]*300for less than $200. While the judgment is less than $200, the effect*of the judgment under the pleading is to determine that the plaintiff owns the strip of land ip controversy; and, this being true the appeal lies in ithis court, as it has jurisdiction where the title to land is involved, without regard to the amount in controversy. The deeds to the parties for the land claimed by them are not copied in the record, but we gather from the transcript that the following are in substance the facts of the controversy: On March 7, 1862, S. A. Field and wife, who then owned a large boundary, conveyed to William and B. C. Warden 271 acres of land. William and B. C. Warden on September 26, 1868, conveyed to Sapiuel K. Bishop 90 acres of the land conveyed to them by Field. Appellant, Warden, claims under S. K. Bishop. Addington claims under S. A. Field. After the deed was máde to S. K. Bishop in 1868, it was discovered by him and Field that there had been a mistake made in running the division line between them. They then got a surveyor and had a new line run, which cut off to Bishop 6 or 7 acres more than was included in the boundary described in his deed, but being the quantity originally conveyed. Field set his fence back, and from that time on,1 according to the defendant’s proof, they and those claiming under them, held possession to the line so established. One of the witnesses states the facts in these words: “Why, after the dispute came pp, and they found there was not enough land there, and they first measured the ground, and found that it didn’t come out as it' should on the side, same number of poles on one end as the other, and they got a surveyor, and surveyed the line through, and agreed on the line, and Mr. Field moved back his fence at that time. Mr. Field commenced clearing where.the corner [301]*301of his line is, and he had started to build the fence before they made this survey; and then they made this survey and marked these lines, and Mr. Field moved the fence back, and this line was agreed on as being the line.”
On the other hand, there was evidence for the plaintiff to the effect that the line was not recognized, and in the deed made afterward by Field to Addington the original line was called for. Addington testified that some three or four years before he bought he told Warden that his fence was over the line, and Warden said he would set his fence back to the line of the deed. Warden denied having had this conversation. Addington had bought part of the land, as he alleged, relying upon this statement of Warden. But to constitute an estoppel the evidence should be clear that the matter relied on in the plea was a controlling factor relied on by the purchaser at the time of his purchase. The evidence in this case falls short of that test. Addington also proved that Warden had told several persons that this strip of land was in dispute, and that, while he claimed it, he would not convey more than was included in his deed — 90 acres conveyed to Bishop, which he asserted in fact included the disputed strip; and on these facts the court instructed the jury as follows:
(1) “The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the defendant unlawfully and forcibly entered upon the lands of the plaintiff in 1904, and cut and removed hickory and gum trees from said land belonging to the plaintiff, which were worth $55, or any sum, then the jury should find for the plaintiff such damages as he sustained, not exceeding $55. ’ ’
(2) “The court further instructs the jury that if [302]*302they do not believe from the evidence as supposed in instruction one, or they believe from the evidence that the timber cut by defendant was on his own land, or land of another other than plaintiff, then the jury should find for the defendant, and so state in their verdict.”
(K) “The court instructs the jury that, unless at the time he bought the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the alleged agreement between Field and Bishop-as to the division line between their lands, then the plaintiff is not bound thereby.”
(A) “The court instructs the jury that, if they believe from the evidence that defendant was in the adverse possession of the whole of the lánd from which the timber was cut at the time plaintiff purchased his tract of land, they shall find for the defendant.”
While the answer is inartfully drawn, it substantially puts in issue the plaintiff’s title to the strip in controversy, and alleges the title to be in defendant. The burden of proof in the case was therefore on the plaintiff. Young v. Duggin, 99 S. W. 655, 30 Ky. Law Rep. 334. As the record is presented to us, the plaintiff read in evidence the deeds under which the defendant claimed, apparently for the purpose of ^showing that they did not include the land. But it does not appear from the record that he .read. in evidence any deeds showing that the title to the lands was in him. Nor was it necessary to do so, as both parties claimed under the same common vendor. The issue as to title was solely the location of the division line between these litigants’ lands. But, aside from this, instruction K is in substance a peremptory instruction for the jury to find for the plaintiff, as there was no evidence introduced showing that plaintiff had actual knowledge of the [303]*303agreement between Field apd Bishop as to the division line made over 30 years before the trial, and long before he had any interest in the land, although there was evidence tending to show that he had notice, when he purchased, of the defendant’s claim to the land up to this agreed line.
Counsel insist that instruction K is warranted by Young v. Duggin, 99 S. W. 657, 30 Ky. Law Rep. 336, where the court said: “When appellant went to the record to see what Quast and Schulten owned of the Seliroader (215-acre) patent, he saw that appellee only claimed (as shown by his deed) toward the southeast to Schroader’s line (‘E-F’ on the plat). This informed him that he could safely buy of the Schroader patent to the northwest as far as line ‘E-F’ op the plat. This he did in purchasing the 80 acres measured off the northwest corner of the Schroader 215-acre survey; and, unless he had actual knowledge of appellee’s claim to own below that line, the latter is estopped as against him to claim the land in question.” The court used the word “knowledge” as synonymous with “notice,” as distinguished from constructive notice. There is a very material difference between actual knowledge or notice of the defendant’s claim to the land, and actual knowledge of the original agreement between the remote grantors which gave rise to it.
It is insisted for the appellee that the appellant can not complain of instruction K, because it is not mentioned in the grounds for a new trial. In the grounds for a new trial, instructions 1, 2, and A are complained of, and it is added that the defendant objected and excepted to them at the time. Instruction A was given on the motion of the defendant. He did not, of course, object to it. He did object to instruction K, [304]*304and excepted to its being given at the time. We must conclude that the letter “A” in the grounds for a new trial is a clerical error for “ K. ” The rule is that, where a thing is otherwise sufficiently identified, a false description by a clerical error will be rejected as surplusage.
It has been held by this court that where there is a dispute between two adjoining owners as to a dividing line between them, and they by agreement locate the line, the agreement is not within the statute of frauds, upon the idea that the parties have simply by agreement settled the location of the line which was in doubt, instead of having the court settle it for them. Amburgy v. Burt & Brabb Lumber Co., 121 Ky. 580, 89 S. W. 680, 28 Ky. Law Rep. 551. Young v. Duggin, supra, was an entirely different case from this one. There the only question was the true location of a line. No question of title by adverse possession within the disputed territory, nor any agreement between the adjoining owners fixing and making the dividing line between their lands, was involved.
It is insisted here that there was not such a dispute as brings this case within the rule which sustains such parol agreements. We will first review the cases which hold that such agreements are enforceable, and then apply the facts of this case.
The first case in this State on that subject is William Ward v. Simon Kenton (Ky.), Dec. 3, where it was said: “It has never been doubted but that a conditional or dividing line, agreed on by claimants of land, would equally bind the assignee of either of them. ’ ’
In Brown v. Crow's Heirs, Ky., Dec. 108, it appears, that Brown had made a survey of land, whilst an adjacent claimant, Crow, had none covering the plot [305]*305in. dispute. Previously they had agreed to a division line as to the locations ta he made hy them respectively of their adjoining tracts, which, if enforced, would establish Clow’s line so as to include the disputed land within his claim. The court said: “Agreements entered into to settle boundaries have been carried into effect in the case of grants made by the crown of Great Britain for lands in America. Penn v. Lord Baltimore, 1 Ves. 445.” ' And the parol agreement was upheld by this court in that case.
In Robinson v. Corn, 2 Bibb, 124, the owners of adjoining lands, whose boundaries conflicted, agreed in parol to establish the dividing line half way between their improvements. But the agreement was not executed, and the line was not marked. The unexecuted agreement was held to be within the statute of frauds, and was rejected.
In Jamison v. Petit, 6 Bush, 669, while the facts are meagerly stated, it is said that “a parol agreement fixing the dividing line between the adjoining lands of the antagonist parties, not being within the statute of frauds and perjuries, was specifically enforceable in equity, and this equitable matter, if established as a defense, would have defeated the action of ejectment. By Civil Code Practice, section 113, subsection 2, equitable defenses may now be interposed in actions at law.
In Grigsby v. Combs, 21 S. W. 37, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 651, the question was as to the validity of an executed parol agreement fixing an agreed line between adjoining lands of the owners, whereby each relinquished a part within his deed to the other. It was contended that it was a mere ‘swap” of lands, and, not being in writing, was void. The court responded: “We are of opinion, however, that both in principle and by author[306]*306ity an’ agreement of this nature can be upheld. It is no more a ‘swap’ of lands than results by reason of ‘agreed corners’ between neighbors, or ‘agreed division fences,’ and these amicable arrangements have been sanctioned by repeated adjudications. In Robinson v. Corn, 2 Bibb 124, the contrary doctrine is seemingly announced; but the argument of the court in that case is directed solely against the sufficiency of the proof establishing the agreed line. ‘Neither party,’ says the court, ‘seems to .have acted under the faith of the supposed agreement.’ ”
We had occasion in Amburgy v. Burt & Brabb Lumber Co., supra, to examine these and other cases on this subject. It was there pointel out that such agreement, when based upon consideration and executed, was not within the statute of frauds and perjuries.. but where without such consideration, and where the agreement was not executed by marking the line, or taking possession under it, it was within the statute.
In Frazier v. Mineral Development Co., 86 S. W. 983, 27 Ky. Law Rep. 815, a parol agreement fixing a. dividing line, so as to settle a dispute as to its true location, was upheld, when it had been executed by building fences along the agreed line and each party taking possession of the part allotted to him by the agreement. The court said “It has long been the settled policy of the courts of this State to approve and nphold such agreements as tending to discourage controversies between neighboring landowners and prevent litigation.” It did not appear in that case how long each party had been in the actual possession of the parcel which he got by the agreement. Of this feature of the case the court said: “We do not, however, understand that 15 years’ recognition of the agreed line by the parties was necessary to authorize [307]*307the chancellor to grant the relief asked in the case at bar. It is sufficient that, after agreeing upon the line, Joseph Frazier and Philip Hall, as long as the former lived and the latter remained the owner of the land included in the Eli Hall patent, continued to recognize and treat it as the- line dividing their lands, and that subsequent purchasers from either of them were led by their agreement and conduct to so regard it.”
In Ball v. Loughridge, 100 S. W. 275, 30 Ky Law Rep. 1123, it was said: “Independently of the deed, the location of the dividing line by the parties may be proved to show the extent of their possession, and as a circumstance evidencing how they located their grants. Where a dividing line is made by parol to settle a dispute in good faith between the parties, and is recognized for years and acquiesced in as a dividing line between them, it will not be disturbed, although the agreement is not in writing. ’ ’
In Fields v. Sizemore. 105 S. W. 438, 32 Ky. Law Rep. 237, it appears that there was a dispute between owners of adjoining tracts as to the correct location of the dividing line between them. They agreed by parol to make a dividing ridge the line. The agreed line does not appear to have been marked. Each party lived upon his tract, and after the agreement each exercised acts of ownership over the land only up to the agreed line, which was uninclosed woodland. This acquiescence continued for 20 or 25 years. Each subsequently sold' his land; one of them by his deed attempting to ignore the agreed line, and conveyed to the calls of his original boundary. This court held the agreement to be binding upon both parties to it and upon their privies in estate. Grider v. Davenport, 60 S. W. 866, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 1455, was thus quoted approvingly: “Although the true location of the line [308]*308may not have been at the place now claimed by appellees, still, if the parties owning the tract of land recognized it as such, and the appellees and those under whom they claim held possession of it, and claimed to the line for 15 years, the appellant’s right to question the location of the line is barred.”
There are a number of other opinions of this court, and of the supreme courts of other States, to the same effect as the foregoing authorities, but those cited’are deemed sufficient to establish the rule applicable to this case.
The proof shows that, not only was there a dispute in good faith between the former owners of these adjoining tracts, but that they agreed upon a settlement of the dispute. They fixed the line now claimed by appellant as the true dividing line between their lands. They marked the line by marking corner trees at its ends and line of trees along its course. A fence begun by one of. them within the disputed territory was moved back to the agreed line, and a fence along that line has since been maintained for about 100 rods. The remaining 50 rods of that line is not inclosed, though marked. Appellant and his vendor have for more than 30 years claimed the land up to the agreed line, using all of it as occasion demanded; some of it being cultivated close to the fence. Appellee, before he purchased his tract, rented the land, including that in dispute, from appellant, and also rented at other times the land which he subsequently bought, but did not then, nor did his landlord, exercise any ownership or act of dominion over the strip now in dispute. Appellant’s grantor had been conveyed 90 acres of land by the owner of the tract now claimed by him. He soon discovered that there was a mistake in one of the calls of his deed, so that run [309]*309one way, and properly literally, he would not get the quantity he had bought. If run another way he would get what he bought. He and his vendor went upon the ground, settled their dispute, and established the true running of the line between them. That was a dispute in good faith. It was a valuable consideration to support the agreement, as much so as would have been a mutual exchange of lands lying on each side of the agreed line. The true line was then marked, and each party took possession up to that line, and no further. We think the case comes well within the line of eases above noted, and that the agreement so executed was binding upon the parties to it.
Is it binding upon their privies in estate? In the light of the authorities cited and quoted from, and upon principle, we think it is. A man can e.onvey no greater estate in land than he has. Although he may have a deed embracing a particular boundary, if he has in the meantime parted with title to part of it, voluntarily or involuntarily, a subsequent purchaser from him gets only what he then owned. If he by parol has created an equity only, an innocent purchaser without notice may be protected as against such equity. But the quality of the transaction which w.e are here investigating, from the very necessity of its constituent elements, carries notice to all the world of the fact; for, unless it is executed, it is invalid. If executed, it is done in one of two ways: (1) By a marked line; or (2) by an actual adverse possession under it. Notice may be the existence of that which, if looked at or listened to, and then followed up by such inquiry as ordinary prudence would suggest, would result in obtaining the knowledge sought to be charged. Actual adverse possession is always notice of its nature and of the fact. A marked line is notice. [310]*310The reason it was marked was to notify the world that the person for whom it was marked claimed a title to that point. It is the oldest method of notifying the world of ownership of the claimant. It was in vogue centuries before the Christian era, and when few people could write, long before deeds were thought of. In every country where individual ownership in land is allowed, monuments to mark the boundaries of the owner, to notify all persons that he claims so far, are in use, and have always been. Possession, the highest form of notice, may be limited to, or generally referable to, such monuments. So we say, when he enters and settles upon land, claiming it as his own, his possession, unless in exceptional instances, is coextensive with the marked boundary of his tract. Such possession alone will in time toll even the superior legal right, and establish the possessor as owner in spite of the former owner’s valid grant to the land. It would be a new doctrine to hold that, although one having a deed of record may have lost his title by the continued adverse possession for 15 years of another originally without title, yet the former owner could sell and pass the perfect title to a stranger, who did not know that the title had been lost.
By law, deeds of record convey notice. They may be examined to learn the state of a title; and, whether examined or not, their existence and contents are constructively known to those whose duty it was to have inquired as to their existence. But such deeds do not supersede/adverse possession, or any other extrinsic matter on the ground, which imports notice of the existence of a fact contrary to one imported by the deed. The deed is notice of what it contains. So are marked lines notice of what they stand for in l'aw. The call of a deed may indicate the ownership of a [311]*311plot of ground of a particular shape. The actual marked lines of the same plot may be materially different ; and, if they are, they control — the calls of the deed to the contrary notwithstanding.
Instruction K in this case was therefore erroneous; for, whether Addington had actual knowledge of the agreement and division line established between his vendor and appellants, he is bound if it was an executed agreement, and he is barred, whether or not it was valid, if appellant and his vendors had been in actual possession of the land on appellant’s side of the line for more than 15 years before the bringing of the suit. The instructions in this case should have been limited to submitting to the jury whether the agreed line had been established, and whether it had been executed as herein indicated. If it had been, then the verdict must be for the appellant. Or, if appellant and his vendors have been in the continuous actual adverse possession of the land in dispute, or any part of it, claiming to a well-defined marked boundary, for more than 15 years before this suit, then as to such part the plaintiff could not recover. ■ There is no question of an estoppel under the proof.
The trial court rejected evidence at the trial of the claimspf title and extent of possession made by appellant and Ms vendors of the disputed strip. The excluded evidence is relevant.
The judgment is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial under proceedings consistent herewith.