Atkinson, J.
1. As a muniment of title necessary to support his action, the plaintiff relied upon the deed to himself from Peterson, which contained the recital quoted in the statement of facts. That deed was in the form of an ordinary fee-simple warranty deed, except that it also contained the recital to which reference has already been made. As the plaintiff’s right to recover depended upon the sufficiency of this instrument as a conveyance of title, the finding in favor of the plaintiff depended upon the effect of this instrument. It is' proper, therefore, under the general grounds of the motion for new trial made by the defendant, to construe the paper in question. The cardinal rule of construction, both at common law and under our code, is, that instruments containing conditions, limitations, and restrictions are to be con[138]*138strued in each case in such way as to carry into effect the intent of the parties as gathered from the instrument as a whole. Under' the Civil Code, §3673, emphasis is laid upon the fact that technical rules of construction are to he disregarded when obedience to such rules would defeat the intention of the parties. Construing the instrument as a whole, it was manifestly the intention that title to the property should be conveyed to Lott. If that part of the instrument containing the recital had been eliminated, there could be no question that whatever title B. Peterson held to the property would have passed absolutely to the plaintiff. By adding the clause which has been recited, conditions were imposed which recognized a conveyance by the preceding part of the deed, but made provision by which, upon the happening of certain events in the future, Peterson would be entitled to a reconveyance of the property or to have the same transferred back. Such a condition, under the Civil Code, §§3136-7, is clearly a condition subsequent. Before. Peterson would be entitled to a reconveyance under any condition, it would be necessary for him to repay the purchase-money, and also the value of any improvements which the defendant should put upon the land, the value to be ascertained according to the manner designated in the deed. lie would be authorized to exercise this privilege in either one of two events: (a) in the event the defendant should offer the property for sale during his lifetime; (5) upon the death of the defendant. Neither of these events has happened, and Peterson has never repaid or offered to repay the purchase-money, nor is it insisted that he has a right to ask for a reconveyance. To all intents and purposes, so-far as this deed is concerned, the title conveyed by Peterson is as completely in the plaintiff as it was on the date of the execution of the deed. In 1 Warvelle on Vendors (2d ed.), 522, it is said: “Where a conveyance of land is made upon a condition subsequent, the fee remains in the grantee .until breach of condition and a reentry by the grantor. The condition has no effect to limit the title until it becomes operative to defeat it; and the possibility of reverter, which is all that remained in the grantor, is not an estate in the land.” In Moss v. Chappell, 126 Ga. 196, it is said: “The grantor in a • deed containing a condition subsequent, upon -the breach of such condition, is not revested with title until there has been an entry.” In 1 Warvelle on Vendors (2d ed.), 523, it is [139]*139said: “A covenant, condition, or stipulation inserted in a deed, delivered to and accepted by tbe grantee, will bind him to a due observance of the covenant or performance of the condition, whenever the same directly relates to the land embraced in the conveyance.” See, in this connection, Atlanta, K. & N. Ry. Co. v. McKinney, 124 Ga. 929; Civil Code, §3600. It does not appear that the court erred in its construction of the deed.
2. It appears from the evidence that the plaintiff claimed under the deed which was construed in the first division of this opinion. It was dated July 3, 1882, and was never properly recorded. The • defendant claimed under a subsequent deed from the plaintiff’s grantor, conveying the sawmill timber standing upon the land, dated January 10, 1904, but not properly recorded until March 26, 1906. Before it was recorded the defendant had entered upon the land and cut and removed the timber, and the suit had been filed. There was a conflict of evidence as to whether the defendant had notice of the prior unrecorded deed to the plaintiff at the time of receiving its deed from the common grantor. The court instructed the jury: “Where two people hold deeds from a common grantor, as in this case, in order for the younger deed to prevail and take priority over the older deed, it must be put on record. A junior recorded deed does take priority over a senior deed which is unrecorded.” Error was assigned upon this charge, upon the ground that it was an incorrect statement of law, and was not adjusted to the facts in evidence, and was misleading and calculated to confuse the jury. The charge fails to cover the point, that, although the older deed may not be on record, the junior recorded deed would not prevail if the grantee in the junior deed had notice of the older deed at the time of accepting his grant. But any error upon this point was in favor of the defendant, who held the junior deed, and he can not complain. Aside from this, it is contended that the charge was erroneous for the reason, that, as the older deed was never filed for record after the passage of the act of 1889 (Acts 1889, p. 106; Civil Code, §2778), nor properly recorded, either under the old law (see Code of 1882, §2705) or after the adoption of the Code of 1895 (see Code of 1895, §§2778, 3618), it remained ineffective as against the junior deed by the same grantor to the defendant, who bohght without notice of the first deed, although the junior deed was not recorded until after [140]*140'..tlie alleged trespass had been committed. Under the law as existing prior to the passage of the act of 1889 (Acts 1889, p. 106; ■Civil Code, §2778), if neither deed had been recorded until after 'the expiration of one year from the date of its execution, nothing '■else appearing, the older deed would prevail. Lee v. O’Quin, 103 Ga. 355, and cit. ; Martin v. Williams, 27 Ga. 406. But it is insisted that the act of 1889, supra, changed the rule so as to give •preference to the junior deed, if taken without notice of the older ■deed, although the junior deed may not have been recorded. This ■position is not tenable. The act of 1889 (Civil-Code, §2778) must be construed in connection with Civil Code, §3618. These statutes "were construed together in the case of White v. Interstate Building Asso., 106 Ga. 146, and applied to a case which involved a •contest between two deeds executed by the same grantor, one executed before the passage of the act of 1889, and the other after-wards. The senior deed was not recorded in the time required by ■the old law. The junior deed became effective under the new law, •and was recorded before record of the senior deed. In construing the statutes the court did not fail to note, that, where the junior ■ deed was entitled to preference over an older unrecorded deed from 'the same grantor, the junior deed referred to was a recorded deed. See also Lindley v. Frey, 115 Ga. 662. In other cases involving -deeds, both of which were executed since the passage of the act •of 1889, this court has observed the same particularity in pointing •out that the junior deed entitled to preference was a recorded ■deed. See, among others, Maddox v.
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Atkinson, J.
1. As a muniment of title necessary to support his action, the plaintiff relied upon the deed to himself from Peterson, which contained the recital quoted in the statement of facts. That deed was in the form of an ordinary fee-simple warranty deed, except that it also contained the recital to which reference has already been made. As the plaintiff’s right to recover depended upon the sufficiency of this instrument as a conveyance of title, the finding in favor of the plaintiff depended upon the effect of this instrument. It is' proper, therefore, under the general grounds of the motion for new trial made by the defendant, to construe the paper in question. The cardinal rule of construction, both at common law and under our code, is, that instruments containing conditions, limitations, and restrictions are to be con[138]*138strued in each case in such way as to carry into effect the intent of the parties as gathered from the instrument as a whole. Under' the Civil Code, §3673, emphasis is laid upon the fact that technical rules of construction are to he disregarded when obedience to such rules would defeat the intention of the parties. Construing the instrument as a whole, it was manifestly the intention that title to the property should be conveyed to Lott. If that part of the instrument containing the recital had been eliminated, there could be no question that whatever title B. Peterson held to the property would have passed absolutely to the plaintiff. By adding the clause which has been recited, conditions were imposed which recognized a conveyance by the preceding part of the deed, but made provision by which, upon the happening of certain events in the future, Peterson would be entitled to a reconveyance of the property or to have the same transferred back. Such a condition, under the Civil Code, §§3136-7, is clearly a condition subsequent. Before. Peterson would be entitled to a reconveyance under any condition, it would be necessary for him to repay the purchase-money, and also the value of any improvements which the defendant should put upon the land, the value to be ascertained according to the manner designated in the deed. lie would be authorized to exercise this privilege in either one of two events: (a) in the event the defendant should offer the property for sale during his lifetime; (5) upon the death of the defendant. Neither of these events has happened, and Peterson has never repaid or offered to repay the purchase-money, nor is it insisted that he has a right to ask for a reconveyance. To all intents and purposes, so-far as this deed is concerned, the title conveyed by Peterson is as completely in the plaintiff as it was on the date of the execution of the deed. In 1 Warvelle on Vendors (2d ed.), 522, it is said: “Where a conveyance of land is made upon a condition subsequent, the fee remains in the grantee .until breach of condition and a reentry by the grantor. The condition has no effect to limit the title until it becomes operative to defeat it; and the possibility of reverter, which is all that remained in the grantor, is not an estate in the land.” In Moss v. Chappell, 126 Ga. 196, it is said: “The grantor in a • deed containing a condition subsequent, upon -the breach of such condition, is not revested with title until there has been an entry.” In 1 Warvelle on Vendors (2d ed.), 523, it is [139]*139said: “A covenant, condition, or stipulation inserted in a deed, delivered to and accepted by tbe grantee, will bind him to a due observance of the covenant or performance of the condition, whenever the same directly relates to the land embraced in the conveyance.” See, in this connection, Atlanta, K. & N. Ry. Co. v. McKinney, 124 Ga. 929; Civil Code, §3600. It does not appear that the court erred in its construction of the deed.
2. It appears from the evidence that the plaintiff claimed under the deed which was construed in the first division of this opinion. It was dated July 3, 1882, and was never properly recorded. The • defendant claimed under a subsequent deed from the plaintiff’s grantor, conveying the sawmill timber standing upon the land, dated January 10, 1904, but not properly recorded until March 26, 1906. Before it was recorded the defendant had entered upon the land and cut and removed the timber, and the suit had been filed. There was a conflict of evidence as to whether the defendant had notice of the prior unrecorded deed to the plaintiff at the time of receiving its deed from the common grantor. The court instructed the jury: “Where two people hold deeds from a common grantor, as in this case, in order for the younger deed to prevail and take priority over the older deed, it must be put on record. A junior recorded deed does take priority over a senior deed which is unrecorded.” Error was assigned upon this charge, upon the ground that it was an incorrect statement of law, and was not adjusted to the facts in evidence, and was misleading and calculated to confuse the jury. The charge fails to cover the point, that, although the older deed may not be on record, the junior recorded deed would not prevail if the grantee in the junior deed had notice of the older deed at the time of accepting his grant. But any error upon this point was in favor of the defendant, who held the junior deed, and he can not complain. Aside from this, it is contended that the charge was erroneous for the reason, that, as the older deed was never filed for record after the passage of the act of 1889 (Acts 1889, p. 106; Civil Code, §2778), nor properly recorded, either under the old law (see Code of 1882, §2705) or after the adoption of the Code of 1895 (see Code of 1895, §§2778, 3618), it remained ineffective as against the junior deed by the same grantor to the defendant, who bohght without notice of the first deed, although the junior deed was not recorded until after [140]*140'..tlie alleged trespass had been committed. Under the law as existing prior to the passage of the act of 1889 (Acts 1889, p. 106; ■Civil Code, §2778), if neither deed had been recorded until after 'the expiration of one year from the date of its execution, nothing '■else appearing, the older deed would prevail. Lee v. O’Quin, 103 Ga. 355, and cit. ; Martin v. Williams, 27 Ga. 406. But it is insisted that the act of 1889, supra, changed the rule so as to give •preference to the junior deed, if taken without notice of the older ■deed, although the junior deed may not have been recorded. This ■position is not tenable. The act of 1889 (Civil-Code, §2778) must be construed in connection with Civil Code, §3618. These statutes "were construed together in the case of White v. Interstate Building Asso., 106 Ga. 146, and applied to a case which involved a •contest between two deeds executed by the same grantor, one executed before the passage of the act of 1889, and the other after-wards. The senior deed was not recorded in the time required by ■the old law. The junior deed became effective under the new law, •and was recorded before record of the senior deed. In construing the statutes the court did not fail to note, that, where the junior ■ deed was entitled to preference over an older unrecorded deed from 'the same grantor, the junior deed referred to was a recorded deed. See also Lindley v. Frey, 115 Ga. 662. In other cases involving -deeds, both of which were executed since the passage of the act •of 1889, this court has observed the same particularity in pointing •out that the junior deed entitled to preference was a recorded ■deed. See, among others, Maddox v. Arthur, 122 Ga. 671 ; McCandless v. Inland Acid Co., 108 Ga. 618 ; Coleman v. McLean, 101 Ga. 303. Section 2705 of the Code of 1882 substantially made ‘it a condition that, in order for the junior deed to prevail over a ¡senior unrecorded deed, the junior deed must be recorded, and though changed to some extent, as pointed out in White v. Interstate Building Asso., supra, and in Henderson v. Armstrong, 128 Ga. 804, when carried into the Civil Code of 1895, §3618, the provisions still presented the condition that, in order to gain preference, the junior deed must be recorded. These statutory provisions of the law were designed for the protection of innocent pux'chasers, and the penalty clause was inserted to require the record of ■deeds. The condition contained in the clause operated as a forfeiture of superiority by an older deed for failure to record, and to [141]*141the advantage of the holder of the júnior deed, if he should record.. This condition is in derogation of the common law (Webb v. Wilcher, 33 Ga. 565), and a forfeiture should not be declared unless demanded by strict construction of the statute creating the-condition. The condition, operating as a forfeiture on the one' hand and a reward on the other, has been persistently retained in all of the several codes. See Code of 1863, §2667; Code of 1868, §2663; Code of 1873, §2705; Code of 1882, §2705; Code of 1895, §3618. The act of 1889 did not attempt to repeal those laws. That act has been construed to mean that filing for record will-take the place of record. Durrence v. Northern Nat. Bank, 117 Ga. 385. But in no instance has it been construed to so amend1 the previous law as that a junior deed will prevail over a competing senior deed from the same grantor, without being filed for-record. The persistence with which the condition to which we-have alluded, namely, that, in order for the junior deed to prevail over a senior unrecorded deed, the junior deed taken without notice-of the first must be recorded, has been preserved in the statutes,, is significant of a legislative intent that no forfeiture of rights, under a senior unrecorded deed should arise in favor of the holder-of a junior deed so long as the latter deed should remain unrecorded. In matters of this kind it could not be said that the legislature intended that one person in default could claim a forfeiture from another on account of a similar default by such other-person. It would certainly not be in harmony with the object of' the statute enacted for the purpose of requiring deeds to be recorded. Moreover, the statutes, in so far as they relate to deeds,, are prospective in character. Omitting the matter of notice, as-against each other, competing deeds are effective only from and after being filed for record. Such is the clear import of the language of sections 2778 and 3618. Upon consideration of these-statutes, we are of the opinion that, in a contest between deeds-, upon a valuable consideration, from the same grantor, conveying-the same property, such deeds, as against each other, where taken' without notice, will take priority only from and after the date off lawful record or filing for record, and that neither deed, upon being recorded, will relate back so as to affect the rights of the parties touching the subject-matter of the deed at any timte before the deed is filed for record. In the case under-consideration, the-[142]*142deed under which ‘the plaintiff claims, being the older, went into •effect under the law which existed prior to the passage of the act of 1889, while the junior deed was not recorded until after the •commission of the injury. There was no dispute of the fact that both deeds were executed upon a valuable consideration. There was a conflict of evidence as to whether, the defendant, who held the junior deed, had notice of the existence of the senior deed at the time of taking the junior deed. But let it be conceded that the defendant did not have notice of the'existence of the senior deed, the latter would prevail. By failure of the defendant to record the junior deed, the condition did not arise, which, under a strict construction of the statutes, was necessary to cause a forfeiture by the holder of the senior deed. The destruction of the timber was complete before the defendant filed its junior deed for record. At the time of the injury title to the property was clearly vested in the holder of the older deed, under the principle announced in Lee v. O’Quin, supra. Injury by the defendant, while title vested in the plaintiff, completed the tort, and gave a cause of action to the plaintiff whose property had been injured. Under these conditions, the charge of the court was not inapplicable to the case, and furnished no cause for complaint by the defendant.
3. The defendant in his motion for new trial also complained that one of the jurors who tried the case.was related within the fourth degree of consanguinity to the plaintiff, and that the relationship was unknown to the defendant or his counsel until after the verdict had been rendered and the jury discharged, and upon that ground, among others, it prayed for the grant of a new trial. Upon the question of relationship, the- judge heard evidence from both sides, which was conflicting, and refused to grant a new trial. There was sufficient' evidence to support the finding •of the judge that no such relationship existed, and his discretion in refusing to grant a new .trial upon that gréund will not be disturbed. See Wall v. State, 126 Ga. 550.
4. Some of the grounds of the amended motion for new trial relate to objections made to the admission of certain deeds which were introduced in evidence. These grounds can not be considered, for* the reason that the documents objected to are not set «out, either literally or in substance, in the grounds of the motion, [143]*143nor attached thereto as exhibits. See Spence v. Morrow, 128 Ga. 722, and cases cited.
5. Error is assigned upon the following extract from the charge of the court: “Mr. Lott has also introduced in evidence a chain •of title from the State down to himself through his grantor, Mr. Peterson.” The objection to this charge was that it was an expression of opinion that the effect of the evidence introduced by-Lott was to show title in himself. Even if the charge was subject to this criticism, it was harmless, for the reason that it appears from the evidence that both parties claimed through Peterson and not under any title adverse to him, and it does not appear that the defendant relied as a defense upon showing paramount outstanding title.
6. The court also charged the jury upon the law of prescription. Exception is taken to certain portions of the charge upon this subject. Under the rulings announced in divisions 1 and 2 of this opinion, the evidence was of such character as demanded a verdict in favor of the plaintiff upon the strength of his paper title, without resort to the plaintiff’s theory of prescription. Consequently .any error which the court may have committed while instructing the jury upon the law of prescription was harmless.
7. The evidence was sufficient to support the verdict, and none ■of the grounds of the motion for new trial complain of such -error us will require interference Ayith the discretion of the court in refusing to grant a new trial.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur, except Holden, J., ■who did not preside.