Wang v. Gold Mantis Construction Decoration (CNMI), LLC.

• Court: District Court, Northern Mariana Islands
• Decided: April 14, 2022
• Docket: 1:18-cv-00030
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

FILED Clerk District Court APR 14 2022 for the Northern Magana Islands □□ 1 (Deputy Clerk) 5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS 3 TIANMING WANG, et al., Case No.: 1:18-cv-00030 4 Plaintiffs, 5 DECISION AND ORDER 6 VS. AWARDING PLAINTIFFS ATTORNEYS’ FEES AGAINST DEFENDANT IPI 7 GOLD MANTIS CONSTRUCTION DECORATION (CNMI), LLC, MCC 8 INTERNATIONAL SAIPAN LTD, CO., and IMPERIAL PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL 9 (CNMI), LLC, 10 Defendants. 11 1. INTRODUCTION 12 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ fourth petition for attorneys’ fees and costs against Defendant 13 Imperial Pacific International (CNMI), LLC (“IPI”) based on the entry of default judgment pursuant 14 1s to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2). (““Mot.,” ECF No. 226.) IPI filed a limited opposition 16 || COpp’n” ECF No. 231), and Plaintiffs filed their reply (Reply, ECF No. 241). This matter came 17 || before the Court on September 18, 2020, at which time the Court took the matter under advisement. 18 (Min., ECF No. 252.) The Court then subsequently denied the motion without prejudice given that 19 | entry of default judgment at that time for less than all defendants would be inconsistent with Frow v. °° |! De La Vega, 82 U.S. 552 (1872) and its progeny and posed a risk of inconsistent judgments. (ECF 21 No. 274.) Thereafter, Plaintiffs settled with and dismissed their actions against Defendants Gold 22 Mantis Construction Decoration (CNMI), LLC (“Gold Mantis”) and MCC International Saipan Ltd., 23 24

Co. (“MCC”). (See ECF Nos. 288, 292.) The Court then granted Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration 1 to renew their request for the entry of default judgment against IPI. (Mot. for Reconsideration at 3, 2 ECF No. 295; Min., ECF No. 299.) On May 24, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ petition for 3 4 damages in support of the entry of default judgment against Defendant IPI and directed the entry of 5 default judgment in the amount of $5,430,595.58, with notice to the parties that such judgment would 6 be amended after the Court’s review of Plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. 1 (Default Judg. 7 Order at 39–40 n. 23, ECF No. 322.) Having reviewed Plaintiffs’ petition and all relevant briefing, the 8 Court now awards Plaintiffs attorneys’ fees in the lesser amount of $687,793.70 for the following 9 reasons. 10 II. JURISDICTION 11 As a preliminary matter, this Court must determine whether it retains jurisdiction to award 12 Plaintiffs attorneys’ fees and costs based on the entry of default judgment against Defendant IPI in 13 14 light of the procedural posture of this case. On August 16, 2021, IPI filed its notice of appeal with the 15 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from this Court’s decision and order directing entry of default 16 judgment against IPI as well as this Court’s minute order denying IPI’s motion for reconsideration of 17 default judgment. (Notice of Appeal, ECF Nos. 416, 417.) 18 “[T]he filing of a notice of appeal generally divests the trial court of jurisdiction.” In re 19 Silberkraus, 336 F.3d 864, 869 (9th Cir. 2003). However, “[t]here are a number of exceptions to [this] 20 21 22 1 Given that much of the case’s factual and procedural background is detailed in the Court’s Decision and Order entering 23 default judgment against IPI, the Court need not reiterate those facts. (See Default Judg. Order at 2–8, ECF No. 233.) general rule.” Stein v. Wood, 127 F.3d 1187, 1189 (9th Cir. 1997). For example, a court may retain 1 jurisdiction to “correct clerical errors or clarify its judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(a),” “when 2 it has a duty to supervise the status quo during the pendency of an appeal, or in aid of execution of a 3 4 judgment that has not been superseded,” or by statute. Id. (citations omitted). An appeal also does not 5 “divest the trial court of jurisdiction over matters or issues not appealed.” In re Castaic Partners II, 6 LLC, 823 F.3d 966, 969 n. 3 (9th Cir. 2016). 7 The Ninth Circuit has additionally recognized that a “district court retained the power to award 8 attorneys’ fees after the notice of appeal from the decision on the merits had been filed.” Masalosalo 9 by Masalosalo v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 718 F.2d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1983). Recognition of that authority 10 to retain jurisdiction “will prevent hasty consideration of postjudgment fee motions,” and “will prevent 11 postponement of fee consideration until after the circuit court mandate, when the relevant 12 circumstances will no longer be fresh in the mind of the district judge.” Id. (citations omitted). 13 14 However, “the district court may, in its discretion, ‘rule on the claim for fees, [ ] defer its ruling on the 15 motion, or [ ] deny the motion without prejudice, directing under subdivision (d)(2)(B) a new period 16 for filing after the appeal has been resolved.’” G.P.P., Inc. v. Guardian Prot. Prods., Inc., No. 1:15- 17 CV-00321-SKO, 2018 WL 932087, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2018) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d) 18 advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment) (alternations in original); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 58 19 advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment (“Particularly if the claim for fees involves substantial 20 issues or is likely to be affected by the appellate decision, the district court may prefer to defer 21 consideration of the claim for fees until after the appeal is resolved.”). “Courts consider four factors 22 to determine whether to stay awarding attorneys’ fees and costs pending appeal: (1) ‘whether the stay 23 applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits;’ (2) ‘whether the 1 applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay;’ (3) ‘whether issuance of the stay will substantially 2 injure the other parties interested in the proceeding;’ and (4) ‘where the public interest lies.’” Personal 3 4 Web Techs., LLC v. EMC Corp., No. 13-cv-01358-EJD, 2020 WL 1557441, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 5 2020) (quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776 (1987)). Here, Defendant IPI has not sought a 6 stay on the resolution of Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees petition. Instead, the Stay Agreement entered into 7 by the parties effective February 3, 2022, which this Court has adopted, expressly acknowledges that 8 the fee petition is still pending before this Court and that nothing in the Agreement precludes this 9 Court from ruling on the petition. (Stay Agreement ¶ 19, ECF No. 501; Order Granting Stip., ECF 10 No. 505.) Moreover, in the Stay Agreement, IPI “knowingly and voluntarily waives any and all rights 11 to appeal such order or decision” on the fee petition and “further agrees not to vacate, seek any form 12 of reconsideration, or seek any form of stay or injunction concerning that order or decision.” (Stay 13 14 Agreement ¶ 20.) The Court thus finds no reason to delay its award of attorneys’ fees until after a 15 decision on appeal on the entry of default judgment. 16 III. LEGAL STANDARD 17 Under the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (“TVPRA”), a prevailing party 18 is entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees. 18 U.S.C. § 1595; Lesnik v. Eisenmann SE, 374 F. Supp. 3d 19 923, 951 (N.D. Cal. 2019). A prevailing party is also entitled to costs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). 20 Plaintiffs are therefore entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. 21 Once the Court has determined that attorneys’ fees and costs should be awarded, it must 22 determine the reasonableness of the proposed amounts in a two-step process. First, “[d]istrict courts 23 must calculate awards for attorneys’ fees using the ‘lodestar’ method,” which requires multiplying the 1 number of hours “reasonably expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate.” Camacho v. 2 Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 978 (9th Cir. 2008). 3 4 In order to determine if an hourly rate is reasonable, the court must identify the prevailing 5 hourly rate for the relevant community, and then it must determine the appropriate market rate for the 6 attorney based on “the rate prevailing in the community for similar work performed by attorneys of 7 comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Id. at 979. (internal quotation omitted). 8 To determine the reasonableness of the number of hours worked, the court cannot simply 9 accept the hours presented by the attorney requesting fees, but instead must require that party prove 10 that it exercised billing judgment for the hours billed. Vogel v. Harbor Plaza Center, LLC, 893 F.3d 11 1152, 1160 (9th Cir. 2018); see also Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (“[T]he fee 12 applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award and documenting the appropriate 13 14 hours expended and hourly rates.”). “The party opposing the fee application has a burden of rebuttal 15 that requires submission of evidence to the district court challenging the accuracy and reasonableness 16 of the hours charged or the facts asserted by the prevailing party in its submitted affidavits.” Gates v. 17 Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1397–98 (9th Cir. 1992). “A district court should exclude from the 18 lodestar amount hours that are not reasonably expended because they are ‘excessive, redundant, or 19 otherwise unnecessary.’” Van Gerwen v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 20 2000) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434). Time spent establishing the right to and amount of the fee 21 should be included in the lodestar calculation. Camacho, 523 F.3d at 981. 22 23 The lodestar amount is presumptively reasonable, but the court can adjust it upwards or 1 downwards based on other considerations. Van Gerwen, 214 F.3d at 1046. Thus, after calculating the 2 lodestar figure, the second step is for the court to assess the rate for reasonableness based on the Kerr 3 4 factors. Morales v. City of San Rafael, 96 F.3d 359, 363–64 (9th Cir. 1996). The twelve Kerr factors 5 are: (1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, (3) the 6 skill requisite to perform the legal service properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the 7 attorney due to acceptance of the case, (5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, 8 (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount involved and the results 9 obtained, (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the “undesirability” of the 10 case, (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, and (12) awards in 11 similar cases. Kerr v. Screen Guild Extras, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 12 951 (1976). Only in rare cases should the rate be adjusted. Morales, 96 F.3d at 363–64. 13 14 IV. DISCUSSION 15 Plaintiffs’ original petition filed on August 18, 2020 for attorneys’ fees sought the amount of 16 $795,341.20 for attorneys’ fees and $16,877.97 in costs (Mot. at 2, 13–14; ECF No. 226), along with 17 an additional $784.00 for the 1.96 hours Halegua spent on preparing the reply brief (Reply at 5). In 18 Plaintiffs’ more recently filed motion for reconsideration, Plaintiffs seek a 1.5 multiplier to their 19 requested amount in attorneys’ fees and have conceded to forgoing the $16,877.97 in costs. (Mot. for 20 Reconsideration at 10.) The Court must therefore determine if Plaintiffs are entitled to their requested 21 total amount of attorneys’ fees of $796,125.20, along with a 1.5 multiplier. 22 \ 23 A. Reasonable Rate 1 Plaintiffs seek attorneys’ fees for the work of four attorneys (Aaron Halegua, Bruce Berline, 2 Times Wang, and Ben Petersburg), one paralegal (Jacob Kessler), and four full-time law student 3 4 interns (Zach de Stefan, Yun Zhang, Yiwen Zhang, Lulu Sun). (Mot. at 2, 7.) The Court has already 5 previously determined that $400 per hour for Aaron Halegua, $300 per hour for Bruce Berline, $350 6 per hour for Times Wang, and $125 for Jacob Kessler are reasonable hourly rates. (See Amended 7 Order Granting Plaintiffs’ First Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs against IPI at 8, 13-14, ECF No. 8 108; Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Second Motion for Attorneys’ Fees at 6, ECF No. 232.) The Court 9 must therefore determine what the reasonable rates are for attorney Ben Petersburg and the four law 10 student interns. 11 (1) Ben Petersburg 12 Plaintiffs seek $200 per hour for the work performed by Ben Petersburg. (Mot. at 4.) In support 13 14 of that rate, they provide a declaration from Bruce Berline detailing Petersburg’s credentials: 2009 15 graduate from the University of Iowa College of Law who worked for the CNMI Office of the Attorney 16 General (Criminal Division) from 2010–2011, the CNMI Office of the Public Defender from 2011– 17 2015, Berline’s law firm as an associate from 2015–2019, the CNMI Office of the Attorney General 18 (Civil Division) for a few months in 2019, and whom now works for the U.S. Attorneys’ Office in 19 Guam. (Berline Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 228.) 20 In 2017, when Mr. Petersburg had over six years of legal experience, this Court awarded him 21 an hourly rate of $175 in a Fair Labor Standards Act action. See Yu Xuan v. Joo Yeon Corp. and Se 22 Young Corp., et al., No. 12-cv-0032, ECF No. 226 at 11 (D. N. Mar. I., Jan. 27, 2017). With more 23 years of practice, a higher rate is warranted for Petersburg. However, Plaintiffs request $200 per hour 1 for Petersburg, and the Court notes that it has recently awarded other attorneys in the CNMI who have 2 3 practiced law for at least ten years a rate of $200 per hour. See, e.g., Fox Financial v. Forson Holdings, 4 No. 1:20-cv-00008, ECF No. 26 (D. N. Mar. I, Mar. 9, 2021) (awarding $200 per hour for local 5 attorney with over 10 years of practice); Tang’s Corp. v. Imperial Pac. Int’l (CNMI), LLC, No. 1:20- 6 cv-00006, ECF No. 40 (D. N. Mar. I, April 13, 2021) (awarding $200 per hour for local attorney with 7 14 years of practice). The majority of Petersburg’s work for this matter were performed in 2017 and 8 2018, when he had less than ten years of experience. The Court therefore finds $190 per hour a 9 reasonable rate for Petersburg for his work performed in this case. 10 (2) Law Student Interns: Zach de Stefan, Yun Zhang, Yiwen Zhang, Lulu Sun 11 Plaintiffs seek a rate of $160 per hour for each of the four full-time law student interns. (Mot. 12 at 4.) At the time of their initial request for attorneys’ fees in August 2020, Zach de Stefan was a rising 13 14 third-year law student at Harvard Law School and a 2018 graduate of Cornell University. (Halegua 15 Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 227.) Yun Zhang was a rising second-year law student at Columbia Law School 16 who graduated from Colby College in 2019. (Id. ¶ 12.) Yiwen Zhang was a rising second-year law 17 student at UC Irvine School of Law who graduated from UC Berkeley in 2018. (Id. ¶ 13.) Lulu Sun 18 was a rising second-year law student at Harvard Law School, who majored in law as an undergraduate 19 at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China (Id. ¶ 14.) Yun Zhang, Yiwen Zhang, and Sun are native 20 Mandarin speakers. (Id. ¶¶ 12–14.) 21 In support of their rates, Plaintiffs argue that the Court should consider the national market in 22 determining hourly rates for law students given the lack of a law students pool in the CNMI and the 23 impracticability for Halegua to work with law students in a time zone 14 hours ahead of New York. 1 (Mot. at 5.) Furthermore, Plaintiffs argue that $160 per hour is reasonable given that interns possess 2 certain knowledge, experience, and skills that paralegals lack, therefore justifying a higher rate than 3 4 $125 per hour, which this Court determined as reasonable for paralegal Jacob Kessler under a national 5 market. (Id. at 5; see Attorney Fees against IPI at 13–14.) 6 In its limited opposition, IPI opposes that rate as unsupported by any declarations for 7 reasonable rates in the CNMI. (Opp’n at 11.) IPI also notes that rates for CJA attorneys in the CNMI 8 are $152, and it would be inappropriate to award law student interns who have not yet graduated law 9 school more. (Id.) 10 The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that the relevant community is the nation, given the shortage 11 of law clerks available in the CNMI and the impracticability of forcing attorneys to use law clerks 12 outside of their offices. However, the Court finds that $160 is an unreasonable rate for law student 13 14 interns. 15 In support of a $160 per hour rate, Plaintiffs offer evidence of law intern rates from high cost 16 of living areas such as California. See Californians for Disability Rights v. California Dep’t of Transp., 17 No. 06-cv-05125, 2010 WL 8746910, at *13 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2010), report and recommendation 18 adopted, No. 06-cv-5125, 2011 WL 8180376 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2011) (awarding summer associates 19 $245 per hour and paralegals $225 per hour in complex civil rights case); Fitzgerald v. City of Los 20 Angeles, No. 03-cv-01876, 2009 WL 960825, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 7, 2009) (awarding $200 per hour 21 for law students and $175 per hour for paralegals at the ACLU); see also Blakeslee v. Shaw Envtl. & 22 Infrastructure, Inc., No. 09-CV-00214, 2013 WL 11309603, at *1 (D. Alaska Oct. 28, 2013) (awarding 23 $160 for summer law clerks and $120 for paralegals). In making the same arguments for a $160 rate 1 for law student interns for attorneys’ fees against Gold Mantis (see ECF No. 263), Plaintiffs also 2 provided rates for summer associates and law student interns from high-cost areas such as Washington, 3 4 D.C., and New York. See, e.g., Laffrey Matrix (setting reasonable fees of $206 for paralegals and law 5 clerks starting June 2020 to May 2021); USAO Attorney Fee’s Matrix—2015-2020 (setting hourly 6 rate of $173 for paralegals and law clerks in 2019-2020); Ravina v. Columbia Univ., No. 16-CV-2137, 7 2020 WL 1080780, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2020) (awarding $195 per hour to summer associates); 8 Schwartz v. United States Drug Enf’t Admin., No. 13-CV-5004, 2019 WL 1299192, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. 9 Mar. 1, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, No. 13-CV-5004, 2019 WL 1299660 (E.D.N.Y. 10 Mar. 21, 2019) (awarding $200 per hour for summer associate in complex litigation case as 11 reasonable); see also Asta Funding, Inc. v. Neal, No. 14-CV-2495, 2017 WL 4330362, at *10 (D.N.J. 12 Sept. 29, 2017) (finding $150 for a summer associate reasonable); BVS Acquisition Co., LLC v. Brown, 13 14 No. 12-CV-80247, 2015 WL 12921971, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 5, 2015) (finding $150 for summer 15 associate and paralegals reasonable). 16 However, courts in other jurisdictions around the nation have awarded reasonable attorneys’ 17 fees for law clerks/summer associates that were much less. See, e.g., Hill v. Glob. Mediation Grp., 18 LLC, No. 19-CV-4309, 2020 WL 1434458, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 24, 2020) (awarding $130 per hour 19 to summer associate); Echon v. Sackett, No. 14-cv-0342-PAB-NYW, 2017 WL 11512176, at *4 (D. 20 Colo. Sept. 20, 2017) (finding a rate of $100 per hour reasonable for a second year law student); Doe 21 v. Darien Bd. of Educ., No. 3:11CV1581 (JBA), 2015 WL 8770003, at *6 (D. Conn. Dec. 14, 2015) 22 (finding $100 per hour for a legal intern or summer associate reasonable). 23 Considering the range of fees throughout the country, the Court finds that an hourly rate of 1 $130 for all four law student interns reasonable. Such rate is also comparable to that the Court 2 previously awarded for paralegal Mr. Kessler, but provides a slightly higher rate to account for more 3 4 extensive skills and knowledge of law students. 5 Having determined the relevant reasonable rates, the Court must next determine the reasonable 6 hours expended by each person. 7 B. Reasonable Hours 8 Plaintiffs seek 1,375.56 hours for Aaron Halegua, 135.80 hours for Bruce Berline, 91.29 hours 9 for Times Wang, 33.30 hours for Ben Petersburg, 398.32 hours for Jacob Kessler, 229.72 hours for 10 Zach de Stefan, 265.37 hours for Yun Zhang, 155.51 hours for Yiwen Zhang, and 50.62 hours for Lulu 11 Sun. (Mot. at 11; Reply at 5.) In support of their hours, Plaintiffs included the declarations of attorneys 12 Halegua, Berline, and Wang. (See Halegua Decl., ECF No. 227; Halegua Second Decl., ECF No. 241- 13 14 1; Halegua Third Decl., ECF No. 295-1; Berline Decl., ECF No. 228; Wang Decl., ECF No. 229.) 15 Plaintiffs also included contemporaneous time records for each individual. (See Halegua Timesheet, 16 Ex. A to Halegua Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 227-1; Berline Timesheet, App’x B to Berline Decl. ¶ 8, ECF 17 No. 228-2; Wang Timesheet, App’x A to Times Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 229; Petersburg Timesheet, App’x 18 A to Berline Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 228-1; Kessler Timesheet, Ex. F to Halegua Decl. ¶ 16, ECF No. 227- 19 6; Stefan Timesheet, Ex. B to Halegua Decl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 227-2; Yun Zhang Timesheet, Ex. C to 20 Halegua Decl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 227-3; Yiwen Zhang Timesheet, Ex. D to Halegua Decl. ¶ 13, ECF No. 21 227-4; Sun Timesheet, Ex. E to Halegua Decl. ¶ 14, ECF No. 227-5.) Plaintiffs’ request excludes 22 hundreds of hours of work performed by several attorneys, law students, and volunteers on legal 23 research and translation. (Halegua Decl. ¶ 8.) 1 In its limited opposition, IPI argues that: (1) the Court should discount any hours for tasks 2 performed not involving IPI whatsoever, such as tasks involving MCC or Gold Mantis, and (2) the 3 4 hours requested for work relating to IPI’s motion to vacate and stay (ECF Nos. 216-17) and the 5 supplemental briefing ordered by the Court for default judgment (Mins., ECF No. 219) were premature 6 since the Court had not yet disposed of those motions in favor of Plaintiff. (Opp’n at 2-11.) 7 As to the former argument, the Court agrees with IPI that work performed for tasks related to 8 other previous co-defendants should not be billed against IPI. The Court will therefore discount those 9 hours, as further discussed in detail below. As to IPI’s second argument, that argument is now moot 10 given that the Court has ruled favorably for Plaintiffs against IPI’s third motion to stay (see Min., ECF 11 No. 252; Decision and Order, ECF No. 257) and has issued an order favorably for Plaintiffs for default 12 judgment (Default Judg. Order, ECF No. 322.) While the Court initially denied without prejudice 13 14 IPI’s petition for damages for entry of default judgment (ECF No. 274), any supplemental briefs were 15 reasonably necessary to ultimately obtain default judgment against IPI. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435 16 (noting that “[w]here a plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney should recover a fully 17 compensatory fee” and that “the fee award should not be reduced simply because the plaintiff failed 18 to prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit.”). 19 (1) Aaron Halegua 20 Plaintiffs seek 1,375.56 hours for Aaron Halegua. (Mot. at 11.) After reviewing Halegua’s 21 timesheet, the Court calculates a total of 1,375.54 hours, and therefore the Court can only award up to 22 that amount despite the minimal difference and will use that adjusted amount as the base total amount 23 from which the Court will discount from. (See Halegua Timesheet.) Furthermore, the Court will 1 exclude some hours in Halegua’s timesheet from the lodestar amount. 2 While the Court recognizes that over 462.60 hours of work that relate primarily to Gold Mantis 3 4 or MCC have already been excluded (Mot. at 2), Plaintiffs still seek attorneys’ fees for numerous hours 5 expended by Halegua on work related to Gold Mantis and MCC. A review of Halegua’s timesheet, for 6 example, reveals hours sought for teleconferences, review of ESI search terms, protective orders, and 7 stipulations regarding discovery between Plaintiffs and co-defendants Gold Mantis and/or MCC. The 8 timesheet also reveals hours sought for review of discovery materials produced by Gold Mantis and/or 9 MCC. IPI objects to an award for hours expended not involving IPI whatsoever. (See Opp’n at 3-4.) 10 Plaintiffs contend that these hours involving MCC and Gold Mantis warrant inclusion as they were 11 necessary for pursuing Plaintiffs’ claims against IPI. (Mot. at 6.) Plaintiffs argue that “even if Gold 12 Mantis and MCC were not parties to the litigation, Plaintiffs would still need to request documents 13 14 from them, negotiate a confidentiality order to protect that discovery (if requested), and review the 15 information received.” (Id.) Plaintiffs rely on Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983) in support. 16 In Hensley, the United States Supreme Court held in the context of Civil Rights Attorney's 17 Fees Awards Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, that “[w]here the plaintiff has failed to prevail on a claim that is 18 distinct in all respects from his successful claims, the hours spent on the unsuccessful claim should be 19 excluded in considering the amount of a reasonable fee.” Id. at 440. But the Court recognized that in 20 civil rights cases, plaintiffs may bring other claims for relief “that will involve a common core of facts 21 or will be based on related legal theories” such that “counsel’s time will be devoted generally to the 22 litigation as a whole, making it difficult to divide the hours expended on a claim-by-claim basis.” Id. 23 at 436. The Court thus held that “the extent of a plaintiff’s success is a crucial factor in determining 1 the proper amount of an award of attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988” and that district courts 2 should “focus on the significance of the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the hours 3 4 reasonably expended on the litigation.” Id. at 435, 440. “Where a plaintiff has obtained excellent 5 results, his attorney should recover a fully compensatory fee” even if “plaintiff failed to prevail on 6 every contention raised in the lawsuit.” Id. at 435. “But where the plaintiff achieved only limited 7 success, the district court should award only that amount of fees that is reasonable in relation to the 8 results obtained.” Id. at 440. Plaintiffs argue that the “same logic of Hensley applies when pursuing 9 claims against multiple defendants that involve common facts.” (Mot. at 6.) They contend that because 10 they prevailed on their claims against IPI, they should receive fees for all efforts reasonably necessary 11 in pursuit of that objective. (Id. at 6.) 12 But the Court finds Hensley distinguishable, as the hours expended on individual but related 13 14 claims were difficult to divide. In contrast, here, the Court finds that the hours expended on each 15 defendant are more easily apportionable. While the hours spent on working with Gold Mantis and 16 MCC regarding discovery matters and reviewing the discoverable materials may have assisted 17 Plaintiffs in their claims against IPI, those hours nonetheless expended on Gold Mantis and MCC can 18 easily be attributed to them rather than IPI, as the time spent involved direct correspondences with 19 Gold Mantis’ and MCC’s attorneys and review of their discovery materials. This is evidenced by 20 Plaintiffs’ timesheets themselves, where Plaintiffs were able to divide the hours expended on work 21 relating to each co-defendant. Furthermore, Plaintiffs cannot stipulate with Gold Mantis and MCC to 22 bear their own attorneys’ fees and costs, and claim no offset on that basis, but then punt those same 23 fees onto Defendant IPI. (See Stipulation with Gold Mantis, ECF No. 287; Stipulation with MCC, 1 ECF No. 291.) By settling, Plaintiffs bore the risk that they would not recover for the attorneys’ fees 2 expended against those other defendants. Moreover, Plaintiffs have prevailed against IPI given IPI’s 3 4 default for failure to comply with the Court’s discovery orders. IPI has suffered the harshest 5 consequence for its failure to adequately tender discovery as required by the Federal Rules of Civil 6 Procedure. For IPI to have suffered these consequences yet pay Plaintiffs attorneys’ fees on hours 7 expended on discovery from other co-defendants would be unjust and unreasonable. Consequently, 8 the Court finds that Plaintiffs are not entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs against IPI for these hours 9 on tasks related to Gold Mantis and MCC. 10 IPI has identified some of these hours, such as the 0.20 hours expended to “[d]raft letter to 11 Gold Mantis re improper contact with our clients in China” and 0.12 hours expended for 12 “[t]eleconference with ZY re client approached by Gold Mantis counsel in China” on August 11, 2020, 13 14 as well as the 0.12 hours expended to “[r]eview notes on Gold Mantis contacting clients in China 15 without our permission” and 0.55 hours on “[t]eleconference with Tibi re Gold Mantis contacting 16 Plaintiffs; draft follow up letter” on August 12, 2020. (See Opp’n at 4.) Plaintiffs do not object to the 17 0.99 hours being discounted. (See Reply at 4.) Accordingly, the Court will exclude these 0.99 hours 18 on work expended regarding solely Gold Mantis. 19 However, in thoroughly reviewing the timesheets, the Court has additionally identified 20 numerous hours in Halegua’s timesheets that must be discounted for work relating to Gold Mantis and 21 MCC, as further outlined in Appendix A to this Decision and Order. For portions that are blocked 22 billed with other work that involves IPI, the Court has discounted those block billing portions in half. 23 The Court will therefore additionally exclude 164.14 hours for Halegua. 1 In sum, the Court will discount a total of 165.13 hours for Halegua, and will only reward 2 Plaintiffs for 1,210.41 hours reasonably expended by Halegua. 3 4 (2) Bruce Berline 5 Plaintiffs seek 135.80 hours2 for Bruce Berline. (Mot. at 11.) However, the Court will only 6 award up to the amount requested by Plaintiffs. (See Berline Timesheet.) Having reviewed Berline’s 7 timesheet, the Court finds that a substantial majority of the hours expended by Berline on the matter 8 are reasonable. However, the Court will discount a few hours. 9 First, the Court will discount the 0.50 hours expended on May 17, 2017 for “[c]onference with 10 BKP and interpreter regarding potential representation of injured Chinese.” (See Berline Timesheet.) 11 An award for attorneys’ fees presumes an attorney-client relationship, and therefore an attorney cannot 12 recover attorneys’ fees for work done prior to representation. See Kay v. Ehrler, 499 U.S. 432, 435- 13 14 36 (1991) (noting that in the context of reasonable attorney fees provided for under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 15 for civil rights actions, “the word ‘attorney’ assumes an agency relationship, and it seems likely that 16 Congress contemplated an attorney-client relationship as the predicate for an award”). The Court also 17 agrees with IPI that the 0.10 hours spent on June 30, 2020 for “[e]-mail Amanda regarding pre - 18 settlement phone call in Gold Mantis” should be discounted, as it did not involve any work related to 19 IPI.3 (Opp’n at 2; see Berline Timesheet.) For the same reason, the Court also excludes the 0.30 hours 20 21

22 2 Based on Berline’s timesheet, the Court calculates the higher amount of 142.6 hours total. (See Berline Timesheet.) However, because Plaintiffs only seek 135.8 hours, the Court will use that amount. 23 3 Plaintiffs also concede to discounting the 0.1 hours. (See Reply at 4.) expended on January 23, 2020 for review of discovery inadequacies with MCC. 1 The Court will therefore discount a total of 0.9 hours from Berline. In carefully reviewing the 2 timesheet, the Court finds that 134.9 hours expended by Berline in this case reasonable. 3 4 (3) Times Wang 5 Plaintiffs seek 91.29 hours for Times Wang. (Mot. at 11.) IPI argues, however, that the Court 6 should discount the 0.50 hours expended by Wang on May 12, 2020 to “[a]nalyze MCC stip re 7 admissibility of evidence.” (Opp’n at 2.) In response, Plaintiffs argue that work for a stipulation with 8 MCC was necessary, as any evidence obtained from MCC was necessary to prove liability against IPI, 9 and therefore should be included. (Reply at 4.) The Court disagrees with Plaintiffs here, for the same 10 reasons as discussed above in excluding any hours for work pertaining to Gold Mantis and MCC 11 Accordingly, the Court will discount 0.50 hours. Given that the other hours expended by Wang were 12 for legal research, analysis, and drafting related to work in this matter and related to IPI, the Court 13 14 finds the 90.79 hours expended by attorney Times Wang reasonable. 15 (4) Ben Petersburg 16 Plaintiffs seek 33.30 hours for Ben Petersburg. (Mot. at 11.) The Court finds that the hours 17 expended on meetings, research, and review for the complaint reasonable. However, the Court will 18 discount those hours expended prior to an attorney-client relationship being formed. See Kay, 499 19 U.S. at 435-36. Accordingly, the Court will discount the 0.7 hours expended on May 17, 2017; the 20 0.40 hours expended on May 19, 2017; the 1.6 hours expended on May 23, 2017; and the 0.40 hours 21 expended on May 24, 2017 for conferences with Berline and the interpreter regarding potential 22 representation, fee agreements, and medical releases – for a total of 3.1 hours. (See Petersburg 23 Timesheet.) Accordingly, the Court will award 30.2 hours for Petersburg. 1 (5) Jacob Kessler 2 Plaintiffs seek 398.32 hours for Jacob Kessler. (Mot. at 11.) After reviewing Kessler’s 3 4 timesheet, the Court calculates a total of 398.22 hours, and therefore the Court can only award up to 5 that amount despite the minimal difference and uses this adjusted amount as the base amount from 6 which discounts will be made from. (See Kessler Timesheet.) 7 In reviewing Kessler’s timesheet, the Court finds that a majority of the hours expended are 8 reasonable. In Missouri v. Jenkins, the Supreme Court noted that lower courts have recognized 9 paralegal work to include “factual investigation, including locating and interviewing witnesses; 10 assistance with depositions, interrogatories, and document production; compilation of statistical and 11 financial data; checking legal citations; and drafting correspondence. Much such work lies in a gray 12 area of tasks that might appropriately be performed either by an attorney or a paralegal.” 491 U.S. 274, 13 14 289 n. 10 (1989). Much of the tasks performed by Kessler fall in this gray area that may be 15 appropriately awarded for. However, “purely clerical or secretarial tasks should not be billed at a 16 paralegal rate, regardless of who performs them.” Id.; see Prison Legal News v. Schwarzenegger, 561 17 F. Supp. 2d 1095, 1102 (9th Cir. 2008). The Court has identified some tasks performed by Kessler that 18 are purely administrative or secretarial, such as the 0.5 hours expended on September 3, 2019 going 19 to the “Post Office to mail OSHA FOIA money,” the 1.32 hours expended on September 9, 2019 to 20 “[f]ill out chart about clients’ phone numbers, etc.,” the 0.18 hours expended on September 20, 2019 21 to “[c]ontact clients to schedule appointments,” the 1.5 hours expended on September 23, 2019 to 22 “[p]rint documents for clients,” and the 0.22 hours expended on October 22, 2019 to “[e]dit Client 23 phone info sheet based on Aaron comments.” The Court will therefore exclude 3.72 hours. 1 Furthermore, in thoroughly reviewing the timesheets, the Court has additionally identified 2 numerous hours in Kessler’s timesheet that must be excluded for work relating to Gold Mantis and 3 4 MCC, for the same reasons as discussed above for discounting hours for Mr. Halegua. The Court will 5 therefore exclude an additional 93.57 hours from Kessler’s timesheet, as further outlined in Appendix 6 B to this Decision and Order. Accordingly, the Court will award 300.93 hours for Kessler. 7 (6) Zach de Stefan 8 Plaintiffs seek 229.72 hours4 for Zach de Stefan. (Mot. at 11.) Having carefully reviewed 9 Stefan’s timesheet, which involve numerous hours expended on legal research on topics such as 10 discovery, default judgment, vacating entry of default, and damages under the TVPRA, the Court finds 11 those hours reasonable. However, the Court finds the 3.14 hours expended by Stefan on July 21, 2020 12 to research COVID-19 related changes to court procedures excessive (see Stefan Timesheet), 13 14 especially where Yiwen Zhang already expended 9.45 hours researching the same issues between July 15 9 and July 16, 2020. The Court will therefore trim those hours by half (1.57 hours). See Van Gerwen, 16 214 F.3d at 1045 (noting that excessive hours should be excluded from the lodestar amount). The 17 Court therefore finds 228.15 hours reasonable for Stefan. 18 (7) Yun Zhang 19 Plaintiffs seek 265.37 hours for Yun Zhang. (Mot. at 11.) The Court finds those hours 20 21 22 4 Based on Stefan’s timesheet, the Court calculates 236.91 hours. (See Stefan Timesheet.) However, the Court will only 23 award up to the amount requested by Plaintiffs. expended by Zhang on legal research, translation, interviews of clients, drafting, and editing all 1 reasonably necessary for this matter. However, the Court will exclude the 4.65 hours expended by 2 Zhang on July 6, 2020 to “[c]ompile a list of all blurry checks,” as compiling a list of blurry checks is 3 4 a clerical task that should not be billed at an attorney’s rate. See Prison Legal News 561 F. Supp. 2d 5 at 1102. The Court also finds that 1.85 hours expended by Zhang on August 7, 2020 “[r]esearching 6 cases similar to Shanghai Automation on Rule 54” duplicative of the 5.02 hours of research performed 7 by Sun on the same day and on August 10, 2020. See Yun Zhang Timesheet; Sun Timesheet; Mendez 8 v. Cnty. of San Bernardino, 540 F.3d 1109, 1130 (9th Cir. 2008), overruled on other grounds by 9 Arizona v. ASARCO LLC, 773 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting that a district court may “reduce an 10 award for attorney’s fees for unnecessarily duplicative work”). The Court will therefore discount those 11 hours, for a total of 6.5 hours being discounted for Zhang. Accordingly, the Court finds 258.87 12 reasonable for Yun Zhang. 13 14 (8) Yiwen Zhang 15 Plaintiffs seek 155.51 hours for Yiwen Zhang. (Mot. at 11.) The Court finds those hours 16 expended by Zhang on legal research, translation, interviews of clients, and drafting reasonable. 17 However, the Court finds that the 4.43 hours expended by Yiwen Zhang on July 23, 2020 researching 18 a court’s discretion to limit a defendant’s request for cross-examination duplicative of the 5.12 hours 19 expended by Stefan on the same day doing research on a defendant’s right to cross-examination and 20 excessive when also accounting for the 12.45 hours expended by Yun Zhang between July 20 and July 21 24, 2020 and the 3 hours expended by attorney Wang on July 23, 2020 researching the same. (See 22 Stefan Timesheet; Yun Zhang Timesheet; Yiwen Zhang Timesheet.) The Court will therefore entirely 23 trim those hours. See Mendez, 540 F.3d at 1130. The Court therefore awards 151.08 hours for Yiwen 1 Zhang. 2 (9) Lulu Sun 3 4 Plaintiffs seek 50.62 hours for Lulu Sun. (Mot. at 11.) Having reviewed Sun’s timesheet, 5 which reflects time spent on legal research on topics including relief from default, inconsistency issues 6 of entry of default judgment against less than all defendants, and attorneys’ fees, the Court finds those 7 hours expended reasonable. The Court therefore awards 50.62 hours for Sun. 8 C. Lodestar Amount 9 In sum, the Court awards as follows: 10 Reasonable Reasonable Total 11 Rate Hours Aaron Halegua $400 1,210.41 $484,164.00 12 Bruce Berline $300 134.9 $40,470.00 13 Times Wang $350 90.79 $31,776.50 Ben Petersburg $190 30.2 $5,738.00 14 Jacob Kessler $120 300.93 $36,111.60 Zach de Stefan $130 228.15 $29,659.50 15 Yun Zhang $130 258.87 $33,653.10 16 Yiwen Zhang $130 151.08 $19,640.40 Lulu Sun $130 50.62 $6,580.60 17 Total $687,793.70 18 19 D. Adjustment to Lodestar Amount 20 Plaintiffs formally seek a 1.5 multiplier to this lodestar amount. (Mot. for Reconsideration at 21 10.) Plaintiffs argue that an upward adjustment to the lodestar amount is warranted, given the 22 undesirability of bringing a forced labor case on behalf of seven Mandarin speaking plaintiffs residing 23 in China, and given the risk assumed by Plaintiffs in continuing to litigate against IPI despite being 1 unsure if they would ever be able to collect against IPI. (Id. at 10.) IPI counters that this is not an 2 undesirable case that justifies a 1.5 multiplier, as evidenced by Janet King representing 26 construction 3 4 workers against IPI before the Department of Labor in Tzu Li Tan, et. al., v. Imperial Pacific 5 International (CNMI), LLC, Consolidated Labor Case Nos. 19-058 to 19-083. (Opp’n at 1-2.) In 6 response, Plaintiffs argue that this case is distinguishable, as the workers in the Department of Labor 7 case had valid work visas, contracts with IPI, and sued for breach of contract and wage claims, whereas 8 this matter involved a “fact-intensive trafficking claim in federal court on behalf of workers who 9 lacked work authorization or any contract with IPI.” (Reply at 2.) 10 The Court finds that a lodestar adjustment is not warranted here, as the Court already accounted 11 for some of these factors when deviating from the general rule that the forum district is the relevant 12 community and awarding Halegua based on the national forum. (See Amended Order Granting 13 14 Plaintiffs’ First Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs against IPI at 6, ECF No. 108.) In finding $400 15 per hour reasonable for Halegua based on the national market, the Court noted the complexity of this 16 case as it “involves multiple plaintiffs, a large construction project, three corporate defendants, and 17 voluminous discovery in Chinese” with the seven Plaintiffs all living in China, and agreed with the 18 specialized expertise required for civil TVPRA cases. (Id. at 5-6.) The Court awarded Halegua his 19 rate given the expertise and fluency in Mandarin he would provide for this case. (Id.) Thus, the factors 20 that lend towards the undesirability of the case were already accounted for in the lodestar. “Where a 21 factor is generally considered as part of the lodestar, further adjustments based on that factor will 22 ordinarily amount to impermissible double counting and will rarely be sustained.” Cunningham v. Cty. 23 of Los Angeles, 879 F.2d 481, 488 (9th Cir. 1988). 1 As to the sole remaining consideration—the risk factor on the ability to collect—the Court 2 finds Plaintiffs’ reliance on Dixon v. City of Oakland, No. 12-CV-05207, 2014 WL 6951260 (N.D. 3 4 Cal. Dec. 8, 2014) unsupportive, as the court in that case was applying California law and the 5 California Supreme Court ruled on the special considerations warranted for contingency cases, see 6 Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1138 (Cal. 2001). 7 In contrast, under federal fee-shifting statutes, enhancements based on contingency fees are 8 not permitted. In City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 567 (1992), the Supreme Court held that 9 “enhancement for contingency is not permitted under the fee-shifting statutes” pursuant to the Solid 10 Waste Disposal Act and Clean Water Act). Part of the Court’s rationale was that: 11 Just as the statutory language limiting fees to prevailing (or substantially 12 prevailing) parties bars a prevailing plaintiff from recovering fees relating to claims on which he lost, so should it bar a prevailing plaintiff from 13 recovering for the risk of loss. An attorney operating on a contingency-fee 14 basis pools the risks presented by his various cases: cases that turn out to be successful pay for the time he gambled on those that did not. To award a 15 contingency enhancement under a fee-shifting statute would in effect pay for the attorney's time (or anticipated time) in cases where his client does 16 not prevail.

17 Id. at 565 (citations omitted). The Court there also noted that Solid Waste Disposal Act and Clean 18 Water Act’s statute permitting costs of litigation, including reasonable attorney fees, for the prevailing 19 party was similar to that of many other federal fee-shifting statutes, including under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, 20 and “our case law construing what is a ‘reasonable’ fee applies uniformly to all of them.” Id. at 5761- 21 62 (citations omitted). In recognizing that latter reasoning, the Ninth Circuit in Gates v. Deukmejian, 22 987 F.2d at 1403, held that contingency multipliers are no longer permitted under § 1988 civil rights 23 proceedings. 1 Here, the Court recognizes that TVPRA’s provision providing for attorney’s fees is 2 distinguishable, in that it only provides for fee-shifting for a prevailing plaintiff to be entitled to 3 4 “reasonable” attorneys’ fees but is silent as to a prevailing defendant. See 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a) 5 (providing that an individual who is a victim of a TVPRA violation may recover “reasonable attorneys 6 fees”). Nonetheless, the rationale is the same in that if a plaintiff is barred from recovery for claims 7 lost, a prevailing plaintiff should be likewise barred from recovering for the risk of loss. See Dague, 8 505 U.S. at 565. Accordingly, an upward adjustment due to the contingency nature of the attorney’s 9 fees, and thus risk of inability to collect, is not permitted. The Court therefore denies Plaintiffs’ request 10 for a lodestar adjustment. 11 E. Offset 12 Finally, the Court must consider whether there should be any offsets to the award of attorneys’ 13 14 fees given the settlement with MCC and Gold Mantis. The Ninth Circuit has held that “a non-settling 15 defendant is entitled to offset attorney’s fees owed by the amount already paid by settling defendants.” 16 Corder v. Brown, 25 F.3d 833, 840 (9th Cir. 1994). Plaintiffs argue that there should be no offset due 17 to the settlements, given that the settlements did not apportion any amount for attorneys’ fees. (See 18 Mot. for Reconsideration at 7-8). The Court agrees with Plaintiffs’ argument. Given that the parties 19 agreed to bear their own attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to the stipulations, no offset is required. 20 See Stipulation with Gold Mantis, ECF No. 287; Stipulation with MCC, ECF No. 291; Bd. of Trustees 21 v. Piedmont Lumber & Mill Co., Case No. 13-cv-03898-HSG, 2016 WL 4446993, at *1 n. 1 (N.D. 22 Cal. Aug. 24, 2016) (noting that because the settlement with the settling defendant did not apportion 23 any of the settlement payment for attorneys’ fees, “there is no need to offset the grant of attorneys’

5 fees among the settling and non-settling Defendants.”). Additionally, the Court has discounted from

3 || the lodestar amount any work performed by Plaintiffs’ attorneys that primarily involve Gold Mantis 4 ||and/or MCC and that have no relation to liability against IPI, such that Plaintiffs will not receive an 5 ||improper windfall. Accordingly, no offset is required here. 6 V. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ fourth motion for attorneys’ fees as an award for prevailing under the TVPRA (ECF No. 226) is GRANTED in the amount of $687,793.70. The default judgment entered against Defendant IPI on May 26, 2021 (ECF No. 323) shall be amended to reflect the amount of $5,430,595.58, plus $687,793.70 in attorneys’ fees, plus post-judgment interest at the

applicable federal rate on May 26, 2021.

13 The Clerk is directed to enter civil judgment in the amended amount accordingly. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED this 14™ day of April, 2022. 15 vw RAMONA V. MANGLONA 17 Chief Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 APPENDIX A 2 HALEGUA’S HOURS EXCLUDED 3 Date Tasks Hours Hours Requested Excluded 4 9/12/19 Talk with OSHA officer in Honolulu; review FOIA 0.77 0.385* 5 documents for MCC 9/24/19 Review MCC chart; research on different corporate entities 0.50 0.5 6 10/16/19 TC with TM re outstanding discovery (CCC docs, Denton's 0.33 0.33 information, ESI, info from OSHA, etc.) 7 10/16/19 TC with BB re call with TM; discovery strategy 0.97 0.97 10/17/19 TC with RT -- has 45 boxes of docs, will not touch 0.40 0.40 8 computer, got FBI docs, return Saipan on 10/28 9 10/25/19 GM discovery -- review documents sent by TM 0.25 0.25 10/25/19 GM discovery -- review documents sent by TM 0.33 0.33 10 10/28/19 TC with TM re discovery deficiencies, schedule 0.15 0.15 10/30/19 TC with RT re: outstanding discovery issues 0.75 0.75 11 10/31/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 1.32 1.32 11/1/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 0.57 0.57 12 11/1/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 1.37 1.37 13 11/1/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 1.18 1.18 11/2/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 2.10 2.10 14 11/3/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 0.18 0.18 11/3/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC 1.13 1.13 15 11/3/19 Review FBI documents sent by MCC; summarize in chart; 4.32 4.32 plan follow-up questions 16 11/3/19 Protective order proposed by RT - consider other 1.92 1.92 17 examples; draft track-changes revisions 11/4/19 Review Gold Mantis documents produced by TM 0.70 0.70 18 11/4/19 Review discovery responses sent by MCC 0.83 0.83 11/5/19 TC with Rob Torres re discovery 0.67 0.67 19 11/5/19 Review list of custodians for MCC 0.27 0.27 11/6/19 TC with Tiberius on interrogatories deficiencies, 0.13 0.13 20 production schedule 21 11/6/19 Review RT's proposed protective order 0.58 0.58 11/7/19 Review RT's proposed protective order 0.27 0.27 22 11/7/19 TC with BB about protective order 0.73 0.73 11/7/19 Work on protective order edits, research other examples 0.75 0.75 23 11/8/19 Edit letter to Rob Torres re ESI; email to DS (ESI expert) 0.23 0.23 1 and BB for review

11/8/19 Review documents produced by GM 1.32 1.32 2 11/9/19 Edits to protective order; email to BB 0.97 0.97 3 11/11/19 Editing protective order to incorporate EDNY edits 0.33 0.33 11/12/19 TC with Bruce on protective order and ESI letter to MCC; 0.73 0.73 4 emails to RT of MCC on same 11/13/19 Review documents produced by GM; follow-up on that; 1.82 1.82 5 review written responses by GM 11/14/19 Email to GM re discovery 0.18 0.18 6 11/14/19 TC with Rob Torres re ESI protocol and protective order 1.08 1.08 7 11/17/19 Edit custodian list for GM 0.73 0.73 11/19/19 Edit MCC protective order 0.33 0.33 8 11/20/19 Letter to Tiberius (GM) re privilege log 0.50 0.50 11/21/19 Draft ESI protocol letter to GM, with custodians 1.33 1.33 9 12/4/19 TC with Rob Torres (MCC) regarding discovery 0.52 0.52 12/5/19 Meet at MCC documents room to review documents 1.50 1.5 10 12/6/19 Address imaging and copying of MCC computer hard 2.00 2.00 11 drive; troubleshoot technical problems 12/7/19 Review documents from MCC computer hard drive 1.57 1.57 12 12/9/19 Review documents from MCC computer hard drive 0.95 12/9/19 Draft deficiency letter to Gold Mantis on ESI and 1.37 1.37 13 deficiencies 12/9/19 Review MCC spreadsheet on individual custodians; 0.90 0.90 14 compare to own notes 15 12/9/19 Review MCC production and objections to production 0.98 0.98 12/10/19 Review and edit reply brief, additional research on 2.67 2.67 16 discovery objections 12/11/19 Meeting with 3P witness and BB re MCC 1.58 1.58 17 12/11/19 Review discovery responses from GM and MCC; prepare 2.25 2.25 for status conference tomorrow 18 12/11/19 TC with Rob Torres re discovery issues 0.47 0.47 12/12/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 3.50 3.50 19 12/13/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 2.67 2.67 20 12/13/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 0.68 0.68 12/16/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 0.75 0.75 21 12/16/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 4.42 4.42 12/17/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 2.17 2.17 22 12/17/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 3.33 3.33 23 12/20/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 1.28 1.28 12/20/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 1.73 1.73 1 12/23/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 4.77 4.77 12/24/19 Review MCC documents (MCC office) 3.72 3.72 2 1/2/20 Review summary of relevant MCC documents (MCC 1.25 1.25 3 Computer), note next steps 1/2/20 Review summary of relevant MCC documents (MCC 0.67 0.67 4 Computer), note next steps 1/3/20 Meeting with JK on MCC and GM discovery docs, 1.75 1.75 5 custodian lists, documents to translate 1/12/20 Review MCC documents scanned by Mike O 0.32 0.32 6 1/13/20 Review MCC documents scanned by Mike O 0.88 0.88 7 1/13/20 Review MCC documents scanned by Mike O 0.67 0.67 1/15/20 Review correspondence with GM and docs produced in 0.40 0.40 8 preparation for TC with TM 1/15/20 TC with TM re discovery issues, ESI 0.40 0.40 9 1/16/20 Draft email to TB re GM discovery conversation 0.10 0.10 1/21/20 Prepare deficiency letter for MCC - interrogatories 1.82 1.82 10 1/21/20 Prepare deficiency letter for MCC - document requests 0.25 0.25 11 1/22/20 Prepare deficiency letter for MCC 2.77 2.77 1/23/20 Finalize deficiency letter for MCC 0.67 0.67 12 1/25/20 Email response to GM re discovery 0.23 0.23 1/27/20 Review MCC paper documents for numbering, production 1.53 1.53 13 1/30/20 TC with Mike Ortizo re MCC production 0.25 0.25 2/3/20 Review MCC desktop computer files 1.18 1.18 14 2/3/20 Review Bates Stamped paper MCC documents from MO 0.50 0.5 15 2/3/20 Draft email to RT re: bank records, review MO email 0.50 0.50 2/5/20 Review and organize Bates Stamped MCC docs and index 0.25 0.25 16 2/16/20 Review key documents from MCC production 0.65 0.65 3/11/20 MCC - review proposed search terms, input into master list 0.28 0.28 17 3/11/20 MCC - edit proposed search term list 0.43 0.43 3/11/20 MCC - edit proposed search term list 0.35 0.35 18 3/11/20 MCC - edit proposed search term list 0.27 0.27 19 3/11/20 MCC - edit proposed search term list 0.77 0.77 3/12/20 TC with Rob Torres re discovery issues 0.95 0.95 20 3/13/20 Email to RT re ESI 0.15 0.15 3/13/20 Review translation by YY of MCC docs 0.32 0.32 21 3/13/20 Review MCC discovery and find docs for translation; 3.17 3.17 prepare email to Yuan Yuan 22 3/14/20 Review MCC discovery and find docs for translation; 1.40 1.40 23 prepare email to Yuan Yuan 3/26/20 Edit YY translations of MCC docs 0.57 0.57 1 3/26/20 Investigate producing MCC computer files 0.62 0.62 3/27/20 Investigate producing MCC computer files 0.23 0.23 2 3/27/20 Review FBI files for MCC that produced; review need for 0.45 0.45 3 translation 3/27/20 Review translated documents 0.58 0.58 4 3/27/20 Review translated documents 2.48 2.48 3/28/20 Work on draft stipulation for MCC productions; research 0.87 0.87 5 FRE; sort documents and create Index 6 3/28/20 Work on draft stipulation for MCC productions; research 1.63 1.63 FRE; sort documents and create Index 7 3/28/20 Draft email to Times Wang re: stipulation 0.22 0.22 4/1/20 Review MCC updated roggs; draft deficiency letter to 2.25 2.25 8 MCC 4/9/20 Review documents on MCC computer, identify for 1.20 1.20 9 translation 10 4/9/20 Review MCC updated rogg and exhibits 0.48 0.48 4/10/20 Draft email responding to MCC's update 0.43 0.43 11 4/10/20 Edit Yuan Yuan translations of MCC docs 0.42 0.42 4/10/20 Edit Yuan Yuan translations of MCC docs 2.18 2.18 12 4/11/20 Review MCC computer files spreadsheet from MO 0.22 0.22 13 4/13/20 Review MCC production of documents 2.33 2.33 4/20/20 Research how to authenticate MCC computer documents 0.67 0.67 14 4/21/20 Review MCC document translations by RF and JM 1.07 1.07 15 4/22/20 Edit search terms for MCC ESI search; update emails for 1.18 0.59* IPI to upload; update IPI search term list 16 4/23/20 Edit search terms for MCC ESI search; update emails for 0.82 0.41* IPI to upload; update IPI search term list 17 4/23/20 Edit MCC search term list 0.37 0.37 4/23/20 Draft Touhy response letter to DOJ re MCC files 1.48 1.48 18 4/24/20 Draft Touhy response letter to DOJ re MCC files 0.67 0.67 19 4/24/20 Review MCC doc translations; edit MCC search terms 0.62 0.62 4/24/20 Review MCC doc translations; edit MCC search terms 0.78 0.78 20 4/30/20 MCC - go through computer hard drive files, WeChat 1.30 1.30 21 4/30/20 MCC - computer files, extract metadata into excel sheet 0.97 0.97 and authentication 22 4/30/20 MCC - draft stipulation re evidence authenticity, hearsay, 0.32 0.32 including time on research of these issues 23 4/30/20 MCC - draft stipulation re evidence authenticity, hearsay, 0.53 0.53 1 including time on research of these issues 5/1/20 MCC - respond to RT email on dates for search; email on 0.37 0.37 2 search terms 3 5/1/20 MCC - Research on Chinese state secrets law 0.67 0.67 5/1/20 MCC - Research on Chinese state secrets law; respond to 2.93 2.93 4 search term comments, email to RT 5/2/20 GM - letter re: MOFCOM/Suzhou govt inspection 0.27 0.27 5 5/10/20 Review translations of MCC computer docs by Jorja and 2.32 2.32 YY 6 5/10/20 Review summary of MCC computer docs by YY 1.18 1.18 7 5/10/20 Review MCC hit report on emails and search terms 0.80 0.80 5/10/20 Draft declaration re: evidence produced by MCC 0.45 0.45 8 5/10/20 MCC - web conference with RT, MCC and ESI vendor re: 1.17 1.17 search terms, parameters 9 5/11/20 MCC - update search terms 0.52 0.52 10 5/11/20 MCC - update search terms 0.13 0.13 5/11/20 MCC - narrow search terms 2.28 2.28 11 5/12/20 Review GM affidavit sent by TM re ESI 0.62 0.62 5/12/20 Emails re discovery issues to MCC and GM 0.48 0.48 12 5/13/20 MCC - prepare documents for MCC to authenticate, email 0.48 0.48 13 to RT re same 5/13/20 Review MCC discovery production, list of custodians; 0.50 0.50 14 prepare for call with RT 5/13/20 MCC - narrow search terms 0.50 0.50 15 5/13/20 TC with Rob Torres re discovery issues 0.87 0.87 16 5/13/20 MCC - narrow search terms 0.58 0.58 5/15/20 Review translation of Gold Mantis contracts 0.27 0.27 17 5/15/20 Review GM discovery, investigate subcontractor payments 2.88 2.88 and principals 18 5/17/20 TC with GM re meet and confer on protective order, 0.23 0.23 19 scheduling, CA subpoena, affidavit forthcoming; MOFCOM 20 report; meet and confer on bank records 5/19/20 Review J Ma translation of MCC FBI docs 0.48 0.48 21 6/2/20 Review GM production, identify deficiencies 1.10 1.10 6/2/20 Draft email to TM re GM discovery deficiencies 0.32 0.32 22 6/3/20 TC with RT (MCC) re ESI issues 0.87 0.87 23 6/3/20 TC with Tibi (GM) re discovery issues 0.28 0.28 1 6/4/20 Review MCC edits to stipulation 0.12 0.12 6/7/20 Review MCC edits to declaration/stipulation re 0.25 0.25 2 admissibility 3 6/8/20 Review MCC stipulations, MCC search terms 2.08 2.08 6/9/20 Review MCC stipulations, MCC search terms 0.40 0.40 4 6/25/20 Review MCC search term proposals 1.58 1.58 7/13/20 TC with RT (MCC) re extending deadline to amend 0.58 0.58 5 complaint, discovery deadlines 6 7/26/20 MCC - review ESI search terms 1.57 1.57 8/1/20 MCC - review ESI search terms revisions 0.38 0.38 7 8/2/20 MCC - review ESI searchh terms, email to RT 0.30 0.30 8/2/20 MCC - review affidavit on documents produced by MCC, 0.40 0.40 8 email to Rob 9 8/8/20 Review MCC search terms; analyze superseding 1.27 1.27 indictment; draft email to RT 10 8/9/20 TC with RT re ESI discovery, Rule 54 issues 0.62 0.31* 8/10/20 MCC - edits to ESI, ESI protocol, email to RT regarding 0.88 0.88 11 same 8/11/20 Draft email to RT re e-discovery with MCC 0.22 0.22 12 8/12/20 TC with BB re strategy on 54(b), contact by GM, 1.17 0.585* 13 settlement, etc. 8/14/20 Respond to MCC emails re ESI 0.13 0.13 14 Total 167.37 164.14 15

16 Note: Hours marked with an (*) represent hours discounted by half due to blockbilling.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 APPENDIX B 1 KESSLER’S HOURS EXCLUDED 2 Date Tasks Hours Hours Requested Excluded 3 9/12/19 Go through and Summarize OSHA documents (GM 1.28 1.28 4 1198879) 9/12/19 Go through and Summarize OSHA documents (GM 2.43 2.43 5 1198879) 9/13/19 Go through MCC OSHA 1198878 and summarize 1.87 1.87 6 9/13/19 Go through MCC OSHA 1198878 and summarize 1.05 1.05 9/13/19 Go through MCC OSHA 1198878 and summarize 1.80 1.80 7 9/13/19 MCC 1195407 (OSHA case) summarize 0.87 0.87 8 9/16/19 MCC 1195407 (OSHA case) summarize 1.32 1.32 9/16/19 MCC 1195407 (OSHA case) summarize 0.88 0.88 9 9/16/19 MCC 1195407 (OSHA case) summarize 0.98 0.98 9/17/19 MCC 1195407 (OSHA case) summarize 0.73 0.73 10 9/19/19 Go through the MCC filings on the HKEX website look 1.43 1.43 11 for Saipan mentions 9/20/19 Research MCC entities 0.68 0.68 12 9/23/19 MCC Entities Research 1.27 1.27 9/24/19 MCC Entities Research 0.25 0.25 13 9/24/19 MCC Corporate Research 1.78 1.78 9/24/19 MCC research edit based on Aaron comments 0.78 1.78 14 9/25/19 Find GM report which has HBA info and send to Aaron 0.45 0.45 15 9/25/19 Research on HBA, connection to GM 0.53 0.53 9/26/19 Find and analyze Torres responses to OSHA 1.02 1.02 16 9/26/19 Search http://www.20mcc.com.cn/ website for mentions 0.42 0.42 of Saipan 17 9/26/19 Search http://www.20mcc.com.cn/ website for mentions 0.15 0.15 18 of Saipan 11/11/19 Gold Mantis Custodians Chart 1.63 1.63 19 11/11/19 Gold Mantis Custodians Chart 0.12 0.12 11/11/19 Gold Mantis Custodians Chart 0.18 0.18 20 11/11/19 Gold Mantis Production Chart (edit and read new 0.85 0.85 documents) 21 11/12/19 Gold Mantis Production Chart (edit and read new 2.08 2.08 22 documents) 23 11/12/19 Gold Mantis Production Chart (edit and read new 2.38 2.38 1 documents) 11/14/19 Summarize new Gold Mantis production 1.65 1.65 2 11/15/19 Edit MCC Custodian List based on FBI info 0.25 0.25 3 11/18/19 Research Suzhou GM connection to our case 0.45 0.45 11/18/19 Go through Aaron comment on GM Production Summary 0.67 0.67 4 11/19/19 MCC Custodian list - find emails 2.07 0.25 11/20/19 Create list of MCC CNMI and China entities connections 1.15 1.15 5 11/20/19 MCC FBI production - Aaron questions 0.95 0.95 6 11/21/19 MCC discovery emails 0.40 0.40 11/21/19 Figure out who signed MCC document 0.18 0.18 7 11/21/19 Response to MCC Custodian Chart comments 0.47 0.47 11/21/19 Response to MCC Custodian Chart comments 0.23 0.23 8 11/21/19 Response to MCC Custodian Chart comments 0.50 0.50 11/21/19 List of GM China and GM Saipan Connections 1.23 1.23 9 11/22/19 List Deficiencies in GM Docs 3.58 3.58 10 12/2/19 Search for Gold Mantis bank information 0.53 0.53 12/3/19 Gold Mantis bank information add to Google Doc 0.08 0.08 11 12/6/19 Update GM Custodian List based on new info 0.33 0.33 12 12/6/19 GM Privilege Log emails task/Convert and arrange 0.37 0.37 documents 13 12/9/19 Add names/info from Rob's chart to our MCC Custodian 1.43 1.43 list 14 12/9/19 Cross-check our custodian chart for MCC with Ding Yue 0.77 0.77 Chart 15 12/10/19 Finish saving GM emails attachments and add to client 2.92 2.92 16 summaries 12/11/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.93 1.93 17 summarize 12/11/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.23 1.23 18 summarize 12/11/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 2.17 2.17 19 summarize 12/11/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 0.98 0.98 20 summarize 21 12/13/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 2.28 2.28 summarize 22 12/16/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.72 1.72 summarize 23 12/16/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 3.07 3.07 1 summarize 12/17/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 2.23 2.23 2 summarize 3 12/17/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.40 1.40 summarize 4 12/17/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.08 1.08 summarize 5 12/19/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 2.85 2.85 summarize 6 12/27/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 1.38 1.38 summarize 7 12/27/19 Go through MCC Desktop Computer Harddrive and 2.57 2.57 8 summarize 12/30/19 Go through aaron comments on MCC summary desktop 1.37 1.37 9 computer 12/30/19 Add dates and languages of documents in MCC summary 1.82 1.82 10 that are missing 12/30/19 GO through Zip Files from MCC Desktop hardrive 1.63 1.63 11 1/2/20 Create translation list from documents on MCC Hardrive 0.87 0.87 12 1/2/20 Make Folder with important MCC Docs 0.55 0.55 1/3/20 Remaining Aaron comments on MCC Desktop Computer 0.30 0.30 13 Harddrive 1/3/20 Update MCC Custodian list based on MCC Desktop 0.57 0.57 14 Computer Harddrive 15 1/6/20 Add MCC Desktop Computer Files to folder and 1.15 1.15 summarize 16 1/7/20 Go through Tiberius "ADDL" files and make sure they are 0.75 0.75 in proper folders 17 1/7/20 Combine Tiberius emails and attachments (convert excel 1.67 1.67 to pdf) 18 1/8/20 Create search term list for MCC and Gold Mantis and 2.47 2.47 updating Custodian lists 19 1/8/20 Create search term list for MCC and Gold Mantis and 3.83 3.83 20 updating Custodian lists 1/9/20 Create search term list for MCC and Gold Mantis and 0.88 0.88 21 updating Custodian lists 1/23/20 Proofread letter to Torres regarding deficiencies 2.22 2.22 22 Total 94.39 93.57 23