Root, J.
This is an action to recover upon a certificate of insurance upon the life of the late J. Ranson Walden. The plaintiff prevailed, and the defendant appeals.
The defense is that the deceased committed suicide by the use of cyanic poison, which, if established, should defeat the action. The cause was tried to a jury. No exceptions were taken to the instructions given, nor to the rejection of those requested.
1. The most important assignment of error is that the evidence does not sustain the verdict. The burden is upon the defendant to establish its defense, and the presumption is that Dr. Walden’s death was involuntary. Travelers’ Ins. Co. v. McConkey, 127 U. S. 661; Hardinger v. Modern Brotherhood of America, 72 Neb. 869. The presumption may be rebutted, and must yield to facts clearly inconsistent therewith, and, if competent proof of facts and circumstances surrounding the death so clearly and unmistakably point to the conclusion of suicide as to. exclude all reasonable probability of natural death or accident, the presumption will be destroyed and the defense [548]*548sustained. Hardinger v. Modern Brotherhood of America, supra.
Tbe material evidence upon this issue, as we understand it, is as follows: The sheriff of Phelps county testified, in substance, that during a conversation with Dr. Walden in his office, between 10 o’clock and noon of the day the doctor died, he told him, at the request of the father of a young lady, that he ought to leave this woman alone, but the doctor replied that the affair had gone too far, and that he expected to marry the woman after procuring a divorce from his wife, and that a Mr. Falk, who accompanied the witness, told Dr. Walden that if he were in the doctor’s place he would either leave the girl alone or leave the town. The interview continued five or six minutes, and the witness departed from the office at 11 o’clock or a few minutes thereafter. There is no evidence other than this testimony to prove that this woman is in life, that she resided in the state, that she was acquainted with the deceased, or that they had been in each other’s company. On the other hand, the evidence is undisputed that the deceased and his wife were devoted to each other, that she frequently assisted him in his office, and that o.n the morning of the day of his death, when departing for his office, he liad kissed her good-by. If the insinuation that Dr. Walden was infatuated with this young woman is justified by the facts, more proof could have been produced than appears in the record upon that point, and the jury might well question the existence of such a condition. Whatever may be the fact, the sheriff made no threat to Walden, and nothing is testified to that would have alarmed a timid man or discouraged an adventurous one if engaged in the unholy quest it is argued Dr. Walden was pursuing. Subsequent to the time the sheriff testifies to having talked with Dr. Walden, the dentist purchased a money order and remitted it to Detroit to pay for an office jacket which was shipped subsequent to his death. Evi-/ dently the dentist had not then determined to shuffle off this mortal coil.
[549]*549About 12:30 o’clock Dr. Walden purchased a small quantity of cyanide of potassium. Walden had been in the habit of using the drug as an ingredient of a bath for dental plates and also used it in connection with plating silverware. He told the druggist that he wanted the drug “to put in his plating bath.” To this point there is nothing sinister in the proof. About 1 o’clock the occupant of an office in the building where the doctor’s office was located noticed that persons coming to Walden’s office did not gain admission. There is no direct proof that the office door was fastened, but the fact may be inferred from the evidence. The doctor’s wife was notified, and some time after 2 o’clock his father and some other person, not identified by the witnesses, upon entering the office found the doctor’s corpse upon a sofa. There is some conflict in the evidence, but we think it fairly appears that the doctor’s shoes had been removed, otherwise he was completely' dressed. The evidence is uncontradicted that Walden’s lower limbs were not flexed, his arms were not distorted, and his features were composed as though he were asleep. A distance of from 18 inches to 2 feet from the sofa a glass containing particles of a white substance was found upon the floor. There is some testimony tending to prove that this substance may have been cyanide of potassium; but no tests were made to ascertain the truth, and there is considerable evidence tending to discredit the conclusion. The evidence is also uncontradicted that the doctor used a like glass for a cyanide bath to cleanse his dental plates. There is some testimony to the effect that there were traces of a white substance near the comers of the deceased's mouth; but other witnesses, who were in the office as early as were the witnesses who testified to the fact, testify unequivocally that they closely inspected the dead man’s face and found no foreign substance thereon. The deceased while in life was subject to severe fainting spells, but the underlying cause is not testified to. The evidence is undisputed that the corpse of one whose death is caused by cyanic poison furnishes definite physical evi[550]*550deuce of the fact, and that in the instant case all of those indicia were absent. In cases where the issue is suicide, and death was caused by the application of external force, such as gunshot wounds, the proof is beyond question that death was caused by violence, and the sole question to determine is whether the deceased set the force in motion which destroyed his natural life.
In the case at bar there is no. direct proof that Walden’s death was unnatural; but the fact must be established, if at all, by inference from the other facts and circumstances in the evidence. The strongest proof seems to be Walden’s probable written declaration found in his office upon one of his letter-heads. The evidence does not prove who first saw the communication subsequent to Walden’s death, and some doubt is cast upon its authenticity by the fact that the sole witness to the identity of the handwriting is impeached to some degree by other witnesses and by facts and circumstances testified to by the witnesses. The statement is as follows: “Dear Wife and All: I am going to leave this earth. Good-bye, good-bye Jas. I am using cyanide of potassium KCN. Pray for me and may God forgive me.” The doctor did not state he was taking cyanide of potassium, but that he was using it, nor did he write that he was about to commit suicide. He often used the drug in his laboratory, and it is possible that one of the fainting spells to which he was subject was approaching and he had a premonition that it would be fatal. We do not say that an inference that Dr. Walden intended to take his life by the use of cyanide of potassium cannot be logically drawn from this communication, but we do say other and innocent inferences may likewise logically be deduced therefrom. If Dr. Walden had declared that he was about to cut his throat or to blow out his brains, and there were no visible marks upon his corpse, the declaration might be accepted as proof of suicidal intent, but could not in reason be received as proof of death by the use of a revolver or of an edged tool. So in this case, in the state of the record, with positive and uncontradicted [551]*551evidence that not an indication of cyanic poisoning appeared in Dr.
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Root, J.
This is an action to recover upon a certificate of insurance upon the life of the late J. Ranson Walden. The plaintiff prevailed, and the defendant appeals.
The defense is that the deceased committed suicide by the use of cyanic poison, which, if established, should defeat the action. The cause was tried to a jury. No exceptions were taken to the instructions given, nor to the rejection of those requested.
1. The most important assignment of error is that the evidence does not sustain the verdict. The burden is upon the defendant to establish its defense, and the presumption is that Dr. Walden’s death was involuntary. Travelers’ Ins. Co. v. McConkey, 127 U. S. 661; Hardinger v. Modern Brotherhood of America, 72 Neb. 869. The presumption may be rebutted, and must yield to facts clearly inconsistent therewith, and, if competent proof of facts and circumstances surrounding the death so clearly and unmistakably point to the conclusion of suicide as to. exclude all reasonable probability of natural death or accident, the presumption will be destroyed and the defense [548]*548sustained. Hardinger v. Modern Brotherhood of America, supra.
Tbe material evidence upon this issue, as we understand it, is as follows: The sheriff of Phelps county testified, in substance, that during a conversation with Dr. Walden in his office, between 10 o’clock and noon of the day the doctor died, he told him, at the request of the father of a young lady, that he ought to leave this woman alone, but the doctor replied that the affair had gone too far, and that he expected to marry the woman after procuring a divorce from his wife, and that a Mr. Falk, who accompanied the witness, told Dr. Walden that if he were in the doctor’s place he would either leave the girl alone or leave the town. The interview continued five or six minutes, and the witness departed from the office at 11 o’clock or a few minutes thereafter. There is no evidence other than this testimony to prove that this woman is in life, that she resided in the state, that she was acquainted with the deceased, or that they had been in each other’s company. On the other hand, the evidence is undisputed that the deceased and his wife were devoted to each other, that she frequently assisted him in his office, and that o.n the morning of the day of his death, when departing for his office, he liad kissed her good-by. If the insinuation that Dr. Walden was infatuated with this young woman is justified by the facts, more proof could have been produced than appears in the record upon that point, and the jury might well question the existence of such a condition. Whatever may be the fact, the sheriff made no threat to Walden, and nothing is testified to that would have alarmed a timid man or discouraged an adventurous one if engaged in the unholy quest it is argued Dr. Walden was pursuing. Subsequent to the time the sheriff testifies to having talked with Dr. Walden, the dentist purchased a money order and remitted it to Detroit to pay for an office jacket which was shipped subsequent to his death. Evi-/ dently the dentist had not then determined to shuffle off this mortal coil.
[549]*549About 12:30 o’clock Dr. Walden purchased a small quantity of cyanide of potassium. Walden had been in the habit of using the drug as an ingredient of a bath for dental plates and also used it in connection with plating silverware. He told the druggist that he wanted the drug “to put in his plating bath.” To this point there is nothing sinister in the proof. About 1 o’clock the occupant of an office in the building where the doctor’s office was located noticed that persons coming to Walden’s office did not gain admission. There is no direct proof that the office door was fastened, but the fact may be inferred from the evidence. The doctor’s wife was notified, and some time after 2 o’clock his father and some other person, not identified by the witnesses, upon entering the office found the doctor’s corpse upon a sofa. There is some conflict in the evidence, but we think it fairly appears that the doctor’s shoes had been removed, otherwise he was completely' dressed. The evidence is uncontradicted that Walden’s lower limbs were not flexed, his arms were not distorted, and his features were composed as though he were asleep. A distance of from 18 inches to 2 feet from the sofa a glass containing particles of a white substance was found upon the floor. There is some testimony tending to prove that this substance may have been cyanide of potassium; but no tests were made to ascertain the truth, and there is considerable evidence tending to discredit the conclusion. The evidence is also uncontradicted that the doctor used a like glass for a cyanide bath to cleanse his dental plates. There is some testimony to the effect that there were traces of a white substance near the comers of the deceased's mouth; but other witnesses, who were in the office as early as were the witnesses who testified to the fact, testify unequivocally that they closely inspected the dead man’s face and found no foreign substance thereon. The deceased while in life was subject to severe fainting spells, but the underlying cause is not testified to. The evidence is undisputed that the corpse of one whose death is caused by cyanic poison furnishes definite physical evi[550]*550deuce of the fact, and that in the instant case all of those indicia were absent. In cases where the issue is suicide, and death was caused by the application of external force, such as gunshot wounds, the proof is beyond question that death was caused by violence, and the sole question to determine is whether the deceased set the force in motion which destroyed his natural life.
In the case at bar there is no. direct proof that Walden’s death was unnatural; but the fact must be established, if at all, by inference from the other facts and circumstances in the evidence. The strongest proof seems to be Walden’s probable written declaration found in his office upon one of his letter-heads. The evidence does not prove who first saw the communication subsequent to Walden’s death, and some doubt is cast upon its authenticity by the fact that the sole witness to the identity of the handwriting is impeached to some degree by other witnesses and by facts and circumstances testified to by the witnesses. The statement is as follows: “Dear Wife and All: I am going to leave this earth. Good-bye, good-bye Jas. I am using cyanide of potassium KCN. Pray for me and may God forgive me.” The doctor did not state he was taking cyanide of potassium, but that he was using it, nor did he write that he was about to commit suicide. He often used the drug in his laboratory, and it is possible that one of the fainting spells to which he was subject was approaching and he had a premonition that it would be fatal. We do not say that an inference that Dr. Walden intended to take his life by the use of cyanide of potassium cannot be logically drawn from this communication, but we do say other and innocent inferences may likewise logically be deduced therefrom. If Dr. Walden had declared that he was about to cut his throat or to blow out his brains, and there were no visible marks upon his corpse, the declaration might be accepted as proof of suicidal intent, but could not in reason be received as proof of death by the use of a revolver or of an edged tool. So in this case, in the state of the record, with positive and uncontradicted [551]*551evidence that not an indication of cyanic poisoning appeared in Dr. Walden’s remains, and like proof that, had he died from the effects of that poison, those indicia would have appeared, the declarations, while evidence of suicidal intent, do not in our judgment either necessarily or logically prove that Dr. Walden destroyed his natural life by taking cyanide of potassium. The declarations were misleading and evidently untrue in some particulars. Why should the jury necessarily accept them as true in others? No physician or other witness, expert or layman, testified that Dr. Walden’s death was not caused by natural means. The jury could not honestly have found that any of‘ the invariable indicia of cyanic poisoning were present. Should nature’s evidence be rejected and inferences deduced from facts not' necessarily inconsistent with death from natural causes be accepted to work a forfeiture of the defendant’s undertaking? We think not. If cyanic poison be not accepted as the cause of Walden’s death, there is no proof of death by other unnatural means, or by any force set in motion by the deceased. In our opinion the jury had a right to say the defendant utterly failed to connect the assured’s death with cyanic poison.
2. The defendant presents an instructive brief to sustain its cpntention that the written declaration just referred to and one other writing found in the same room, but upon another desk, were parts of the transaction whereby Walden came to his death and were admissible without proof that- they are in his handwriting. The letters may have been written by the deceased and may have been lying upon the tables at the time his body was first discovered and before any one had an opportunity to place them in the position where they were found, yet these facts are not proved in the evidence. The evidence does not disclose who other than Dr. Walden first saw them subsequent to his death. No attention seems to have been given them until at least several persons had come and gone. The trial judge of necessity is vested with considerable discretion in determining whether a proper foundation has [552]*552been laid for the introduction of evidence purporting to prove the circumstances surrounding a transaction.
After the witness Kingsley testified that the letters Avere in Walden’s handwriting, exhibit 6, Avliich is set out in full in the first division of this opinion, Avas admitted and read to the jury. Exhibit 5, a copy of the other letter, Avas not offered, as Ave understand the record, although an attempt Avas made to prove its contents. The defendant made no offer of proof after the court sustained the objections to this oral testimony. Therefore no foundation Avas laid to present the alleged error for the consideration of this court. The authorities upon this point are collated in 3 Neb. Syn. Digest, p. 3136, and Avill not be inserted here. The original communications were delivered to Mrs. Walden, and had been destroyed or mislaid by her so they could not be produced at trial. In none of the cases cited by the defendant to sustain its proposition that the letters Avere part of the res gestee of the transaction Avere the circumstances so nearly like those in the instant case that they should control us. We are satisfied that the court did not abuse its discretion in ruling as it did, and the assignment of error is not'well taken. Pledger v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 69 Neb. 456.
Error is assigned upon the court’s refusal to admit in eAÚdence the verdict of the coroner’s jury. That jury found that Dr. Walden came to his death by cyanic poison self-administered. Authorities may be cited to sustain the admissibility of this evidence; but they are based upon an adherence to ancient law which gave great credit to those verdicts and held the coroner’s inquest to be substantially an action in rem. United States Life Ins. Co. v. Vocke, Adm’r, 129 Ill., 557. But in this jurisdiction a forfeiture of a suicide’s chattels to the state does not folloAv as a matter of laAv upon a finding by the coroner’s jury that the deceased committed suicide. There is nothing in our institutions or in our Avritten law to justify a holding that the legislature intended to incorporate this feature of the common laAv into the laws of this state, and we have no [553]*553hesitancy in declaring the verdict inadmissible as substantive evidence tending to sustain the defendant’s defense that Dr. Walden committed suicide. Germania Life Ins. Co. v. Lewin, 24 Colo. 43; Cox v. Royal Tribe, 42 Or. 365; Ætna Life Ins. Co. v. Kaiser, 115 Ky. 539, 74 S. W. 203; Wasey v. Travelers Ins. Co., 126 Mich. 119.
Upon a consideration of the record, we find no error prejudicial to the defendant, and the judgment of the district court is
Affirmed.