UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Stephen C. Walker, : : Plaintiff, : v. : Civil Action No. 09-1858 (CKK) : Eric Holder et al., : : Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this civil action filed pro se, plaintiff, a Texas prisoner, sues under the Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq., the mandamus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, and
the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, to exercise his “right” to renounce his United
States citizenship under 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6).1 In the alternative, plaintiff seeks a United States
passport “in order to exercise his inalienable right . . . to change his home and allegiance. . . .”
Amended Complaint (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 10] at 2. Defendants Attorney General Eric Holder,
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano move to
dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and
Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Upon consideration
1 The statute provides as follows:
(a) A person who is a national of the United States whether by birth or naturalization, shall lose his nationality by voluntarily performing any of the following acts with the intention of relinquishing United States nationality– . . . . (6) making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense[.] of the parties’ submissions, the Court will grant defendants’ motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6).2
I. BACKGROUND
The undocumented complaint allegations are as follows. On March 21, 2008, plaintiff
“wrote the [State Department] inquiring upon the procedure to renounce United States
citizenship for expatriation purpose.” Compl. at 3, ¶ 1. In its written response on April 25, 2008,
the State Department informed plaintiff that he “was not eligible at this time to renounce . . .
while in the United States, as the United States was not in a ‘state of war’, and that such
renunciation must take place outside the United States.” Id. at 3-4, ¶ 2. It enclosed a publication
“entitled [] ‘Flyer in Renunciation of United States Citizenship by Person Claiming Right of
Residence in the United States’ ” Id. at 4.
“Believing the United States was and continues to be in a state of war,” plaintiff wrote the
State Department on May 5, 2008, conveying his belief that “he met the statutory requirements”
to expatriate under § 1481(a)(6). Id at 4, ¶ 4. He also sought the agency’s definition of state of
war. Id. Plaintiff repeated his inquiry apparently in late May 2008. Id. at 4-5, ¶ 5. In its written
response on June 18, 2008, the State Department informed plaintiff that the Department of
Justice (“DOJ”) “has exclusive authority to administer Section 349(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act” and that he should direct his questions to DOJ. Id. at 5-6, ¶ 8. At an
unspecified time, plaintiff “again wrote the [State Department] inquiring if he was currently
eligible for a United States Passport so he could legally [expatriate] for purposes of curiosity, of
2 Defendants have not articulated a basis for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1). The Court is satisfied from the complaint allegations that it has subject matter jurisdiction under the federal question provision codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
2 trade, or as a permanent resident, if he so desired. Plaintiff specifically requested this
information to ensure his eligibility to secure a passport and that plaintiff had not been certified
by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to be in arrears of child support . . . which would
deny him a U.S. Passport for renunciation and/or migration and emigration. . . .” Id. at 6-7, ¶ 12.
He received no response. Id. at 7, ¶ 13.
Plaintiff wrote DOJ on May 19, 2008, seeking its definition of state of war. Id. at 4, ¶ 5.
At an unspecified time, plaintiff made a similar inquiry to Homeland Security “asking and/or
inquiring upon [] 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6) and . . . § 1481 in general. [He] specifically asked if he
could acquire a passport for the sole purpose to leave the boundries [sic] of the United States and
renounce abroad.” Id. at 5, ¶ 7. The letter was returned “without a response.” Id. At an
unspecified time, plaintiff wrote DOJ again and also requested from it via the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, “any ‘form’ used by a citizen when such citizen seeks
to renounce his U.S. citizenship. . . .” Id. ¶ 6. DOJ “never” responded to plaintiff’s subsequent
requests for a definition of state of war and the form to renounce his citizenship. Id. at 6, ¶ 11. It
referred plaintiff’s FOIA request to the Tax Division, which determined that it did not maintain
the requested information. Plaintiff’s appeal of that determination was denied.3 Id. ¶ 10.
Because plaintiff’s repeated inquiries to DOJ, the State Department and Homeland
Security were either unanswered or not answered to his satisfaction, he commenced this action
on September 29, 2009, seeking injunctive and declaratory relief. See Compl. at 8-9.
3 Plaintiff has not indicated in any way that he is challenging DOJ’s response to his FOIA request or that he is bringing a FOIA claim.
3 II. DISCUSSION
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “ ‘a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the
defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’ ” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss, to provide the “grounds” of “entitle[ment] to relief,” a plaintiff must furnish “more than
labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id., and
“naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement” will not suffice. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ---
U.S. ----, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Instead, a complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Stephen C. Walker, : : Plaintiff, : v. : Civil Action No. 09-1858 (CKK) : Eric Holder et al., : : Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this civil action filed pro se, plaintiff, a Texas prisoner, sues under the Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq., the mandamus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, and
the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, to exercise his “right” to renounce his United
States citizenship under 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6).1 In the alternative, plaintiff seeks a United States
passport “in order to exercise his inalienable right . . . to change his home and allegiance. . . .”
Amended Complaint (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 10] at 2. Defendants Attorney General Eric Holder,
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano move to
dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and
Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Upon consideration
1 The statute provides as follows:
(a) A person who is a national of the United States whether by birth or naturalization, shall lose his nationality by voluntarily performing any of the following acts with the intention of relinquishing United States nationality– . . . . (6) making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense[.] of the parties’ submissions, the Court will grant defendants’ motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6).2
I. BACKGROUND
The undocumented complaint allegations are as follows. On March 21, 2008, plaintiff
“wrote the [State Department] inquiring upon the procedure to renounce United States
citizenship for expatriation purpose.” Compl. at 3, ¶ 1. In its written response on April 25, 2008,
the State Department informed plaintiff that he “was not eligible at this time to renounce . . .
while in the United States, as the United States was not in a ‘state of war’, and that such
renunciation must take place outside the United States.” Id. at 3-4, ¶ 2. It enclosed a publication
“entitled [] ‘Flyer in Renunciation of United States Citizenship by Person Claiming Right of
Residence in the United States’ ” Id. at 4.
“Believing the United States was and continues to be in a state of war,” plaintiff wrote the
State Department on May 5, 2008, conveying his belief that “he met the statutory requirements”
to expatriate under § 1481(a)(6). Id at 4, ¶ 4. He also sought the agency’s definition of state of
war. Id. Plaintiff repeated his inquiry apparently in late May 2008. Id. at 4-5, ¶ 5. In its written
response on June 18, 2008, the State Department informed plaintiff that the Department of
Justice (“DOJ”) “has exclusive authority to administer Section 349(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act” and that he should direct his questions to DOJ. Id. at 5-6, ¶ 8. At an
unspecified time, plaintiff “again wrote the [State Department] inquiring if he was currently
eligible for a United States Passport so he could legally [expatriate] for purposes of curiosity, of
2 Defendants have not articulated a basis for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1). The Court is satisfied from the complaint allegations that it has subject matter jurisdiction under the federal question provision codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
2 trade, or as a permanent resident, if he so desired. Plaintiff specifically requested this
information to ensure his eligibility to secure a passport and that plaintiff had not been certified
by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to be in arrears of child support . . . which would
deny him a U.S. Passport for renunciation and/or migration and emigration. . . .” Id. at 6-7, ¶ 12.
He received no response. Id. at 7, ¶ 13.
Plaintiff wrote DOJ on May 19, 2008, seeking its definition of state of war. Id. at 4, ¶ 5.
At an unspecified time, plaintiff made a similar inquiry to Homeland Security “asking and/or
inquiring upon [] 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6) and . . . § 1481 in general. [He] specifically asked if he
could acquire a passport for the sole purpose to leave the boundries [sic] of the United States and
renounce abroad.” Id. at 5, ¶ 7. The letter was returned “without a response.” Id. At an
unspecified time, plaintiff wrote DOJ again and also requested from it via the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, “any ‘form’ used by a citizen when such citizen seeks
to renounce his U.S. citizenship. . . .” Id. ¶ 6. DOJ “never” responded to plaintiff’s subsequent
requests for a definition of state of war and the form to renounce his citizenship. Id. at 6, ¶ 11. It
referred plaintiff’s FOIA request to the Tax Division, which determined that it did not maintain
the requested information. Plaintiff’s appeal of that determination was denied.3 Id. ¶ 10.
Because plaintiff’s repeated inquiries to DOJ, the State Department and Homeland
Security were either unanswered or not answered to his satisfaction, he commenced this action
on September 29, 2009, seeking injunctive and declaratory relief. See Compl. at 8-9.
3 Plaintiff has not indicated in any way that he is challenging DOJ’s response to his FOIA request or that he is bringing a FOIA claim.
3 II. DISCUSSION
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “ ‘a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the
defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’ ” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss, to provide the “grounds” of “entitle[ment] to relief,” a plaintiff must furnish “more than
labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id., and
“naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement” will not suffice. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ---
U.S. ----, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Instead, a complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
The extraordinary writ of mandamus is available to compel an "officer or employee of the
United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to plaintiff." 28 U.S.C. § 1361. The
Court’s mandamus power extends only to ministerial duties of public officials, i.e., those duties
that “admit[] of no discretion, so that the official in question has no authority to determine
whether to perform the duty.” Swan v. Clinton, 100 F.3d 973, 977 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Mandamus
is available “only if [plaintiff] has exhausted all other avenues of relief and only if the defendant
owes him a clear nondiscretionary duty.” Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U.S. 602, 616 (1984). In order
for the Court to “declare the rights and other legal relations of . . . [a] party seeking such
declaration,” it must have “actual controversy within its jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201.
4 In a recent decision on remand from the District of Columbia Circuit for a determination
in part on “which government official has the responsibility to administer § 1481(a)(6),” District
Judge Richard W. Roberts concluded that the responsibility lies with the Director of the U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”), a component of Homeland Security. See
Kaufman v. Holder, — F. Supp. 2d —, 2010 WL 653457 *1 (D.D.C., Feb. 24, 2010) (adopting
the undisputed position of the Attorney General and the Secretaries of Homeland Security and
the State Department). In this case, plaintiff accuses defendants of ignoring his inquiries about
the renunciation process, but he has not alleged that he applied to Homeland Security or DOJ to
renounce his citizenship and was denied,4 and he “concedes that he has not executed an
application [with the State Department] for a passport.” Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff’s
Response to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. No. 21] at 8.
In the absence of a request obligating the defendant agencies to act, the Court finds that
the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under the APA, the
mandamus statute or the Declaratory Judgment Act. See Kaufman v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1334,
1338 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (explaining that “when an agency is compelled by law to act, but the
manner of its action is left to the agency’s discretion, the court [under the APA] can compel the
agency to act, although it has no power to specify what that action must be”) (citation, internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). Defendants’ motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)
therefore is granted. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
__________s/s__________________ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY Dated: May 27, 2010 United States District Judge
4 See Kaufman, 524 F.3d at 1340 (acknowledging a 2002 legal memorandum wherein “the Office of Legal Counsel ha[d] advised that no regulation for accepting a formal renunciation within the United States pursuant to [§ 1481(a)(6)] is necessary, as the requisite form could be produced by the Attorney General at the time a citizen seeks to exercise that right”) (citation, ellipsis and internal quotation marks omitted).